Humans ; Blood Pressure/physiology* ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Hypertension/drug therapy* ; Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use*

Alkaline Phosphatase ; metabolism ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bone Density Conservation Agents ; therapeutic use ; China ; Denosumab ; therapeutic use ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperlipidemias ; complications ; Hypertension ; complications ; Middle Aged ; Osteitis Deformans ; complications ; diagnostic imaging ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Pelvic Bones ; diagnostic imaging ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; complications ; Singapore ; Tibia ; diagnostic imaging ; Treatment Outcome

Nephrotic syndrome in the first year of life, characterized by renal dysfunction and proteinuria, is associated with a heterogeneous group of disorders. These disorders are often related to genetic mutations, but the syndrome can also be caused by a variety of other diseases. We report an infant with nephrotic syndrome associated with a neuroblastoma. A 6-month-old girl was admitted with a 10% weight loss over 10 days and nephrotic-range proteinuria. She was ill-looking, and her blood pressure was higher than normal for her age. Her cystatin-C glomerular filtration rate was decreased, and levels of plasma renin, aldosterone, and catecholamines were elevated. Renal ultrasonography and abdominal computed tomography showed a retroperitoneal prevertebral mass encasing both renal arteries and the left renal vein. The mass was partially resected laparoscopically, and the pathologic diagnosis was neuroblastoma. Findings on a simultaneous renal biopsy were unremarkable. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and several anti-hypertensive drugs, including an alpha blocker. Two months later, the mass had decreased in size and the proteinuria and hypertension were gradually improving. In an infant with abnormal renin-angiotensin system activation, severe hypertension, and nephrotic-range proteinuria, neuroblastoma can be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Aldosterone ; Antihypertensive Agents ; Biopsy ; Blood Pressure ; Catecholamines ; Diagnosis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Drug Therapy ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Infant ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; Neuroblastoma ; Plasma ; Proteinuria ; Renal Artery ; Renal Veins ; Renin ; Renin-Angiotensin System ; Ultrasonography ; Weight Loss

Postoperative visual loss is a rare complication of general anesthesia in patients undergoing lung surgery. If the visual complication is permanent, it can greatly affect the patient's quality of life. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) leads to visual disturbances and may be associated with hypertension, renal disease, eclampsia, and chemotherapy. Although PRES is usually reversible, delayed diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent damage. We herein report a case of PRES in a patient with no medical history. The patient's symptoms included somnolence, visual loss, and headache. He was treated with conservative therapy, and his vision abruptly recovered three days after surgery. He was discharged from the hospital without neurologic complications 13 days after surgery.
Anesthesia, General ; Blindness ; Delayed Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Eclampsia ; Female ; Headache ; Humans ; Hypertension, Renal ; Lung* ; Posterior Leukoencephalopathy Syndrome* ; Pregnancy ; Quality of Life

BACKGROUNDAtherosclerosis (AS) is an inflammatory disease. Inflammation was considered to play a role in the whole process of AS. This study aimed to analyze the relationships of inflammatory factors and risk factors with different target organ damages (TOD) in essential hypertension (EH) patients and to explore its clinical significance.

METHODSA total of 294 EH patients were selected and divided into four groups according to their conditions of TOD. Forty-eight healthy subjects were selected as control. The clinical biochemical parameters, serum amyloid A, serum tryptase, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) in each group were detected, and the related risk factors were also statistically analyzed.

RESULTSFibrinogen (Fbg) was the most significant independent risk factor in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) group (odds ratio [OR]: 22.242, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.458-76.609, P< 0.001) with the largest absolute value of the standardized partial regression coefficient B' (b': 1.079). Lp-PLA2 was the most significant independent risk factor in stroke group (OR: 13.699, 95% CI: 5.236-35.837, P< 0.001) with b' = 0.708. Uric acid (UA) was the most significant independent risk factor in renal damage group (OR: 15.307, 95% CI: 4.022-58.250, P< 0.001) with b' = 1.026.

CONCLUSIONSFbg, Lp-PLA2, and UA are the strongest independent risk factors toward the occurrence of ACS, ischemic stroke, and renal damage in EH patients, thus exhibiting the greatest impacts on the occurrence of ACS, ischemic stroke, and renal damage in EH patients, respectively.

1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase ; Aged ; Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Essential Hypertension ; blood ; complications ; drug therapy ; physiopathology ; Female ; Humans ; Kidney Diseases ; blood ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; blood ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Risk Factors ; Serum Amyloid A Protein ; metabolism ; Stroke ; blood ; etiology ; physiopathology ; Tryptases ; blood

INTRODUCTIONClinical practice guidelines recommend different blood pressure (BP) goals for chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Usage of antihypertensive medication and attainment of BP targets in Asian CKD patients remain unclear. This study describes the profile of antihypertensive agents used and BP components in a multiethnic Asian population with stable CKD.

METHODSStable CKD outpatients with variability of serum creatinine levels < 20%, taken > 3 months apart, were recruited. Mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using automated manometers, according to practice guidelines. Serum creatinine was assayed and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) calculated using the CKD Epidemiology Collaboration equation. BP and antihypertensive medication profile was examined using univariate analyses.

RESULTS613 patients (55.1% male; 74.7% Chinese, 6.4% Indian, 11.4% Malay; 35.7% diabetes mellitus) with a mean age of 57.8 ± 14.5 years were recruited. Mean SBP was 139 ± 20 mmHg, DBP was 74 ± 11 mmHg, serum creatinine was 166 ± 115 µmol/L and GFR was 53 ± 32 mL/min/1.73 m(2). At a lower GFR, SBP increased (p < 0.001), whereas DBP decreased (p = 0.0052). Mean SBP increased in tandem with the number of antihypertensive agents used (p < 0.001), while mean DBP decreased when ≥ 3 antihypertensive agents were used (p = 0.0020).

