PURPOSE: This study evaluates the effect of behavioral relaxation training on distress and cancer screening intention of patients with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.METHODS: The research was conducted in a non-equivalent control group posttest design. Data were collected from endoscopy subjects in B city from October to November of 2018. Fifteen minutes of behavioral relaxation training were provided to the experimental group (n=40) and traditional relaxation therapy methods were provided to the control group (n=40). Outcome measures were distress and cancer screening intention of patients with upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Data were analyzed with a χ²-test, independent t-test, Fisher's exact test with SPSS/PC version 23.0.RESULTS: The objective discomfort (t=8.81, p<.001) of the experimental group was lower than that of the control group; there were no significant differences in the subjective discomfort (t=1.73, p=.088). The cancer screening intention (t=−5.85, p<.001) of the experimental group was significantly higher than that of the control group.CONCLUSION: Behavioral relaxation training was effective in heightening cancer screening intention. Therefore it can be usefully applied to increase cancer screening intention.
Early Detection of Cancer ; Education ; Endoscopy ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal ; Humans ; Intention ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care) ; Relaxation Therapy ; Relaxation

PURPOSE: Around the world, male nurses face a variety of difficulties within clinical settings; accordingly, a large number of male nurses consider changing their occupation. In particular, male nurses in a number of Asian countries with a Confucian heritage experience difficulties. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in turnover intention among male nurses in one such country, South Korea, and on that basis to suggest concrete strategies for reducing turnover among male nurses in Confucian cultures. METHODS: Q methodology, which is used to analyze human subjectivity, was applied. Q statements were derived from 207 candidate statements gathered from various documents and interviews; 40 statements were finalized. A purposive sample of 41 male nurses was selected as likely to have diverse opinions on turnover intention of male nurses. The collected data were analyzed using PQMethod software. RESULTS: Four distinct types of subjectivity about turnover intention among male nurses were identified: (1) “Pursuing occupational values,” (2) “Dissatisfaction with treatment,” (3) “Seeking a relaxed and stable life,” and (4) “Conflict related to organizational culture.” CONCLUSION: This study suggests various ways of reducing turnover and increasing retention among male nurses based on the four identified perspectives, especially in Confucian heritage regions.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Confucianism ; Humans ; Individuality ; Intention* ; Korea* ; Male* ; Nurses, Male* ; Occupations ; Personnel Turnover

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjectivity of undergraduate students about happiness. METHODS: Q methodology, which scientifically measures individual subjectivity, was used. Thirty-four Q-statements selected from 40 participants were classified into a shape of normal distribution using a nine-point scale. The collected data were analyzed using a PQMethod PC program. RESULTS: Type I: Self-directed, growth-seeking type. This group of people searches for their objectives and direction in life while consistently making efforts to realize their goals. Type II: Oriental and wealth-seeking type. This group of people sympathizes with the oriental worldview and believes in having luck such as wealth or health. Type III: Realistic and pleasure-seeking type. This group of people tries to think positively but while rooted in reality, searches for pleasure and satisfaction in their surroundings. Type IV: Altruistic and relationship-seeking type. This group of people stresses the importance of religious life, small happiness in life, and relationship with friends or neighbors. CONCLUSION: The results of this study provide the foundation for understanding college students' perception about their happiness. Furthermore, these results suggest the necessity of specific and integrated education to improve happiness.
Education ; Friends ; Happiness* ; Humans ; Pleasure

PURPOSE: This paper is a basic study done to establish spiritual health concepts according to Korean culture. The focus was on identifying perceived concepts of spiritual health in Korean people. METHODS: The Q method, which is effective in measuring individual subjectivity, was used in this study. RESULTS: Perception of the concept of spiritual health was found to have 3 independent types, Type I is a self-directed, present life centered type. This is a group stressing the importance of planning self-directed life and the people of this group consider the values of the present life as important. Type II is a faith-oriented, afterlife centered type. This is a group whose essence of spiritual health is religious devotion like faith in god and the people of this group do not sympathize with the oriental world view. Type III is an oriental, value-sharing type. This is a group with an oriental world view and the people of this group stress importance in sharing values with communities or others. CONCLUSION: These results not only become the basis for understanding the concept of spiritual health among Koreans, but also suggest the necessity of comprehensive education for spiritual health promotion.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Education ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Spirituality

Double pylorus is one of the rare anomalies of gastrointestinal tract, which have an accessory canal connecting the distal stomach to the duodenal bulb. The majority of the cases is thought to be acquired lesions from ulcer disease except some congenital cases. We report a case of a 77 year-old male who was visited the hospital because of the melena and diagnosed double pylorus. The relevant literatures on subject were reviewed.
Gastrointestinal Tract ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Melena ; Pylorus ; Stomach ; Stomach Ulcer ; Ulcer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjectivity of undergraduate students about well-dying. METHODS: Q-methodology, which is effective in scientifically measuring individual subjectivity, was used. The result of the Q-short of the 34 Q-statements by 42 participants was analyzed using the PQM program. RESULT: Four cognitive types of subjectivity about well-dying were identified and labeled as follows. Type 1: oriental and family-centered type, Type 2: Individual and fate-adapted type, Type 3: altruistic and afterlife-centered type, Type 4: self-leading and secularistic type. CONCLUSIONS: Undergraduate students have a well-dying concept which tends to be self-centered and secularistic. At the same times, they also have a well-dying concept which has a basically oriental view, that is, family-centered and fate-adapted views.
Cognition ; Humans

