In order to achieve large-scale production of HSV-IgM (HSV1, HSV2) human-mouse chimeric antibody in vitro, the gene sequence of the corresponding hybridoma cell was harvested by RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-RACE) technique to clone the chimeric antibody into eukaryotic expression vectors, and express the target proteins in CHO-S cells. At the same time, the screening process of stable cell lines was optimized, and the pressure conditions of pool construction stage and monoclonal screening stage were explored. Finally, the target protein was purified by protein L affinity purification method and the biological activity was detected. The recombinant IgM antibodies, HSV1 and HSV2, weighted at 899 kDa and 909 kDa respectively, were prepared. The optimal screening pressure was 20P200M (the first phase of pressure) and 50P1000M (the second phase of pressure). The final titer for the monoclonal expression of HSV1-IgM and HSV2-IgM was 1 620 mg/L and 623 mg/L, respectively. This study may facilitate the development of quality control products of HSV1 and HSV2 IgM series recombinant antibodies as well as efficient expression of IgM subtype antibodies in vitro.
Cricetinae ; Humans ; Animals ; Mice ; Immunoglobulin M/genetics* ; Antibodies, Viral ; CHO Cells ; Cricetulus ; Hybridomas ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins

Clostridium difficile is an important zoonotic intestinal pathogen, which is widely present in humans and a variety of animals. The ST11 type C. difficile is one of the most widespread and harmful subtypes in the world. As a large country in pig farming, China lacks efficient methods for detecting C. difficile of porcine origin, leaving hidden dangers for the prevention and control of C. difficile. The aim of this study was to develop a specific and sensitive double-antibody sandwich ELISA for the epidemiological investigation of ST11 type C. difficile of porcine origin. Firstly, a 97 kDa receptor binding domain (RBD) was expressed in a prokaryotic host and purified. A hybridoma cell line AE2D3 capable of stably secreting monoclonal antibody targeting the RBD was screened, and the antibody subtype was determined to be IgG2b (κ). Secondly, a double antibody sandwich ELISA method was developed, where the monoclonal antibody targeting the RBD was used as a detection antibody, and the rabbit polyclonal antibody was used as a capture antibody. The chessboard method was used to determine the matching concentration of the capture antibody and the detection antibody, the antigen coating conditions, the blocking conditions, the incubation conditions for detection antibody and samples to be tested, as well as the reaction conditions of HRP-conjugated and reaction conditions of TMB chromogenic solution. The negative cutoff OD₄₅₀ was 0.152, and no cross-reaction with 13 strains of non-ST11 type C. difficile was found. The minimum detection concentration of RBD was 8.83 ng/mL. This specific and sensitive double-antibody sandwich ELISA provides a reliable serological detection method for epidemiological investigation of the ST11 type C. difficile in pig industry.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics* ; Bacterial Toxins ; Clostridioides difficile ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Hybridomas ; Swine

Puerarin was conjugated with bovine serum albumin(BSA) and ovalbumin(OVA) by periodate oxidation to serve as the immunogen and coating antigen, respectively. BALB/c mice were immunized with puerarin-BSA according to the routine immunization procedure, and the titer and specificity of serum were detected after three immunization. After booster immunization, mouse spleen lymphocytes were fused with mouse myeloma cells, and 24 hybridoma cell lines of the monoclonal antibodies against puerarin were screened by monoclonal antibody screening technique. Ascites was prepared and purified. The cross-reactivity of monoclonal antibody(mAb) M1 with 4'-methoxy puerarin, daidzin, puerarin-6″-O-xyloside, daidzein, mirificin, 3'-methoxy puerarin, and 3'-hydroxy puerarin was 239.84%, 112.18%, 67.89%, 58.28%, 22.37%, 0.40%, and 0.20%, respectively, and those with other analogs such as baicalein and baicalin were all less than 0.10%. The IC_(50) and the working range of the indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(icELISA) for puerarin were 44.80 ng·mL~(-1) and 8.20-292.30 ng·mL~(-1), respectively. The average recovery was 91.95%-98.20% with an RSD in the range of 0.70%-2.60%. The content of puerarin in different Puerariae Lobatae Radix samples was determined with icELISA and validated by UPLC-MS. The correlation between data obtained from icELISA and UPLC-MS was 0.999 0, indicating that icELISA is suitable for the rapid detection of puerarin in Puerariae Lobatae Radix samples.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods* ; Hybridomas/metabolism* ; Isoflavones ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Mouse hybridoma monoclonal antibody is the most commonly used antibody in immunology because of its stable source, easy preparation in later stage and high yield. The traditional time-consuming and laborious hybridoma preparation technology could not meet the growing market demand. In this paper, we describe the rapid preparation techniques involved in antigen design and screening, B cell enrichment and screening, transgenic myeloma cells, fusion technology improvement, positive hybridoma cell screening and rapid detection of monoclonal antibody performance, to provide a reference for rapid preparation of mouse hybridoma monoclonal antibody.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antigens ; B-Lymphocytes ; Hybridomas ; Mice

