Objective: This study examined the mediating effect of negative changes in daily life due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on depressive symptoms, considering COVID-19 infection and related social concerns. Additionally, comparisons of path coefficients between the groups were conducted based on age and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study design used data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey consisting of 229,269 individuals. This study used a self-reported questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and three items addressing social concerns related to COVID-19 infection. A single question assessed whether individuals had experienced COVID-19 infection within the last 3 months, and scores of negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis was performed on the variables. Structural equation model analysis was conducted to identify the mediating role of negative changes in daily life. Chi-square tests were also performed to compare the path coefficients based on age and gender. Results: The structural equation models revealed that COVID-19 infection and related social concerns had both significant direct effects on depressive symptoms and indirect effects through negative changes in daily life. When comparing the path coefficients by age and gender, the coefficients related to depressive symptoms were highest in those under 65 years and in females. Conclusion Negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic serve as a partial mediator of the impact of COVID-19 infection and related social concerns on depressive symptoms. Special attention should be paid to depressive symptoms in those under 65 years of age and in females.

Objective: This study examined the mediating effect of negative changes in daily life due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on depressive symptoms, considering COVID-19 infection and related social concerns. Additionally, comparisons of path coefficients between the groups were conducted based on age and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study design used data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey consisting of 229,269 individuals. This study used a self-reported questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and three items addressing social concerns related to COVID-19 infection. A single question assessed whether individuals had experienced COVID-19 infection within the last 3 months, and scores of negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis was performed on the variables. Structural equation model analysis was conducted to identify the mediating role of negative changes in daily life. Chi-square tests were also performed to compare the path coefficients based on age and gender. Results: The structural equation models revealed that COVID-19 infection and related social concerns had both significant direct effects on depressive symptoms and indirect effects through negative changes in daily life. When comparing the path coefficients by age and gender, the coefficients related to depressive symptoms were highest in those under 65 years and in females. Conclusion Negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic serve as a partial mediator of the impact of COVID-19 infection and related social concerns on depressive symptoms. Special attention should be paid to depressive symptoms in those under 65 years of age and in females.

Objective: This study examined the mediating effect of negative changes in daily life due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on depressive symptoms, considering COVID-19 infection and related social concerns. Additionally, comparisons of path coefficients between the groups were conducted based on age and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study design used data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey consisting of 229,269 individuals. This study used a self-reported questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and three items addressing social concerns related to COVID-19 infection. A single question assessed whether individuals had experienced COVID-19 infection within the last 3 months, and scores of negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis was performed on the variables. Structural equation model analysis was conducted to identify the mediating role of negative changes in daily life. Chi-square tests were also performed to compare the path coefficients based on age and gender. Results: The structural equation models revealed that COVID-19 infection and related social concerns had both significant direct effects on depressive symptoms and indirect effects through negative changes in daily life. When comparing the path coefficients by age and gender, the coefficients related to depressive symptoms were highest in those under 65 years and in females. Conclusion Negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic serve as a partial mediator of the impact of COVID-19 infection and related social concerns on depressive symptoms. Special attention should be paid to depressive symptoms in those under 65 years of age and in females.

Objective: This study examined the mediating effect of negative changes in daily life due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on depressive symptoms, considering COVID-19 infection and related social concerns. Additionally, comparisons of path coefficients between the groups were conducted based on age and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study design used data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey consisting of 229,269 individuals. This study used a self-reported questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and three items addressing social concerns related to COVID-19 infection. A single question assessed whether individuals had experienced COVID-19 infection within the last 3 months, and scores of negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis was performed on the variables. Structural equation model analysis was conducted to identify the mediating role of negative changes in daily life. Chi-square tests were also performed to compare the path coefficients based on age and gender. Results: The structural equation models revealed that COVID-19 infection and related social concerns had both significant direct effects on depressive symptoms and indirect effects through negative changes in daily life. When comparing the path coefficients by age and gender, the coefficients related to depressive symptoms were highest in those under 65 years and in females. Conclusion Negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic serve as a partial mediator of the impact of COVID-19 infection and related social concerns on depressive symptoms. Special attention should be paid to depressive symptoms in those under 65 years of age and in females.

