Background: Although exercising can be effective in alleviating mood symptoms, implementing an exercise regimen can be challenging. This study aims to evaluate the subjective experience and satisfaction with an exercise program that uses augmented reality (AR) developed to improve exercise adherence in patients with mood disorders. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with mood disorders participated in this study. Before and after the AR-based exercise program, psychological states were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF). In addition, the satisfaction survey conducted after participating in the exercise program was analyzed. Results: The mean score of PHQ-9 decreased significantly following the exercise program. Moreover, the mean scores for GAD-7 and PSS significantly decreased when compared before and after the exercise program. Meanwhile, the mean score of WHOQOL-BREF for physical and social satisfaction increased significantly. Furthermore, this program received positive responses on the satisfaction survey. Conclusion In patients with mood disorders, the AR-based exercise program showed remarkable positive effects on psychological states and satisfaction levels. The exercise program using AR technology may effectively improve exercise program adherence in patients with mood disorders.

Background: Although exercising can be effective in alleviating mood symptoms, implementing an exercise regimen can be challenging. This study aims to evaluate the subjective experience and satisfaction with an exercise program that uses augmented reality (AR) developed to improve exercise adherence in patients with mood disorders. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with mood disorders participated in this study. Before and after the AR-based exercise program, psychological states were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF). In addition, the satisfaction survey conducted after participating in the exercise program was analyzed. Results: The mean score of PHQ-9 decreased significantly following the exercise program. Moreover, the mean scores for GAD-7 and PSS significantly decreased when compared before and after the exercise program. Meanwhile, the mean score of WHOQOL-BREF for physical and social satisfaction increased significantly. Furthermore, this program received positive responses on the satisfaction survey. Conclusion In patients with mood disorders, the AR-based exercise program showed remarkable positive effects on psychological states and satisfaction levels. The exercise program using AR technology may effectively improve exercise program adherence in patients with mood disorders.

Background: Although exercising can be effective in alleviating mood symptoms, implementing an exercise regimen can be challenging. This study aims to evaluate the subjective experience and satisfaction with an exercise program that uses augmented reality (AR) developed to improve exercise adherence in patients with mood disorders. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with mood disorders participated in this study. Before and after the AR-based exercise program, psychological states were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF). In addition, the satisfaction survey conducted after participating in the exercise program was analyzed. Results: The mean score of PHQ-9 decreased significantly following the exercise program. Moreover, the mean scores for GAD-7 and PSS significantly decreased when compared before and after the exercise program. Meanwhile, the mean score of WHOQOL-BREF for physical and social satisfaction increased significantly. Furthermore, this program received positive responses on the satisfaction survey. Conclusion In patients with mood disorders, the AR-based exercise program showed remarkable positive effects on psychological states and satisfaction levels. The exercise program using AR technology may effectively improve exercise program adherence in patients with mood disorders.

Background: Although exercising can be effective in alleviating mood symptoms, implementing an exercise regimen can be challenging. This study aims to evaluate the subjective experience and satisfaction with an exercise program that uses augmented reality (AR) developed to improve exercise adherence in patients with mood disorders. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with mood disorders participated in this study. Before and after the AR-based exercise program, psychological states were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF). In addition, the satisfaction survey conducted after participating in the exercise program was analyzed. Results: The mean score of PHQ-9 decreased significantly following the exercise program. Moreover, the mean scores for GAD-7 and PSS significantly decreased when compared before and after the exercise program. Meanwhile, the mean score of WHOQOL-BREF for physical and social satisfaction increased significantly. Furthermore, this program received positive responses on the satisfaction survey. Conclusion In patients with mood disorders, the AR-based exercise program showed remarkable positive effects on psychological states and satisfaction levels. The exercise program using AR technology may effectively improve exercise program adherence in patients with mood disorders.

Background: Although exercising can be effective in alleviating mood symptoms, implementing an exercise regimen can be challenging. This study aims to evaluate the subjective experience and satisfaction with an exercise program that uses augmented reality (AR) developed to improve exercise adherence in patients with mood disorders. Methods: Thirty patients diagnosed with mood disorders participated in this study. Before and after the AR-based exercise program, psychological states were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version (WHOQOL-BREF). In addition, the satisfaction survey conducted after participating in the exercise program was analyzed. Results: The mean score of PHQ-9 decreased significantly following the exercise program. Moreover, the mean scores for GAD-7 and PSS significantly decreased when compared before and after the exercise program. Meanwhile, the mean score of WHOQOL-BREF for physical and social satisfaction increased significantly. Furthermore, this program received positive responses on the satisfaction survey. Conclusion In patients with mood disorders, the AR-based exercise program showed remarkable positive effects on psychological states and satisfaction levels. The exercise program using AR technology may effectively improve exercise program adherence in patients with mood disorders.

Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a class IIa HDAC, has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target in treating inflammatory and metabolic processes based on its essential role in various biological pathways by deacetylating non-histone proteins, including transcription factors. The activity of HDAC4 is regulated at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational levels. The functions of HDAC4 are tissue-dependent in response to endogenous and exogenous factors and their substrates. In particular, the association of HDAC4 with non-histone targets, including transcription factors, such as myocyte enhancer factor 2, hypoxia-inducible factor, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, and forkhead box proteins, play a crucial role in regulating inflammatory and metabolic processes. This review summarizes the regulatory modes of HDAC4 activity and its functions in inflammation, insulin signaling and glucose metabolism, and cardiac muscle development.

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to compare the genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) in a Korean population by analyzing polygenic risk scores (PRS) derived from large-scale psychiatric disorder genome-wide association study data, based on genetic information collected from SCZ, BD, and healthy control groups. Methods: The study included 713 Korean patients with SCZ, 1,317 with BD, 526 healthy controls. Genotyping was performed using the Korean Biobank Array. PRS-continuous shrinkage method was used to calculate the PRS. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to determine the association between SCZ or BD disorder and PRS after adjusting for sex. Results: ANCOVA revealed significant differences in PRS values by diagnosis for PRS for SCZ (F=215.281, p<0.001), PRS for BD (F=13.811, p<0.001), and PRS for major depressive disorder (F=6.042, p=0.002). Post-hoc analysis showed that PRS for SCZ was highest in SCZ, followed by BD, and healthy controls. PRS for BD was elevated in both BD and SCZ compared to healthy controls. Conclusion Our study revealed quantitative differences in genetic architecture between SCZ and BD compared to healthy controls, while also suggesting a shared genetic background between the two disorders.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the pathogens of bloodstream infection in children with underlying hemato-oncologic diseases, analyze susceptibility patterns, compare temporal trends with those of previous studies, and assess empirical antimicrobial therapy. Methods: Retrospective review study of children bacteremia in hemato-oncologic diseases was conducted at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from January 2013 to July 2023. Results: Overall, 98 episodes of bacteremia were observed in 74 patients. Among pathogens isolated, 57.1% (n=56) were Gram-positive bacteria, 38.8% (n=38) were Gram-negative bacteria, and 4.1% (n=4) were Candida spp. The most common Gram-positive bacteria were coagulase-negative staphylococci (n=21, 21.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus, (n=14, 14.3%) whereas the most common Gram-negative bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=16, 16.3%) and Escherichia coli (n=10, 10.2%). The susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria to penicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin was 11.5%, 32.7%, and 94.2%, respectively and the susceptibility of Gram-negative bacteria to cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, gentamicin, and amikacin was 68.6%, 80%, 97.1%, 82.9%, and 91.4%, respectively. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was detected in 1 strain and among Gram-negative strains, extended spectrum β-lactamase accounted for 28.9% (12/38). When analyzing the antibiotic susceptibility and empirical antibiotics, the mismatch rate was 25.5% (n=25). The mortality rate of children within 30 days of bacteremia was 7.1% (n=7). Conclusions Empirical antibiotic therapy for bacteremia in children with hemato-oncologic diseases should be based on the local antibiogram in each institution and continuous monitoring is necessary.

Purpose: It is essential to ensure the readiness for practice among undergraduate nursing students since the purpose of such education is to cultivate competent nurses who deliver high-quality and safe nursing. Astin's theory of student involvement suggests that this is affected by their personal factors and learning environment. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study between November 16, 2020 and December 21, 2020 which examined personal factors and aspects of the clinical learning environment among senior nursing students (n = 838) enrolled across 54 nursing schools in Korea. The participants were asked to fill out a self-administered online survey, which assessed demographic characteristics, self-esteem, depression, work-life balance, clinical learning environment, anxiety during clinical practicum, and readiness for practice. Readiness for practice was measured using the Casey-Fink Readiness for practice survey. We used structural equational modeling to test our hypothetical model. Results: The nursing students' readiness for practice was significantly affected by their self-esteem, work-life balance satisfaction, and clinical learning environment. Anxiety during clinical practicum directly influenced their readiness for practice. Conclusion Increasing self-esteem and work-life balance satisfaction, and improving their clinical learning environment by providing sufficient educational and clinical support, could help facilitate the transition from nursing schools to real-world practice for nursing students.

Background: There have been many epidemiologic studies on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among children, most of which had substantial limitations. This study investigated the etiologic distribution and clinical characteristics of CAP in Korean children for 5 years before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: A retrospective analysis of children hospitalized for CAP at 4 referral hospitals during 2015-2020 was performed. Cases in which bronchiolitis was suspected or pulmonary infiltration was not evident on chest radiography (CXR) were excluded. Viruses and atypical bacteria were defined as detected when positive in the polymerase chain reaction test performed for respiratory specimens. Serologic testing result for Mycoplasma pneumoniae was incorporated with strict interpretation. Pyogenic bacteria were included only when cultured in blood, pleural fluid, or bronchoalveolar lavage, but those cultured in endotracheal aspirate or sputum when the case was clinically evident bacterial pneumonia were also included. Results: A total of 2,864 cases of suspected pneumonia were selected by diagnosis code and CXR findings. Medical chart and CXR review excluded nosocomial pneumonia and cases without evident infiltration, resulting in 517 (18.1%) CAP cases among 489 children.Regarding clinical symptoms, high fever was present in 59.4% and dyspnea in 19.9% of cases.Respiratory support was required for 29.2% of patients, including mechanical ventilation for 3.9%. Pathogens were detected in 49.9% of cases, with viruses in 32.3%, atypical bacteria in 17.8%, and pyogenic bacteria in 2.3% of cases. As single pathogens, M. pneumoniae (16.8%) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 13.7%) were the most common. Parenteral β-lactam and macrolide antibiotics were administered in 81.6% and 50.7% of cases, respectively. A total of 12 (2.3%) cases resulted in poor outcomes, including 3 deaths. Conclusion M. pneumoniae and RSV were the most commonly detected pathogens of pediatric CAP, which was selected by strict clinical and radiologic criteria. It is necessary to carefully decide whether to use parenteral antibiotics based on the epidemiology and clinical features of CAP in children.