Macrodactyly of the toe is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by the overgrowth of a digit/digits in the foot and is one of the most difficult conditions to treat. Since the condition alters functionality and appearance, the treatment goal is to restore function and cosmetically enhance the appearance. Various surgical techniques are used for toe macrodactyly, including amputation, debulking, and epiphysiodesis. Herein, we present a case of a six-year-old patient with a second toe macrodactyly who was successfully treated with a twostage operation over a seven-year period. We initially performed an ostectomy of the middle phalanx with a fusion of the proximal and distal phalanges and then performed a soft tissue debulking procedure.

Purpose: This multi-center, retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the long-term survival in patients who underwent surgical resection for small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and to identify the benefit of adjuvant therapy following surgery. Materials and Methods: The data of 213 patients who underwent surgical resection for SCLC at four institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who received neoadjuvant therapy or an incomplete resection were excluded. Results: The mean patient age was 65.29±8.93 years, and 184 patients (86.4%) were male. Lobectomies and pneumonectomies were performed in 173 patients (81.2%), and 198 (93%) underwent systematic mediastinal lymph node dissections. Overall, 170 patients (79.8%) underwent adjuvant chemotherapy, 42 (19.7%) underwent radiotherapy to the mediastinum, and 23 (10.8%) underwent prophylactic cranial irradiation. The median follow-up period was 31.08 months (interquartile range, 13.79 to 64.52 months). The 5-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival were 53.4% and 46.9%, respectively. The 5-year OS significantly improved after adjuvant chemotherapy in all patients (57.4% vs. 40.3%, p=0.007), and the survival benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy was significant in patients with negative node pathology (70.8% vs. 39.7%, p=0.004). Adjuvant radiotherapy did not affect the 5-year OS (54.6% vs. 48.5%, p=0.458). Age (hazard ratio [HR], 1.032; p=0.017), node metastasis (HR, 2.190; p < 0.001), and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR, 0.558; p=0.019) were associated with OS. Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy after surgical resection in patients with SCLC improved the OS, though adjuvant radiotherapy to the mediastinum did not improve the survival or decrease the locoregional recurrence rate.

Background: In lung transplantation, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) compatibility is not included in the lung allocation score system or considered when placing donor allografts.However, HLA matching may affect the outcomes of lung transplantation. This study evaluated the current assessment status, prevalence, and effects of HLA crossmatching in lung transplantation in Korean patients using nationwide multicenter registry data. Methods: Two hundred and twenty patients who received lung transplantation at six tertiary hospitals in South Korea between March 2015 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data, including general demographic characteristics, primary diagnosis, and pretransplant status of the recipients and donors registered by the Korean Organ Transplant Registry, were retrospectively analyzed. Survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank tests. Results: Complement-dependent cytotoxic crossmatch (CDC-XM) was performed in 208 patients (94.5%) and flow cytometric crossmatch (flow-XM) was performed in 125 patients (56.8%). Among them, nine patients (4.1%) showed T cell- and/or B cell-positive crossmatches. The incidences of postoperative complications, including primary graft dysfunction, acute rejection, and chronic allograft dysfunction in positively crossmatched patients, were not significant compared with those in patients without mismatches.Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analyses showed poorer 1-year survival in patients with positive crossmatch according to CDC-XM (P < 0.001) and T lymphocyte XM (P = 0.002) than in patients without mismatches. Conclusion Positive CDC and T lymphocyte crossmatching results should be considered in the allocation of donor lungs. If unavailable, the result should be considered for postoperative management in lung transplantation.

Purpose: Calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) use has improved lung transplantation outcomes. However, significant perioperative complications in patients receiving CNI can deteriorate the early course of lung transplantation. To date, there is no consensus regarding the optimal agent for the induction regimen after lung transplantation. We aimed to determine the efficacy of basiliximab induction with delayed CNI initiation in the prevention of acute complications without compromising immunosuppression in high-risk patients. Materials and Methods: Between January 2013 and December 2019, 236 patients at a single lung transplant center were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-one patients (17.4%) received basiliximab induction, and 195 patients (82.6%) received a routine triple-drug regimen without induction. The primary endpoint was postoperative acute kidney injury with several other postoperative outcomes as secondary end-points. Results: Preoperatively, the induction group had a higher proportion of patients who were admitted before transplantation (95.1% vs. 47.7%, p<0.001) and received intensive unit care (90.2% vs. 33.8%, p<0.001) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) (87.8% vs. 20.0%, p<0.001) compared to the non-induction group. No significant differences were observed in the incidence of acute rejection between groups (p=0.657), although lower incidence of postoperative complications, including acute kidney injuries or culture-proven infections, were observed in the induction group. However, the differences were not statistically significant. A subgroup analysis of high-risk and preoperative ECMO support groups showed similar results. Conclusion Basiliximab induction with delayed CNI initiation for high-risk patients might decrease the incidence of perioperative complications, including acute renal failure, without increasing the risk of acute rejection.

