1.Regenerative Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction:A Survey on Current Global Practice Trends and GAF Expert Recommendations
Manaf Al HASHIMI ; Germar-M PINGGERA ; Taymour MOSTAFA ; Amarnath RAMBHATLA ; Taha HAMODA ; Rupin SHAH ; Eric CHUNG ; Ahmed HARRAZ ; Mohamed ARAFA ; Tuncay TOPRAK ; Omer RAHEEM ; Carlo GIULIONI ; Ponco BIROWO ; Luca BOERI ; Yassir JASSIM ; Priyank KOTHARI ; Ranjit VISHWAKARMA ; Bahadir SAHIN ; Widi ATMOKO ; Safar GAMIDOV ; Cesar ROJAS-CRUZ ; Darren KATZ ; Adriano FREGONESI ; Nazim GHERABI ; Armand ZINI ; Christopher Chee Kong HO ; Mohamed S. AL-MARHOON ; Marlon MARTINEZ ; Giorgio Ivan RUSSO ; Ayman RASHED ; Gian Maria BUSETTO ; Edmund KO ; Hyun Jun PARK ; Selahittin CAYAN ; Ramadan SALEH ; Osvaldo RAJMIL ; Dong Suk KIM ; Giovanni COLPI ; Ryan SMITH ; Maged RAGAB ; Ates KADIOGLU ; Quang NGUYEN ; Kadir BOCU ; Ahmed EL-SAKKA ; Charalampos THOMAS ; Hussain M ALNAJJAR ; Hiva ALIPOUR ; Ashok AGARWAL
The World Journal of Men's Health 2025;43(2):359-375
Purpose:
This study aimed to examine current global practices in regenerative therapy (RT) for erectile dysfunction (ED) and to establish expert recommendations for its use, addressing the current lack of solid evidence and standardized guidelines.
Materials and Methods:
A 39-question survey was developed by senior Global Andrology Forum (GAF) experts to comprehensively cover clinical aspects of RT. This was distributed globally via a secure online Google Form to ED specialists through the GAF website, international professional societies, and social media, the responses were analyzed and presented for frequencies as percentages. Consensus on expert recommendations for RT use was achieved using the Delphi method.
Results:
Out of 479 respondents from 62 countries, a third reported using RT for ED. The most popular treatment was low-intensity shock wave therapy (54.6%), followed by platelet-rich plasma (24.5%) and their combination (14.7%), with stem cell therapy being the least used (3.7%). The primary indication for RT was the refractory or adverse effects of PDE5 inhibitors, with the best effectiveness reported in middle-aged and mild-to-moderate ED patients. Respondents were confident about its overall safety, with a significant number expressing interest in RT’s future use, despite pending guidelines support.
Conclusions
This inaugural global survey reveals a growing use of RT in ED treatment, showcasing its diverse clinical applications and potential for future widespread adoption. However, the lack of comprehensive evidence and clear guidelines requires further research to standardize RT practices in ED treatment.
2.The Cancer Clinical Library Database (CCLD) from the Korea-Clinical Data Utilization Network for Research Excellence (K-CURE) Project
Sangwon LEE ; Yeon Ho CHOI ; Hak Min KIM ; Min Ah HONG ; Phillip PARK ; In Hae KWAK ; Ye Ji KANG ; Kui Son CHOI ; Hyun-Joo KONG ; Hyosung CHA ; Hyun-Jin KIM ; Kwang Sun RYU ; Young Sang JEON ; Hwanhee KIM ; Jip Min JUNG ; Jeong-Soo IM ; Heejung CHAE
Cancer Research and Treatment 2025;57(1):19-27
The common data model (CDM) has found widespread application in healthcare studies, but its utilization in cancer research has been limited. This article describes the development and implementation strategy for Cancer Clinical Library Databases (CCLDs), which are standardized cancer-specific databases established under the Korea-Clinical Data Utilization Network for Research Excellence (K-CURE) project by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. Fifteen leading hospitals and fourteen academic associations in Korea are engaged in constructing CCLDs for 10 primary cancer types. For each cancer type-specific CCLD, cancer data experts determine key clinical data items essential for cancer research, standardize these items across cancer types, and create a standardized schema. Comprehensive clinical records covering diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, with annual updates, are collected for each cancer patient in the target population, and quality control is based on six-sigma standards. To protect patient privacy, CCLDs follow stringent data security guidelines by pseudonymizing personal identification information and operating within a closed analysis environment. Researchers can apply for access to CCLD data through the K-CURE portal, which is subject to Institutional Review Board and Data Review Board approval. The CCLD is considered a pioneering standardized cancer-specific database, significantly representing Korea’s cancer data. It is expected to overcome limitations of previous CDMs and provide a valuable resource for multicenter cancer research in Korea.