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) causes severe disease in tomato and other Solanaceous crops around globe. To effectively study and manage this viral disease, researchers need new, sensitive, and high-throughput approaches for viral detection. In this study, we purified PepMV particles from the infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and used virions to immunize BALB/c mice to prepare hybridomas secreting anti-PepMV monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A panel of highly specific and sensitive murine mAbs (15B2, 8H6, 23D11, 20D9, 3A6, and 8E3) could be produced through cell fusion, antibody selection, and cell cloning. Using the mAbs as the detection antibodies, we established double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), Dot-ELISA, and Tissue print-ELISA for detecting PepMV infection in tomato plants. Resulting data on sensitivity analysis assays showed that both DAS-ELISA and Dot-ELISA can efficiently monitor the virus in PepMV-infected tissue crude extracts when diluted at 1:1 310 720 and 1:20 480 (weight/volume ratio (w/v), g/mL), respectively. Among the three methods developed, the Tissue print-ELISA was found to be the most practical detection technique. Survey results from field samples by the established serological approaches were verified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and DNA sequencing, demonstrating all three serological methods are reliable and effective for monitoring PepMV. Anti-PepMV mAbs and the newly developed DAS-ELISA, Dot-ELISA, and Tissue print-ELISA can benefit PepMV detection and field epidemiological study, and management of this viral disease, which is already widespread in tomato plants in Yunnan Province of China.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology* ; China ; Cloning, Molecular ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/methods* ; Female ; Hybridomas ; Solanum lycopersicum/virology* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Plant Diseases/virology* ; Potexvirus/metabolism* ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Nicotiana

To establish a quantitative ELISA for human interleukin-35 (IL-35) detection, we cloned cDNAs encoding the 2 subunits IL-27EBI3 and IL-12p35 of IL-35 by RT-PCR and transformed the cDNAs into Escherichia coli BL21 star (DE3) by recombinant DNA technology. IL-27EBI3 and IL-12p35 were expressed as recombinant proteins and used as immunogen to immunize Balb/c mice. Spleen cells from the positive serum mice were isolated and fused with SP-2/0 myeloma cells. We obtained the hybridoma cell lines stably secreting target antibodies by indirect ELISA screening of the cell supernatants with recombinant IL-27EBI3 and IL-12p35 as antigen and consecutive subcloning of the cells in the well with positive supernatant. Following further measurement of supernatant titers of the antibodies and identification of their antigen specificity, we obtained a hybridoma cell line 3B11 that stably secrets antibody against IL-27EBI3 and a hybridoma cell line 3A10 that secrets antibody against IL-12p35. Both monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were identified as the subtype of IgG1. Finally, using the anti-IL-27EBI3 mAb from 3B11 as the capture antibody and the anti-IL-12p35 mAb from 3A10 as the secondary antibody, we established a quantitative double-antibodies sandwich ELISA for IL-35 detection with streptavidin-biotin amplification system. Results demonstrated that the quantitative assay had a detection range of 3.12-200 pg/mL, a detectability of 1.26 pg/mL, and a crossing-reactive rate of 0.1%. The intra-batch RSD and the inter-batch RSD of the quantitative assay were 5.1%-5.6% and 5.6%-7.2%, respectively, and the fortified recovery was 89%-103%. Therefore, the sandwich ELISA assay for IL-35 meets the qualification of quantitative analysis and laid a stable foundation for the development of quantitative ELISA kit for IL-35 detection.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibody Specificity ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; Interleukins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C

The 21st century is regarded as the century of biotechnological drugs, among which monoclonal antibodies and their derived targeting drugs have established themselves as the leading modality of biopharmaceutical pharmaceutics for a wide range of indications covering malignant tumors and autoimmune disorders. Since the manufacturing of the first antibody drug from hybridoma cells, the technologies have been intensely studied and there emerged numerous breakthroughs in recombinant cell line establishment, antibody expression and purification, quality control and other related areas. This article summarizes the critical progresses of antibody drugs expression technologies, especially of mammalian cell expression system, Escherichia coli expression system, the transgenic animal reactor and the cell free protein synthesis system, to give a detailed illustration of the recent advances in antibody drugs development.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Biotechnology ; Cell Line ; Escherichia coli ; Hybridomas

