Objective: To evaluate the performance of point-of-care testing for cervical cancer and precancerous lesions screening. Methods: In September 2020, 197 and 273 women were selected by using simple random sampling method from "self-sampling" cohort and "physician-sampling" cohort established in Xiangyuan county, Shanxi Province, China, respectively. Cervical exfoliated cells were collected by women themselves or gynecologists. All samples were detected by POCT and women with positive result were directly referred for colposcopy. Subsequently, all the samples were detected by careHPV and PCR test. Colposcopy and punch biopsy were performed for women with POCT negative but careHPV or PCR test positive at another visit. Using histopathological diagnosis as the gold standard, we calculated sensitivity, specificity and drew the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The accuracy of POCT was analyzed and compared to that of careHPV and conventional PCR test in cervical cancer and precancerous lesions screening. Results: The median (Q₁ , Q₃) age of 470 women was 51 (45, 57) years old. Based on self-sampling, the sensitivity and specificity of POCT for CIN2+ were 100.00% (95%CI: 56.56%-100.00%) and 28.95% (95%CI: 22.97%-35.76%), respectively. Compared with POCT, POCT HPV16/18 test had similar sensitivity and higher specificity of 89.47% (95%CI: 84.30%-93.08%). Self-sampling POCT HPV16/18 test had an AUC of 0.947 (95%CI:0.910-0.985), which was higher than that of careHPV and PCR test. Physician-sampling POCT test had 100.00% sensitivity (95%CI: 64.57%-100.00%) and 55.85% specificity (95%CI: 49.83%-61.70%) for detecting CIN2+. POCT HPV16/18 test had lower sensitivity (71.43%, 95%CI: 35.90%-91.76%) and higher specificity (92.45%, 95%CI: 88.63%-95.06%). POCT HPV16/18 test generally showed similar AUC on both self-collected samples and clinician-collected samples (0.947 vs 0.819, P=0.217). Conclusion: POCT HPV16/18 test is an effective method with relatively high sensitivity and specificity for cervical cancer screening.
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/diagnosis* ; Colposcopy ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods* ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics* ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Humans ; Mass Screening/methods* ; Papillomaviridae ; Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis* ; Point-of-Care Testing ; Pregnancy ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Objectives: To analyze the type and distribution characteristics of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection along with cervical cytology in middle-aged and elderly women in Guangxi and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of cervical cancer in elderly women. Methods: 21 subtypes of HPV and cervical cytology of women over 45-year-old visiting the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from January 2019 to December 2020 were collected. They were divided into two groups by age, 45-64 years group and over 65 years group. The HPV, HR-HPV, and multiple HPV infection prevalence were analyzed, as well as HPV genotypes, the age distribution of HPV infection rate, and cervical cytology. Results: A total of 6 657 eligible women were included. 6 238 women were in the 45-64 years group, with a HPV prevalence about 20.86% (1 301), while 419 women were in the over 65 years group, with a HPV prevalence about 32.94% (138). The age-associated HPV and HR-HPV prevalence increased with the age, peaking at the age group of 70-74 years (P<0.001). The most prevalent genotype was HPV52, and the infection rate was 5.3% (353), followed by HPV16 and HPV 58, about 4.63% (308) and 3.08% (205) respectively. The majority cytology of HPV-positive middle-aged and elderly women was normal. 8.70% (88) of them were ASC-US, 6.52% (66) for HSIL, 4.55% (46) for LSIL, and 2.96% (30) for ASC-H, and 0.10% (1) for SCC. Compared to middle-aged women, elderly women had a lower negative cytology rate, 69.79% (67) vs. 77.95% (714), but a higher HSIL rate, 13.54% (13) vs. 5.79% (53) (P<0.05). Conclusions: HPV and HR-HPV prevalence of elderly women in a medical center of Guangxi are higher than those of middle-aged women. The most prevalent genotype is HPV16 in elderly women, followed by HPV52 and HPV58.
Aged ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Hospitals ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae/genetics* ; Papillomavirus Infections/genetics* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