3.Regenerative Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction:A Survey on Current Global Practice Trends and GAF Expert Recommendations
Manaf Al HASHIMI ; Germar-M PINGGERA ; Taymour MOSTAFA ; Amarnath RAMBHATLA ; Taha HAMODA ; Rupin SHAH ; Eric CHUNG ; Ahmed HARRAZ ; Mohamed ARAFA ; Tuncay TOPRAK ; Omer RAHEEM ; Carlo GIULIONI ; Ponco BIROWO ; Luca BOERI ; Yassir JASSIM ; Priyank KOTHARI ; Ranjit VISHWAKARMA ; Bahadir SAHIN ; Widi ATMOKO ; Safar GAMIDOV ; Cesar ROJAS-CRUZ ; Darren KATZ ; Adriano FREGONESI ; Nazim GHERABI ; Armand ZINI ; Christopher Chee Kong HO ; Mohamed S. AL-MARHOON ; Marlon MARTINEZ ; Giorgio Ivan RUSSO ; Ayman RASHED ; Gian Maria BUSETTO ; Edmund KO ; Hyun Jun PARK ; Selahittin CAYAN ; Ramadan SALEH ; Osvaldo RAJMIL ; Dong Suk KIM ; Giovanni COLPI ; Ryan SMITH ; Maged RAGAB ; Ates KADIOGLU ; Quang NGUYEN ; Kadir BOCU ; Ahmed EL-SAKKA ; Charalampos THOMAS ; Hussain M ALNAJJAR ; Hiva ALIPOUR ; Ashok AGARWAL
The World Journal of Men's Health 2025;43(2):359-375
Purpose:
This study aimed to examine current global practices in regenerative therapy (RT) for erectile dysfunction (ED) and to establish expert recommendations for its use, addressing the current lack of solid evidence and standardized guidelines.
Materials and Methods:
A 39-question survey was developed by senior Global Andrology Forum (GAF) experts to comprehensively cover clinical aspects of RT. This was distributed globally via a secure online Google Form to ED specialists through the GAF website, international professional societies, and social media, the responses were analyzed and presented for frequencies as percentages. Consensus on expert recommendations for RT use was achieved using the Delphi method.
Results:
Out of 479 respondents from 62 countries, a third reported using RT for ED. The most popular treatment was low-intensity shock wave therapy (54.6%), followed by platelet-rich plasma (24.5%) and their combination (14.7%), with stem cell therapy being the least used (3.7%). The primary indication for RT was the refractory or adverse effects of PDE5 inhibitors, with the best effectiveness reported in middle-aged and mild-to-moderate ED patients. Respondents were confident about its overall safety, with a significant number expressing interest in RT’s future use, despite pending guidelines support.
Conclusions
This inaugural global survey reveals a growing use of RT in ED treatment, showcasing its diverse clinical applications and potential for future widespread adoption. However, the lack of comprehensive evidence and clear guidelines requires further research to standardize RT practices in ED treatment.