Objective: This study examined the mediating effect of negative changes in daily life due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on depressive symptoms, considering COVID-19 infection and related social concerns. Additionally, comparisons of path coefficients between the groups were conducted based on age and gender. Methods: A cross-sectional study design used data from the 2020 Korean Community Health Survey consisting of 229,269 individuals. This study used a self-reported questionnaire, including the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 and three items addressing social concerns related to COVID-19 infection. A single question assessed whether individuals had experienced COVID-19 infection within the last 3 months, and scores of negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Correlation analysis was performed on the variables. Structural equation model analysis was conducted to identify the mediating role of negative changes in daily life. Chi-square tests were also performed to compare the path coefficients based on age and gender. Results: The structural equation models revealed that COVID-19 infection and related social concerns had both significant direct effects on depressive symptoms and indirect effects through negative changes in daily life. When comparing the path coefficients by age and gender, the coefficients related to depressive symptoms were highest in those under 65 years and in females. Conclusion Negative changes in daily life due to the COVID-19 pandemic serve as a partial mediator of the impact of COVID-19 infection and related social concerns on depressive symptoms. Special attention should be paid to depressive symptoms in those under 65 years of age and in females.

Purpose: In the modern era of precision medicine, next-generation sequencing (NGS) is employed for a variety of clinical purposes. The aim of this study was to investigate the trends and clinical characteristics of NGS testing in South Korea. Materials and Methods: This nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study examined National Health Insurance Service claims data from 2017 to 2021 for NGS and from 2008 to 2021 for gene-targeted anticancer drugs. Results: Among the total 98,748 claims, there were 51,407 (52.1%) solid cancer panels, 30,173 (30.5%) hereditary disease panels, and 17,168 (17.4%) hematolymphoid cancer panels. The number of annual claims showed a persistent upward trend, exhibiting a 5.4-fold increase, from 5,436 in 2017 to 29,557 in 2021. In the solid cancer panel, colorectal cancer was the most common (19.2%), followed by lung cancer (18.8%). The annual claims for targeted cancer drugs have increased 25.7-fold, from 3,932 in 2008 to 101,211 in 2020. Drugs for the treatment of lung cancer accounted for 488,819 (71.9%) claims. The number of patients who received non-hereditary NGS testing has substantially increased, and among them, the count of patients prescribed targeted anticancer drugs consistently rose from 508 (13.9%) in 2017 to 2,245 (12.3%) in 2020. Conclusion This study highlights the rising nationwide demand for comprehensive genetic testing for disease diagnosis and treatment following NGS reimbursement by the National Health Insurance in South Korea, in addition to the need for greater utilization of targeted anticancer drugs.

Background: Pediatric trigger digit (TD) does not appear at birth but is diagnosed after birth by finding a flexion contracture of the thumb or other fingers. The reported incidence of pediatric TDs varies from 0.5 to 5 cases per 1,000 live births without sex-specific predominance. We performed a nationwide large-scale study to determine the prevalence and incidence of pediatric TDs and analyzed operative treatment for pediatric TDs using the National Health Insurance data of South Korea. Methods: Patients with pediatric TDs, aged 0–10 years between 2011 and 2020, were included in this study. Children born between 2011 and 2015 were set as the reference population and followed up until 2020. We calculated the prevalence and incidence rates of pediatric TDs according to age and sex and analyzed the operation rate, age at surgery, time interval from initial diagnosis to surgery, and follow-up period. Patient selection and treatment were based on International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10). Results: The prevalence rates of pediatric TDs ranged from 0.063% to 0.084%. Girls had a higher prevalence rate (0.066%–0.094%) than boys (0.060%–0.075%). The total incidence rate was 77.6/100,000 person-years, and the incidence rate was higher in girls (84.8) than in boys (70.7). Among 2,181,814 children born between 2011 and 2015, 12,729 were diagnosed with pediatric TDs, of which 1,128 (8.9%) underwent operative management. The means of age at initial diagnosis, age at surgery, and the time interval between diagnosis and operation were 2.76 ± 1.91 years, 3.79 ± 2.19 years, and 1.15 ± 1.71 years, respectively. Conclusions High prevalence and incidence rates of pediatric TDs were found in 2- to 3-year-old patients. Among pediatric patients, 8.9% underwent operative management that was most frequently conducted between 2 and 3 years of age (within 1 year of initial diagnosis).