CONCLUSIONDifferent targets are recommended for each BP component in CKD patients. A majority of patients cannot attain SBP targets and/or exceed DBP targets. Research into monitoring and treatment methods is required to better define BP targets in CKD patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Blood Pressure ; Blood Pressure Determination ; Creatinine ; blood ; Diastole ; Female ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; ethnology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Outpatients ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; drug therapy ; ethnology ; Singapore ; Statistics as Topic ; Systole

Secondary hypertension occurs in a significant proportion of adult patients (~10%). In young patients, renal causes (glomerulonephritis) and coarctation of the aorta should be considered. In older patients, primary aldosteronism, obstructive sleep apnoea and renal artery stenosis are more prevalent than previously thought. Primary aldosteronism can be screened by taking morning aldosterone and renin levels, and should be considered in patients with severe, resistant or hypokalaemia-associated hypertension. Symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea should be sought. Worsening of renal function after starting an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor suggests the possibility of renal artery stenosis. Recognition, diagnosis and treatment of secondary causes of hypertension lead to good clinical outcomes and the possible reversal of end-organ damage, in addition to blood pressure control. As most patients with hypertension are managed at the primary care level, it is important for primary care physicians to recognise these conditions and refer patients appropriately.
Aldosterone ; blood ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Aortic Coarctation ; complications ; diagnosis ; Blood Pressure ; Glomerulonephritis ; complications ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Hyperaldosteronism ; diagnosis ; Hypertension ; complications ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Primary Health Care ; methods ; Referral and Consultation ; Renal Artery Obstruction ; drug therapy ; Renin ; blood ; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive ; complications

BACKGROUNDRenin-angiotensin system inhibitor and calcium channel blocker (CCB) are widely used in controlling blood pressure (BP) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We carried out a meta-analysis to compare the renoprotective effect of the combination of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) and CCB (i.e., ACEI/ARB + CCB) with ACEI/ARB monotherapy in patients with hypertension and CKD.

METHODSPublications were identified from PubMed, Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of BP lowering treatment for patients with hypertension and CKD were considered. The outcomes of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), cardiovascular events, BP, urinary protein measures, estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and adverse events were extracted.

RESULTSBased on seven RCTs with 628 patients, ACEI/ARB + CCB did not show additional benefit for the incidence of ESRD (risk ratio [RR] = 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52-1.33) and cardiovascular events (RR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.21-1.63) significantly, compared with ACEI/ARB monotherapy. There were no significant differences in change from baseline to the end points in diastolic BP (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -1.28 mmHg; 95% CI: -3.18 to -0.62), proteinuria (standard mean difference = -0.55; 95% CI: -1.41 to -0.30), GFR (WMD = -0.32 ml/min; 95% CI: -1.53 to -0.89), and occurrence of adverse events (RR = 1.05; 95% CI: 0.72-1.53). However, ACEI/ARB + CCB showed a greater reduction in systolic BP (WMD = -4.46 mmHg; 95% CI: -6.95 to -1.97), compared with ACEI/ARB monotherapy.

CONCLUSIONACEI/ARB + CCB had no additional renoprotective benefit beyond than what could be achieved with ACEI/ARB monotherapy.

Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Calcium Channel Blockers ; pharmacology ; therapeutic use ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; drug therapy ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; drug therapy

The object of this study was to evaluate the effect of uric acid lowering therapy in reducing the new development of comorbidities and the frequency of acute attacks in gout patients. We retrospectively reviewed patients who were diagnosed to have gout with at least 3 yr of follow up. They were divided into 2 groups; 53 patients with mean serum uric acid level (sUA)<6 mg/dL and 147 patients with mean sUA> or =6 mg/dL. Comorbidities of gout such as hypertension (HTN), type II diabetes mellitus (DM), chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and urolithiasis were compared in each group at baseline and at last follow-up visit. Frequency of acute gout attacks were also compared between the groups. During the mean follow up period of 7.6 yr, the yearly rate of acute attack and the new development of HTN, DM, CVD and urolithiasis was lower in the adequately treated group compared to the inadequately treated group. Tight control of uric acid decreases the incidence of acute gout attacks and comorbidities of gout such as HTN, DM, CVD and urolithiasis.
Adult ; Allopurinol/therapeutic use ; Antimetabolites/therapeutic use ; Benzbromarone/therapeutic use ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Comorbidity ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use ; Female ; Gout/*drug therapy/*prevention & control ; Gout Suppressants/*therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology/prevention & control ; Retrospective Studies ; Thiazoles/therapeutic use ; Uric Acid/*blood/metabolism ; Uricosuric Agents/therapeutic use ; Urolithiasis/epidemiology/prevention & control

Hypertensive renal damage is based on the extent and duration of hypertension, renal damage caused by varying severity. Hypertensive renal damage due to various causes imbalance of vascular active substances, renal arteriosclerosis, so that the abnormal renal hemodynamic, renal ischemia, low specific gravity of urine, low osmotic pressure and urine. The rapidly increasing incidence of hypertensive renal damage has become one of the most important reasons of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Effective treatment of hypertension is limited by poor compliance and significant adverse reaction of antihypertensive drugs. Therefore, some patients have turned to Chinese medicine (CM), hoping that such treatments might improve the efficiency. The author reviews relevant theory and the latest researches, on the basis of combining diseases and syndrome, discusses state and achievement of hypertensive renal damage with Chinese herbal medicines from fundamental and clinical research and action mechanism from standpoints of Chinese herbal compound and herbal effective chemical composition to take future research for important reference.
Antihypertensive Agents ; therapeutic use ; Disease Progression ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Hypertension, Renal ; diagnosis ; drug therapy ; Kidney ; drug effects ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods