The definition of faculty development has been refined and expanded over the past few decades, and various definitions have been used in higher education. Initially, faculty development was defined as activities that help teachers improve teaching skills, design better curricula, and improve the organizational environment for education. Since then, as the focus of faculty development has shifted from individual professors to institutional needs, faculty development is now defined as the personal and professional development of professors, clinicians, researchers, and managers to meet institutional goals, visions, and missions in social terms and moral responsibility to the community. Faculty development in medical education is universally needed to recognize and cope with widespread changes in education, including the traditional role of professors, advances in pedagogical theory, changes in learning styles, innovative curriculum models, and evaluation philosophy. However, critics have pointed out that most universities could not actively implement faculty development or accept professors’ various demands. In this paper, various reports related to faculty development are reviewed to summarize how faculty development has progressed and present future directions for accepting various opinions to improve educational excellence and the quality of health care.

In 2017, the Korean government launched an unprecedentedly large-scaled latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening project which covered more than a million individuals in congregate settings. A total of 1,047,689 participants of source population (n = 2,336,157) underwent LTBI testing from 2017 to 2018. The overall LTBI test uptake rate during this project was 44.8%. Workers in daycare centers (83.5%) and kindergartens (78.9%) showed high participation rate. A total of 1,012,206 individuals with valid results of interferongamma release assay (IGRA) were selected to constitute the IGRA cohort. Most of the enrolled participants in the IGRA cohort were in their working age. Approximately, threequarters of total enrolled population were female. Investigating the LTBI prevalence, stages of LTBI care cascade, natural history of LTBI, efficacy of LTBI treatment and cost-effectiveness of LTBI screening are feasible within this IGRA cohort.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine knowledge, attitudes, performance, and barriers to pain management of nurses working in oncology settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 222 nurses in five tertiary hospitals in Korea.The period of data collection was 1 September to 30 November 2018. Participants were surveyed using the Nurse Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (NKASRP), a pain management performance, and barriers questionnaire. The data were analyzed through independent t-test and One-way ANOVA, and the post-hoc test was conducted with the Scheffé test using the SPSS 23 program. Results: According to the study, oncology nurses’ knowledge and attitudes to pain received a score of 26.4±3.77 (out of 41 points) and the performance received a score of 3.24±0.35 (out of 4 points). Among the barriers to pain management, time constraints were the most frequent medical staff-related factor, and reluctance to take opioids was the most frequent patient-related factor. In terms of factors related to the health care system, strict regulation of opioids was the most significant. There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude of pain management and performance of pain management. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that structured education programs to be developed and implemented to enhance knowledge, attitudes, and performance on pain.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine knowledge, attitudes, performance, and barriers to pain management of nurses working in oncology settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 222 nurses in five tertiary hospitals in Korea.The period of data collection was 1 September to 30 November 2018. Participants were surveyed using the Nurse Knowledge and Attitudes Survey Regarding Pain (NKASRP), a pain management performance, and barriers questionnaire. The data were analyzed through independent t-test and One-way ANOVA, and the post-hoc test was conducted with the Scheffé test using the SPSS 23 program. Results: According to the study, oncology nurses’ knowledge and attitudes to pain received a score of 26.4±3.77 (out of 41 points) and the performance received a score of 3.24±0.35 (out of 4 points). Among the barriers to pain management, time constraints were the most frequent medical staff-related factor, and reluctance to take opioids was the most frequent patient-related factor. In terms of factors related to the health care system, strict regulation of opioids was the most significant. There was a significant positive correlation between knowledge and attitude of pain management and performance of pain management. Conclusion Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that structured education programs to be developed and implemented to enhance knowledge, attitudes, and performance on pain.

In 2017, the Korean government launched an unprecedentedly large-scaled latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) screening project which covered more than a million individuals in congregate settings. A total of 1,047,689 participants of source population (n = 2,336,157) underwent LTBI testing from 2017 to 2018. The overall LTBI test uptake rate during this project was 44.8%. Workers in daycare centers (83.5%) and kindergartens (78.9%) showed high participation rate. A total of 1,012,206 individuals with valid results of interferongamma release assay (IGRA) were selected to constitute the IGRA cohort. Most of the enrolled participants in the IGRA cohort were in their working age. Approximately, threequarters of total enrolled population were female. Investigating the LTBI prevalence, stages of LTBI care cascade, natural history of LTBI, efficacy of LTBI treatment and cost-effectiveness of LTBI screening are feasible within this IGRA cohort.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma associated with chronic inflammation (DLBCL-CI), specifically arising in ileal neobladder, is a rare neoplasm. We present an unusual case of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)–positive DLBCL-CI arising within neobladder with detailed clinical, histological, and immunophenotypical features in an immunocompetent patient. An 88-year-old male was admitted for gross hematuria. He had undergone radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder 17 years ago for invasive bladder cancer. Computed tomography showed enhancing lesions on dome and posterior wall of neobladder with mucosal thickening and multiple enlarged retroperitoneal lymphadenopathies. Transurethralresection of neobladder lesion revealed the diffuse infiltration of large lymphoid cells which were positive for CD20, CD30, and multiple myeloma oncogen-1 with EBV-encoded small RNAs co-localizing, and diagnosis of EBV-positive DLBCL-CI was made. After multi-agent chemotherapy, the lesion disappeared. We suggest that clinicians should consider the possibility of DLBCL-CI in patients presented with hematuria during follow-up after bladder reconstruction.
Aged, 80 and over ; B-Lymphocytes ; Cystectomy ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematuria ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Lymphocytes ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; Male ; Multiple Myeloma ; RNA ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

The aim of this study is to determine whether the 65 competencies, defined in “the role of Korean doctor, 2014”, are suitable for basic medical education phase in Korea. It seeks to analyze the gap among the educational reality and expectation, assessment situation of the competencies above. We also try to define issues of the development, application and assessment phases of competency-based medical education (CBME) at individual medical schools. We designed survey tools based on the Miller's assessment pyramid (knowledge, explanation, demonstration, and performance) for each of the 65 competencies. The survey distributed to 41 medical schools in April 2015 and 38 replies were received (92.7%). Competencies that matched both the educational reality and expectation were numbers 1 (patient care), 33 (social accountability), and 49 (professionalism). However, all the other competencies ranked lower in current status than that of desirable level. 54 out of 65 competencies (83.07%) remained at the knowledge and explanation level when each competence were assessed. In the development, application, and assessment phases of CBME, common issues that medical schools commonly noted were difficulty linking competencies to curriculum preparation and student assessment, the lack of faculty's understanding, difficulty to reach consensus among faculties, and absence of teaching and learning methods and assessment tools that fits CBME. For the successful settle down of CBME, there is a need for efforts to develop the model of graduate outcomes, to share information and experience, and to operate faculty development program by the medical education communities.
Consensus ; Curriculum ; Education, Medical ; Humans ; Korea ; Learning ; Mental Competency ; Needs Assessment ; Schools, Medical

BACKGROUND: The gradually increasing demand for coffee worldwide has prompted increased interest in the relationship between coffee and health issues as well as a need for research on metabolic syndrome in adults. METHODS: Data from 3,321 subjects (1,268 men and 2,053 women) enrolled in the 2013–2014 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed. The subjects were divided into three groups according to their daily coffee consumption. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for metabolic syndrome in the coffee-drinking groups were calculated using multiple logistic regression analysis by adjusting for confounding variables. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 15.5%, 10.7%, and 9.7% in men and 3.0%, 7.1%, and 6.5% in women according to their coffee consumption (less than one, one or two, or more than three cups of coffee per day), respectively. Compared with the non-coffee consumption group, the ORs (95% CIs) for metabolic syndrome in the group that consumed more than three cups of coffee was 0.638 (0.328–1.244) for men and 1.344 (0.627–2.881) for women after adjusting for age, body mass index, household income, education, smoking, alcohol, regular exercise, and daily caloric intake. CONCLUSION: The OR of metabolic syndrome was not statistically significant in both men and women.
Adult* ; Body Mass Index ; Coffee* ; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology) ; Education ; Energy Intake ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Korea* ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Odds Ratio ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Waist Circumference

With the increase in international human and material exchanges, contagious and infectious epidemics are occurring. One of the effective methods of epidemic inhibition is the rapid development and supply of vaccines. Considering the safety of the brain during vaccine development is very important. However, manuals for brain safety assays for new vaccines are not uniform or effective globally. Therefore, the aim of this study is to establish a positive-control protocol for an effective brain safety test to enhance rapid vaccine development. The blood-brain barrier's tight junctions provide selective defense of the brain; however, it is possible to destroy these important microstructures by administering lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), thereby artificially increasing the permeability of brain parenchyma. In this study, test conditions are established so that the degree of brain penetration or brain destruction of newly developed vaccines can be quantitatively identified. The most effective conditions were suggested by measuring time-dependent expressions of tight junction biomarkers (zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1] and occludin) in two types of mice (C57BL/6 and ICR) following exposure to two types of LPS (Salmonella and Escherichia). In the future, we hope that use of the developed positive-control protocol will help speed up the determination of brain safety of novel vaccines.
Animals ; Biomarkers ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain* ; Clothing ; Emergencies* ; Hope ; Humans ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Mice ; Permeability ; Tight Junctions ; Vaccines*

OBJECTIVETo assess the effects of traditional herbal formulae Sijunzi Decoction (, Sagunja-tang, SJZD), Siwu Decoction (, Samul-tang, SWD), Bawu Decoction (, Palmul-tang, BWD) and Shiquan Dabu Decoction (, Sipjeondaebo-tang, SDD) on the activities of human cytochrome P450 (CYP450), a drug-metabolizing enzyme.

METHODSHerbal formula water extracts were filtered and lyophilized after the powder extracts were dissolved in distilled water. The activities of major human CYP450 isozymes (CYP3A4, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP2E1) were measured using in vitro fluorescence-based enzyme assays. The inhibitory effects of the herbal formulas on the activities of CYP450 were characterized as half maximal inhibition concentration (IC) values.

RESULTSAll the tested herbal formulae inhibited CYP2C19 activity (IC: SJZD, 83.28 μg/mL; SWD, 235.54 μg/mL; BWD, 166.82 μg/mL; SDD, 178.19 μg/mL); SJZD (IC= 196.46 μg/mL), SWD (IC= 333.42 μg/mL) and SDD (IC= 163.42 μg/mL) inhibited CYP2E1-mediated metabolism; whereas BWD exhibited comparatively weak inhibition of CYP2E1 (IC= 501.78 μg/mL). None of the four herbal formulas significantly affected CYP3A4 or CYP2D6.

CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that SJZD, SWD, BWD and SDD could potentially inhibit the metabolism of co-administered synthetic drugs whose primary route of elimination is via CYP2C19. In addition, clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions could occur when SJZD, SWD or SDD is co-administered with drugs metabolized by CYP2E1. Our findings provide information for the safety and effective clinical use of these four classic herbal formulas.

Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Isoenzymes ; metabolism ; Plant Extracts ; pharmacology ; Water ; chemistry