4.Regenerative Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction:A Survey on Current Global Practice Trends and GAF Expert Recommendations
Manaf Al HASHIMI ; Germar-M PINGGERA ; Taymour MOSTAFA ; Amarnath RAMBHATLA ; Taha HAMODA ; Rupin SHAH ; Eric CHUNG ; Ahmed HARRAZ ; Mohamed ARAFA ; Tuncay TOPRAK ; Omer RAHEEM ; Carlo GIULIONI ; Ponco BIROWO ; Luca BOERI ; Yassir JASSIM ; Priyank KOTHARI ; Ranjit VISHWAKARMA ; Bahadir SAHIN ; Widi ATMOKO ; Safar GAMIDOV ; Cesar ROJAS-CRUZ ; Darren KATZ ; Adriano FREGONESI ; Nazim GHERABI ; Armand ZINI ; Christopher Chee Kong HO ; Mohamed S. AL-MARHOON ; Marlon MARTINEZ ; Giorgio Ivan RUSSO ; Ayman RASHED ; Gian Maria BUSETTO ; Edmund KO ; Hyun Jun PARK ; Selahittin CAYAN ; Ramadan SALEH ; Osvaldo RAJMIL ; Dong Suk KIM ; Giovanni COLPI ; Ryan SMITH ; Maged RAGAB ; Ates KADIOGLU ; Quang NGUYEN ; Kadir BOCU ; Ahmed EL-SAKKA ; Charalampos THOMAS ; Hussain M ALNAJJAR ; Hiva ALIPOUR ; Ashok AGARWAL
The World Journal of Men's Health 2025;43(2):359-375
Purpose:
This study aimed to examine current global practices in regenerative therapy (RT) for erectile dysfunction (ED) and to establish expert recommendations for its use, addressing the current lack of solid evidence and standardized guidelines.
Materials and Methods:
A 39-question survey was developed by senior Global Andrology Forum (GAF) experts to comprehensively cover clinical aspects of RT. This was distributed globally via a secure online Google Form to ED specialists through the GAF website, international professional societies, and social media, the responses were analyzed and presented for frequencies as percentages. Consensus on expert recommendations for RT use was achieved using the Delphi method.
Results:
Out of 479 respondents from 62 countries, a third reported using RT for ED. The most popular treatment was low-intensity shock wave therapy (54.6%), followed by platelet-rich plasma (24.5%) and their combination (14.7%), with stem cell therapy being the least used (3.7%). The primary indication for RT was the refractory or adverse effects of PDE5 inhibitors, with the best effectiveness reported in middle-aged and mild-to-moderate ED patients. Respondents were confident about its overall safety, with a significant number expressing interest in RT’s future use, despite pending guidelines support.
Conclusions
This inaugural global survey reveals a growing use of RT in ED treatment, showcasing its diverse clinical applications and potential for future widespread adoption. However, the lack of comprehensive evidence and clear guidelines requires further research to standardize RT practices in ED treatment.
5.Prospective Multicenter Observational Study on Postoperative Quality of Life According to Type of Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Sung Eun OH ; Yun-Suhk SUH ; Ji Yeong AN ; Keun Won RYU ; In CHO ; Sung Geun KIM ; Ji-Ho PARK ; Hoon HUR ; Hyung-Ho KIM ; Sang-Hoon AHN ; Sun-Hwi HWANG ; Hong Man YOON ; Ki Bum PARK ; Hyoung-Il KIM ; In Gyu KWON ; Han-Kwang YANG ; Byoung-Jo SUH ; Sang-Ho JEONG ; Tae-Han KIM ; Oh Kyoung KWON ; Hye Seong AHN ; Ji Yeon PARK ; Ki Young YOON ; Myoung Won SON ; Seong-Ho KONG ; Young-Gil SON ; Geum Jong SONG ; Jong Hyuk YUN ; Jung-Min BAE ; Do Joong PARK ; Sol LEE ; Jun-Young YANG ; Kyung Won SEO ; You-Jin JANG ; So Hyun KANG ; Bang Wool EOM ; Joongyub LEE ; Hyuk-Joon LEE ;
Journal of Gastric Cancer 2025;25(2):382-399
Purpose:
This study evaluated the postoperative quality of life (QoL) after various types of gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Materials and Methods:
A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted in Korea using the Korean Quality of Life in Stomach Cancer Patients Study (KOQUSS)-40, a new QoL assessment tool focusing on postgastrectomy syndrome. Overall, 496 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled, and QoL was assessed at 5 time points: preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.
Results:
Distal gastrectomy (DG) and pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) showed significantly better outcomes than total gastrectomy (TG) and proximal gastrectomy (PG) with regard to total score, indigestion, and dysphagia. DG, PPG, and TG also showed significantly better outcomes than PG in terms of dumping syndrome and worry about cancer. Postoperative QoL did not differ significantly according to anastomosis type in DG, except for Billroth I anastomosis, which achieved better bowel habit change scores than the others. No domains differed significantly when comparing double tract reconstruction and esophagogastrostomy after PG. The total QoL score correlated significantly with postoperative body weight loss (more than 10%) and extent of resection (P<0.05 for both).Reflux as assessed by KOQUSS-40 did not correlate significantly with reflux observed on gastroscopy 1 year postoperatively (P=0.064).
Conclusions
Our prospective observation using KOQUSS-40 revealed that DG and PPG lead to better QoL than TG and PG. Further study is needed to compare postoperative QoL according to anastomosis type in DG and PG.
6.The Cancer Clinical Library Database (CCLD) from the Korea-Clinical Data Utilization Network for Research Excellence (K-CURE) Project
Sangwon LEE ; Yeon Ho CHOI ; Hak Min KIM ; Min Ah HONG ; Phillip PARK ; In Hae KWAK ; Ye Ji KANG ; Kui Son CHOI ; Hyun-Joo KONG ; Hyosung CHA ; Hyun-Jin KIM ; Kwang Sun RYU ; Young Sang JEON ; Hwanhee KIM ; Jip Min JUNG ; Jeong-Soo IM ; Heejung CHAE
Cancer Research and Treatment 2025;57(1):19-27
The common data model (CDM) has found widespread application in healthcare studies, but its utilization in cancer research has been limited. This article describes the development and implementation strategy for Cancer Clinical Library Databases (CCLDs), which are standardized cancer-specific databases established under the Korea-Clinical Data Utilization Network for Research Excellence (K-CURE) project by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. Fifteen leading hospitals and fourteen academic associations in Korea are engaged in constructing CCLDs for 10 primary cancer types. For each cancer type-specific CCLD, cancer data experts determine key clinical data items essential for cancer research, standardize these items across cancer types, and create a standardized schema. Comprehensive clinical records covering diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, with annual updates, are collected for each cancer patient in the target population, and quality control is based on six-sigma standards. To protect patient privacy, CCLDs follow stringent data security guidelines by pseudonymizing personal identification information and operating within a closed analysis environment. Researchers can apply for access to CCLD data through the K-CURE portal, which is subject to Institutional Review Board and Data Review Board approval. The CCLD is considered a pioneering standardized cancer-specific database, significantly representing Korea’s cancer data. It is expected to overcome limitations of previous CDMs and provide a valuable resource for multicenter cancer research in Korea.
7.Prospective Multicenter Observational Study on Postoperative Quality of Life According to Type of Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Sung Eun OH ; Yun-Suhk SUH ; Ji Yeong AN ; Keun Won RYU ; In CHO ; Sung Geun KIM ; Ji-Ho PARK ; Hoon HUR ; Hyung-Ho KIM ; Sang-Hoon AHN ; Sun-Hwi HWANG ; Hong Man YOON ; Ki Bum PARK ; Hyoung-Il KIM ; In Gyu KWON ; Han-Kwang YANG ; Byoung-Jo SUH ; Sang-Ho JEONG ; Tae-Han KIM ; Oh Kyoung KWON ; Hye Seong AHN ; Ji Yeon PARK ; Ki Young YOON ; Myoung Won SON ; Seong-Ho KONG ; Young-Gil SON ; Geum Jong SONG ; Jong Hyuk YUN ; Jung-Min BAE ; Do Joong PARK ; Sol LEE ; Jun-Young YANG ; Kyung Won SEO ; You-Jin JANG ; So Hyun KANG ; Bang Wool EOM ; Joongyub LEE ; Hyuk-Joon LEE ;
Journal of Gastric Cancer 2025;25(2):382-399
Purpose:
This study evaluated the postoperative quality of life (QoL) after various types of gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Materials and Methods:
A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted in Korea using the Korean Quality of Life in Stomach Cancer Patients Study (KOQUSS)-40, a new QoL assessment tool focusing on postgastrectomy syndrome. Overall, 496 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled, and QoL was assessed at 5 time points: preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.