Background/Aims: Atrial arrhythmia (AA) occasionally occurs after lung transplantation (LT); however, risk factors for AA and their impact on clinical outcomes are inconsistent. We aimed to investigate the incidence, predisposing factors, and clinical outcomes of AA after LT. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 153 consecutive patients who underwent LT between January 2010 and August 2016. An AA episode was defined as a documented atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter, or atrial tachycardia on 12-lead electrocardiography or episodes lasting ≥ 30 seconds on telemetry monitoring. Results: The mean follow-up time was 22.0 ± 19.1 months. Postoperative AA occurred in 46 patients (30.1%) after LT. Patients with postoperative AA were older, had larger body surface area, and had an increased incidence of paroxysmal AF prior to transplantation, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and postoperative tracheostomy than patients without AA. Preoperative right atrial pressure (RAP) (odds ratio [OR], 1.19; p = 0.005) and longer periods of mechanical ventilation (OR, 1.03; p = 0.008) were found to be independent risk factors for AA after surgery. Development of AA was a significant predictor of long-term overall mortality (hazard ratio, 2.75; p = 0.017). Conclusions Patients with elevated preoperative RAP and long-term ventilator care had a higher risk of AA after LT. Further, AA after LT was associated with poor long-term survival.

Purpose: Data on the distribution and impact of panel reactive antibodies (PRA) and donor specific antibodies (DSA) before lung transplantation in Asia, especially multi-center-based data, are limited. This study evaluated the prevalence of and effects of PRA and DSA levels before lung transplantations on outcomes in Korean patients using nationwide multicenter registry data. Materials and Methods: This study included 103 patients who received a lung transplant at five tertiary hospitals in South Korea between March 2015 and December 2017. Mortality, primary graft dysfunction (PGD), and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) were evaluated. Results: Sixteen patients had class I and/or class II PRAs exceeding 50%. Ten patients (9.7%) had DSAs with a mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) higher than 1000, six of whom had antibodies with a high MFI (≥2000). DSAs with high MFIs were more frequently observed in patients with high-grade PGD (≥2) than in those with no or low-grade (≤1) PGD. In the 47 patients who survived for longer than 9 months and were evaluated for BOS after the transplant, BOS was not related to DSA or PRA levels. One-year mortality was more strongly related to PRA class I exceeding 50% than that under 50% (0% vs. 16.7%, p=0.007). Conclusion Preoperative DSAs and PRAs are related to worse outcomes after lung transplantation. DSAs and PRAs should be considered when selecting lung transplant recipients, and recipients who have preoperative DSAs with high MFI values and high PRA levels should be monitored closely after lung transplantation.

Purpose: Recent history of malignancy without 5-year disease-free interval is an absolute contraindication for lung transplantation (LTx). However, in rare cases, lung cancer may be incidentally diagnosed in the explanted lung of recipients. We evaluated the prevalence, 5-year survival, and prognosis of incidental lung cancer after LTx. Materials and Methods: Medical records of patients who underwent LTx at Severance Hospital between January 1, 2012 and June 30, 2019 were reviewed. Patients with incidental lung cancer were included, and those with histologically proven pre-transplant lung cancer were excluded. Results: Of the 247 patients who underwent LTx, 6 (2.4%) were diagnosed with incidental lung cancer. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) was the underlying lung disease in all patients. The median interval from the last preoperative computed tomography (CT) screening to LTx was 26 days. The most common histological type of incidental lung cancer was adenocarcinoma (n=4, 66.7%).All Stage IV cases were misdiagnosed as fibrosis on preoperative chest CT. Patients with incidental lung cancer showed lower 5-year survival than those without malignancy (median survival: 8.5 months vs. not reached, p=0.047, respectively). Patients with Stage III or IV demonstrated lower 5-year survival than those with Stage I or II and those without malignancy (median survival: 5 months, 19 months, and not reached, respectively, p=0.011). Conclusion Multidisciplinary preoperative screening and serial imaging studies within short intervals are required to differentiate lung malignancy from fibrotic foci. Furthermore, active pathologic examination of suspicious lung lesions is required in patients at high risk for lung cancer.