A gastric duplication cyst is a rare congenital anomaly. Among gastrointestinal duplication cysts, gastric duplication cyst account for only 3.8%. They tend to be symptomatic in early childhood, but asymptomatic during adulthood. So its diagnosis is incidental. Abdominal pain is the most common complaint in adults, and most cases are discovered incidentally by radiological examination or endoscopic gastroduodenoscopy. Preoperative diagnosis of gastric duplication cyst is difficult, and definitive diagnosis requires pathological examination of the lesion. So far, about 8 cases of gastric duplication cyst have been reported in adults in the Korean literature. We report here a case of multiple gastric duplication cysts presenting with melena in a 14-year-old man, which were detected by endoscopic gastroduodenoscopy, abdominal computed tomography and endoscopic ultrasonography. They were treated by complete excision of the multiple gastric duplication cysts by laparoscopic wedge resection.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Endosonography ; Humans ; Melena

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the subjectivity of Koreans about well-dying by dividing the cognition and attitudes of Koreans about well-dying into five types and analyzing and interpreting each type. METHOD: Q-methodology, which is effective in scientifically measuring individual subjectivity, was used. The result of the Q-shorting of the 34 Q-statements by 42 participants was analyzed with the PQM program. RESULT: Five cognitive types of the subjectivity about well-dying were identified and labeled as follows. Type I: Individual and preparation for the other world. Type II: Receptive to nature and fate. Type III: Oriental and family centered. Type IV: Realistic and self-independent. Type V: Altruistic and preparing for the other world. CONCLUSIONS: This study generally show that traditional family connections and blood relationship are declining, and western rationalism and the pursuit of the positive meaning of well-dying are beginning to be accepted in the cognition of modern Koreans.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Cognition ; Humans

PURPOSE: This paper is a basic study done to establish a theory of health according to Korean culture. The focus is on identifying perceived concepts of health in older Korean women. METHOD: The Q-method, which is effective in measuring individual subjectivity, was used in this study. RESULTS: Perception of the concept of health was found to have 4 independent types, as follows. 1. Type I: natural & couple-oriented type. Women with this type not only have a naturalistic view of health but also put weight on being couple-centered. 2. Type II: oriental & children-oriented type. These women have traditional oriental views of the world, and are strongly dependent on their children. 3. Type III: western & altruistic type. These women do not agree with oriental concepts of health. They are positive altruists, pursuing the meaning of life. 4. Type IV: modern & self-oriented type. Women with this type not only interpret the concepts of health within western medicine, but also positively accept oriental views of the world. CONCLUSIONS: Health concepts of older Korean women are complicated, not only with western-medical concepts of health, but also more strongly complicated with concepts from oriental medicine.
Aged ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Medicine, East Asian Traditional

BACKGROUND: Gemcitabine is a new anti-cancer agent for treating non-small cell lung cancer. Functioning as an antimetabolite, it induces anti-cancer effects by suppressing DNA synthesis after being incorporated into the DNA as a cytosine arabinoside analogue. When Gemcitabine is incorporated into the DNA, the p53 gene may be activated by induction of the DNA defect. However, there are a few studies on the molecular mechanisms of Gemcitabine-induced cell death. This study examined the role of p53 in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. METHODS: A549 and NCl-H358 lung cancer cells were used in this study. The cell viability test was done using a MTT assay at Gemcitabine concentrations of 10nM, 100nM, 1uM, 10uM and 100uM. A FACScan analysis with propium iodide staining was used for the cell cycle analysis. Western blot analysis was done to investigate the extent of p53 activation. For the functional knock-out of p53, stable A549-E6 cells and H358-E6 cells were transfected pLXSN-16E6SD which is over expresses the human papilloma virus E6 protein that constantly degrades p53 protein. The functional knock out of p53 was confirmed by Western blot analysis after treatment with a DNA damaging agent, doxorubicine. RESULTS: Gemcitabine exhibited cell toxicity in dose-dependent fashion. The cell cycle analysis resulted in an S phase arrest. Western blot analysis significant p53 activation in time-dependent manner. Gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity was reduced by 20-30% in the A549-E6 cells and the 30-40% in H358-E6 cells when compared with the A549-neo and H358-neo control cells. CONCLUSION: Gemcitabine induces an S phase arrest, as expected for the anti-metabolite, and activates the p53 gene. Furthermore, p53 might play an important role in Gemcitabine-induced cell death. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms on how Gemcitabine activates the p53 gene and its signaling pathway are recommended.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; Genes, p53 ; Antimetabolites