Background: This study aimed to examine the association of serum uric acid levels with incident cardiovascular disease and mortality in Korean adults without gout. Methods: This large longitudinal cohort study included adults aged > 19 years who had serum uric acid levels measured at least once at the National Health Insurance Service Ilsan Hospital from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2015. Longitudinal data on person-level cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality were linked to the National Health Insurance Service claims database and National Death Index. Results: Among a total of 92,454 study participants with a median follow-up of 4.7 years, 7,670 (8.3%) composite events of cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular mortality were observed. Multivariable Cox proportional-hazards models revealed that each 1 mg/dL increment in uric acid level was associated with a 6% higher risk of composite outcomes.Compared with that for the uric acid level category of 4.0 to < 5.0 mg/dL, adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for uric acid level categories of 5.0 to < 6.0, 6.0 to < 7.0, and ≥ 7.0 mg/dL were 1.10 (1.04–1.18), 1.20 (1.11–1.30), and 1.36 (1.25–1.47), respectively. In the secondary analyses for cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular mortality examined separately, a higher uric acid level was similarly associated with a higher risk of each adverse outcome. These associations were generally consistent across clinically relevant subgroups. Conclusion A graded association was noted between serum uric acid levels and cardiovascular risk, suggesting that higher uric acid levels may adversely affect cardiovascular health and survival in individuals without gout.

We investigated the distribution of medical service uses for Bell’s palsy and Ramsay Hunt syndrome between medicine and traditional Korean medicine using the National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort data of Korea from 2006 to 2015. Patients were identified with diagnostic codes and medication or treatment claim codes. For Bell’s palsy, there were 5,970 (68.8%) patients who used traditional Korean medical service only, whereas for Ramsay Hunt syndrome, there were 749 (93.6%) patients who used medical service only.The proportion of traditional Korean medical service use was higher than that of medical service use in patients with Bell’s palsy, while the opposite was found in patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome.

Background: To determine the risk of pregnancy complications and adverse offspring outcomes in Korean women with rheumatic diseases (RDs). Methods: Women aged 20–44 years with pregnancies ending in delivery were identified from the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database (2009–2016).Women with RD including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (SPRA), and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) (n = 4,284) were age-matched with controls (n = 26,023). Outcome variables included threatened abortion (TA), preterm birth (PB), preeclampsia/eclampsia (PE/E), intrauterine growth retardation (IGR), urinary tract infection, low birth weight (LBW) offsprings, and offspring death within 1 year of birth. Results: Women with RDs had increased risks for cesarean section delivery (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4–1.6), TA (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2–1.5), PB (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.9–3.2), PE/E (OR, 4.4; 95% CI, 3.3–5.9), and IGR (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 2.0–3.1) than the controls. The risk of pregnancy complications was increased in SLE and SPRA pregnancies but not in AS pregnancies. Offsprings of women with RDs had an increased risk of LBW (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 3.2–4.9). The offspring mortality rate within 1 year of birth was higher in women with RDs (6.2/10,000 persons) than in the controls (4.9/10,000 persons). Conclusion Women with RDs are at a risk of developing pregnancy complications, and the risk of LBW offsprings and offspring death within 1 year of birth is increased in these women.Therefore, this population requires special attention during their childbearing years.