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to purify and characterize Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP)-specific IgG antibodies from hybridoma clones. MATERIALS AND METHODS: For hybridoma production, mice were injected by intramuscular-electroporation with GP DNA vaccines, and boosted with GP vaccines. The spleen cells were used for producing GP-specific hybridoma. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot assay, flow cytometry, and virus-neutralizing assay were used to test the ability of monoclonal IgG antibodies to recognize GP and neutralize Ebola virus. RESULTS: Twelve hybridomas, the cell supernatants of which displayed GP-binding activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the presence of both IgG heavy and light chains by Western blot assay, were chosen as a possible IgG producer. Among these, five clones (C36-1, D11-3, D12-1, D34-2, and E140-2) were identified to secrete monoclonal IgG antibodies. When the monoclonal IgG antibodies from the 5 clones were tested for their antigen specificity, they recognized GP in an antigen-specific and IgG dose-dependent manner. They remained reactive to GP at the lowest tested concentrations (1.953–7.8 ng/mL). In particular, IgG antibodies from clones D11-3, D12-1, and E140-2 recognized the native forms of GP expressed on the cell surface. These antibodies were identified as IgG1, IgG2a, or IgG2b kappa types and appeared to recognize the native forms of GP, but not the denatured forms of GP, as determined by Western blot assay. Despite their GP-binding activity, none of the IgG antibodies neutralized Ebola virus infection in vitro, suggesting that these antibodies are unable to neutralize Ebola virus infection. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the purified IgG antibodies from 5 clones (C36-1, D11-3, D12-1, D34-2, and E140-2) possess GP-binding activity but not Ebola virus-neutralizing activity.
Animals ; Antibodies* ; Antibody Formation ; Blotting, Western ; Clone Cells ; Ebolavirus* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Flow Cytometry ; Glycoproteins* ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola ; Hybridomas ; Immunoglobulin G* ; In Vitro Techniques ; Mice ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Spleen ; Vaccines ; Vaccines, DNA

The voltage-gated Na channel subtype Nav1.7 is important for pain and itch in rodents and humans. We previously showed that a Nav1.7-targeting monoclonal antibody (SVmab) reduces Na currents and pain and itch responses in mice. Here, we investigated whether recombinant SVmab (rSVmab) binds to and blocks Nav1.7 similar to SVmab. ELISA tests revealed that SVmab was capable of binding to Nav1.7-expressing HEK293 cells, mouse DRG neurons, human nerve tissue, and the voltage-sensor domain II of Nav1.7. In contrast, rSVmab showed no or weak binding to Nav1.7 in these tests. Patch-clamp recordings showed that SVmab, but not rSVmab, markedly inhibited Na currents in Nav1.7-expressing HEK293 cells. Notably, electrical field stimulation increased the blocking activity of SVmab and rSVmab in Nav1.7-expressing HEK293 cells. SVmab was more effective than rSVmab in inhibiting paclitaxel-induced mechanical allodynia. SVmab also bound to human DRG neurons and inhibited their Na currents. Finally, potential reasons for the differential efficacy of SVmab and rSVmab and future directions are discussed.
Animals ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; therapeutic use ; Biotin ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Ganglia, Spinal ; cytology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Hybridomas ; chemistry ; Hyperalgesia ; drug therapy ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; NAV1.5 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel ; metabolism ; NAV1.7 Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel ; chemistry ; immunology ; metabolism ; Neuralgia ; drug therapy ; metabolism ; Protein Binding ; drug effects ; Recombinant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; therapeutic use ; Sensory Receptor Cells ; drug effects ; physiology

PURPOSE: The goal of this study was to investigate the utility of DNA vaccines encoding Ebola virus glycoprotein (GP) as a vaccine type for the production of GP-specific hybridomas and antibodies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: DNA vaccines were constructed to express Ebola virus GP. Mice were injected with GP DNA vaccines and their splenocytes were used for hybridoma production. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), limiting dilution subcloning, antibody purification methods, and Western blot assays were used to select GP-specific hybridomas and purify monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from the hybridoma cells. RESULTS: Twelve hybridomas, the cell supernatants of which displayed GP-binding activity, were selected by ELISA. When purified MAbs from 12 hybridomas were tested for their reactivity to GP, 11 MAbs, except for 1 MAb (from the A6-9 hybridoma) displaying an IgG2a type, were identified as IgM isotypes. Those 11 MAbs failed to recognize GP. However, the MAb from A6-9 recognized the mucin-like region of GP and remained reactive to the antigen at the lowest tested concentration (1.95 ng/mL). This result suggests that IgM-secreting hybridomas are predominantly generated by DNA vaccination. However, boosting with GP resulted in greater production of IgG-secreting hybridomas than GP DNA vaccination alone. CONCLUSION: DNA vaccination may preferentially generate IgM-secreting hybridomas, but boosting with the protein antigen can reverse this propensity. Thus, this protein boosting approach may have implications for the production of IgG-specific hybridomas in the context of the DNA vaccination platform. In addition, the purified monoclonal IgG antibodies may be useful as therapeutic antibodies for controlling Ebola virus infection.
Animals ; Antibodies ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibody Formation ; Blotting, Western ; Clinical Coding* ; DNA* ; Ebolavirus* ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Glycoproteins* ; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola ; Hybridomas* ; Immunization* ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Mice ; Vaccination ; Vaccines, DNA*