Results:
Distal gastrectomy (DG) and pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) showed significantly better outcomes than total gastrectomy (TG) and proximal gastrectomy (PG) with regard to total score, indigestion, and dysphagia. DG, PPG, and TG also showed significantly better outcomes than PG in terms of dumping syndrome and worry about cancer. Postoperative QoL did not differ significantly according to anastomosis type in DG, except for Billroth I anastomosis, which achieved better bowel habit change scores than the others. No domains differed significantly when comparing double tract reconstruction and esophagogastrostomy after PG. The total QoL score correlated significantly with postoperative body weight loss (more than 10%) and extent of resection (P<0.05 for both).Reflux as assessed by KOQUSS-40 did not correlate significantly with reflux observed on gastroscopy 1 year postoperatively (P=0.064).
Conclusions
Our prospective observation using KOQUSS-40 revealed that DG and PPG lead to better QoL than TG and PG. Further study is needed to compare postoperative QoL according to anastomosis type in DG and PG.
8.Regenerative Therapy in Erectile Dysfunction:A Survey on Current Global Practice Trends and GAF Expert Recommendations
Manaf Al HASHIMI ; Germar-M PINGGERA ; Taymour MOSTAFA ; Amarnath RAMBHATLA ; Taha HAMODA ; Rupin SHAH ; Eric CHUNG ; Ahmed HARRAZ ; Mohamed ARAFA ; Tuncay TOPRAK ; Omer RAHEEM ; Carlo GIULIONI ; Ponco BIROWO ; Luca BOERI ; Yassir JASSIM ; Priyank KOTHARI ; Ranjit VISHWAKARMA ; Bahadir SAHIN ; Widi ATMOKO ; Safar GAMIDOV ; Cesar ROJAS-CRUZ ; Darren KATZ ; Adriano FREGONESI ; Nazim GHERABI ; Armand ZINI ; Christopher Chee Kong HO ; Mohamed S. AL-MARHOON ; Marlon MARTINEZ ; Giorgio Ivan RUSSO ; Ayman RASHED ; Gian Maria BUSETTO ; Edmund KO ; Hyun Jun PARK ; Selahittin CAYAN ; Ramadan SALEH ; Osvaldo RAJMIL ; Dong Suk KIM ; Giovanni COLPI ; Ryan SMITH ; Maged RAGAB ; Ates KADIOGLU ; Quang NGUYEN ; Kadir BOCU ; Ahmed EL-SAKKA ; Charalampos THOMAS ; Hussain M ALNAJJAR ; Hiva ALIPOUR ; Ashok AGARWAL
The World Journal of Men's Health 2025;43(2):359-375
Purpose:
This study aimed to examine current global practices in regenerative therapy (RT) for erectile dysfunction (ED) and to establish expert recommendations for its use, addressing the current lack of solid evidence and standardized guidelines.
Materials and Methods:
A 39-question survey was developed by senior Global Andrology Forum (GAF) experts to comprehensively cover clinical aspects of RT. This was distributed globally via a secure online Google Form to ED specialists through the GAF website, international professional societies, and social media, the responses were analyzed and presented for frequencies as percentages. Consensus on expert recommendations for RT use was achieved using the Delphi method.
Results:
Out of 479 respondents from 62 countries, a third reported using RT for ED. The most popular treatment was low-intensity shock wave therapy (54.6%), followed by platelet-rich plasma (24.5%) and their combination (14.7%), with stem cell therapy being the least used (3.7%). The primary indication for RT was the refractory or adverse effects of PDE5 inhibitors, with the best effectiveness reported in middle-aged and mild-to-moderate ED patients. Respondents were confident about its overall safety, with a significant number expressing interest in RT’s future use, despite pending guidelines support.
Conclusions
This inaugural global survey reveals a growing use of RT in ED treatment, showcasing its diverse clinical applications and potential for future widespread adoption. However, the lack of comprehensive evidence and clear guidelines requires further research to standardize RT practices in ED treatment.
9.The Cancer Clinical Library Database (CCLD) from the Korea-Clinical Data Utilization Network for Research Excellence (K-CURE) Project
Sangwon LEE ; Yeon Ho CHOI ; Hak Min KIM ; Min Ah HONG ; Phillip PARK ; In Hae KWAK ; Ye Ji KANG ; Kui Son CHOI ; Hyun-Joo KONG ; Hyosung CHA ; Hyun-Jin KIM ; Kwang Sun RYU ; Young Sang JEON ; Hwanhee KIM ; Jip Min JUNG ; Jeong-Soo IM ; Heejung CHAE
Cancer Research and Treatment 2025;57(1):19-27
The common data model (CDM) has found widespread application in healthcare studies, but its utilization in cancer research has been limited. This article describes the development and implementation strategy for Cancer Clinical Library Databases (CCLDs), which are standardized cancer-specific databases established under the Korea-Clinical Data Utilization Network for Research Excellence (K-CURE) project by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare. Fifteen leading hospitals and fourteen academic associations in Korea are engaged in constructing CCLDs for 10 primary cancer types. For each cancer type-specific CCLD, cancer data experts determine key clinical data items essential for cancer research, standardize these items across cancer types, and create a standardized schema. Comprehensive clinical records covering diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, with annual updates, are collected for each cancer patient in the target population, and quality control is based on six-sigma standards. To protect patient privacy, CCLDs follow stringent data security guidelines by pseudonymizing personal identification information and operating within a closed analysis environment. Researchers can apply for access to CCLD data through the K-CURE portal, which is subject to Institutional Review Board and Data Review Board approval. The CCLD is considered a pioneering standardized cancer-specific database, significantly representing Korea’s cancer data. It is expected to overcome limitations of previous CDMs and provide a valuable resource for multicenter cancer research in Korea.
10.Prospective Multicenter Observational Study on Postoperative Quality of Life According to Type of Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer
Sung Eun OH ; Yun-Suhk SUH ; Ji Yeong AN ; Keun Won RYU ; In CHO ; Sung Geun KIM ; Ji-Ho PARK ; Hoon HUR ; Hyung-Ho KIM ; Sang-Hoon AHN ; Sun-Hwi HWANG ; Hong Man YOON ; Ki Bum PARK ; Hyoung-Il KIM ; In Gyu KWON ; Han-Kwang YANG ; Byoung-Jo SUH ; Sang-Ho JEONG ; Tae-Han KIM ; Oh Kyoung KWON ; Hye Seong AHN ; Ji Yeon PARK ; Ki Young YOON ; Myoung Won SON ; Seong-Ho KONG ; Young-Gil SON ; Geum Jong SONG ; Jong Hyuk YUN ; Jung-Min BAE ; Do Joong PARK ; Sol LEE ; Jun-Young YANG ; Kyung Won SEO ; You-Jin JANG ; So Hyun KANG ; Bang Wool EOM ; Joongyub LEE ; Hyuk-Joon LEE ;
Journal of Gastric Cancer 2025;25(2):382-399
Purpose:
This study evaluated the postoperative quality of life (QoL) after various types of gastrectomy for gastric cancer.
Materials and Methods:
A multicenter prospective observational study was conducted in Korea using the Korean Quality of Life in Stomach Cancer Patients Study (KOQUSS)-40, a new QoL assessment tool focusing on postgastrectomy syndrome. Overall, 496 patients with gastric cancer were enrolled, and QoL was assessed at 5 time points: preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.
Results:
Distal gastrectomy (DG) and pylorus-preserving gastrectomy (PPG) showed significantly better outcomes than total gastrectomy (TG) and proximal gastrectomy (PG) with regard to total score, indigestion, and dysphagia. DG, PPG, and TG also showed significantly better outcomes than PG in terms of dumping syndrome and worry about cancer. Postoperative QoL did not differ significantly according to anastomosis type in DG, except for Billroth I anastomosis, which achieved better bowel habit change scores than the others. No domains differed significantly when comparing double tract reconstruction and esophagogastrostomy after PG. The total QoL score correlated significantly with postoperative body weight loss (more than 10%) and extent of resection (P<0.05 for both).Reflux as assessed by KOQUSS-40 did not correlate significantly with reflux observed on gastroscopy 1 year postoperatively (P=0.064).
Conclusions
Our prospective observation using KOQUSS-40 revealed that DG and PPG lead to better QoL than TG and PG. Further study is needed to compare postoperative QoL according to anastomosis type in DG and PG.

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