Objective: To examine the prevalence and frequencies of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in cervical adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). Methods: The cases of cervical AIS with concurrent tests of cytology and HPV typing from January 2007 to February 2020 in the Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 478 cases of cervical AIS were obtained. The average age of the patients was 39.4 years (range, 19-81 years). The largest age group was 30-39 years (44.8%), followed by 40-49 years (34.7%). Among the 478 patients, 355 underwent high-risk HPV (hrHPV) testing and had a hrHPV-positive rate of 93.8%. Of the 355 patients, 277 also underwent HPV typing and were mostly positive for either or both HPV16 and HPV18 (93.1%), with 55.6% positive for HPV18 and 48.7% positive for HPV16. Among the 478 cases, 266 cases (55.6%) were diagnosed with both AIS and squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL), while 212 cases (44.4%) were diagnosed with only AIS. Patients infected with HPV16 in the AIS and SIL group significantly outnumbered those in the AIS alone group (P<0.05). Moreover, the rate of positive cytology was 55.9% (167/299 cases), while that of negative cytology was 44.1% (132/299). Among the 109 patients with negative cytology results and co-tested hrHPV, there were 101 HPV-positive cases (92.7%), of which 88 cases were subject to HPV typing and showed an HPV16/18 positive rate of 94.3% (83/88 cases). Conclusions: The combination of HPV typing and cytological screening can maximize the detection rate of cervical AIS, and should continue to be utilized, ideally on a larger scale, in the future.
Adenocarcinoma in Situ/epidemiology* ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics* ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics* ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papillomaviridae/genetics* ; Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis* ; Prevalence ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology* ; Young Adult

Objective: To investigate the correlation between methylation in human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) long control region (LCR) and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade ≥2 (CIN2+). Methods: The literature retrieval was conducted by using the databases of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang data and Weipu according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, and the retrieval period was from the establishment of the databases to February 27^th, 2022. Software RevMan 5.3 and Stata 15.1 were used for Meta-analysis. Results: A total of 17 literatures were included involving 1 421 subjects. Results of Meta-analysis showed that OR of the correlation between methylation of HPV16 LCR and CIN2+ was 1.56 (95%CI: 0.70-3.47). Subgroup analysis showed that methylation of the 5' terminal, enhancer and promoter regions were not associated with CIN2+, while in four E2 binding sites (E2BS), the methylation of E2BS1, E2BS3 and E2BS4 increased the risk of CIN2+, with the ORs of 3.92 (95%CI: 1.92-7.99), 10.50 (95%CI: 3.67-30.04) and 3.65 (95%CI: 1.58-8.41), respectively. However, subgroup analysis on E2BS2 was not performed due to the limitation of the number of literatures. According to the different sources of population, the risk of CIN2+ in Chinese population was associated with methylation of HPV16 LCR (OR=2.14, 95%CI: 1.31-3.50). There was a correlation between the risk of CIN2+ and HPV16 LCR methylation in the population with pyrosequencing of HPV16 LCR, and OR was 1.75 (95%CI: 1.03-2.98). Conclusion: The risk of CIN2+ is correlated with the methylation of E2BS in HPV16 LCR, which can be used as potential biomarkers.
Female ; Humans ; Methylation ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics* ; Asian People ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia

To investigate the DNA methylation in ZNF772 promoter region and its mRNA and protein expressions and analyze the clinical significance of DNA methylation of ZNF772 gene in cervical cancer. Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues were harvested from three patients (SCC group),and normal cervical tissues from healthy individuals of the same age were used as the control group. Hyper-methylation and lower transcripts were screened by whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing. Furthermore,in 40 cervical tissue samples in SCC group and 45 normal cervical tissues in the control group,DNA methylation status and mRNA expression of ZNF772 were measured by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and bisulfite sequencing polymerase chain reaction (BSP). The protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry. In the SCC group,the potential relationships of DNA methylation status in ZNF772 promoter and mRNA expression with the clinicopathological parameters of cervical cancer were analyzed. As shown by WGBS and RNA sequencing,the abnormal DNA methylated gene ZNF772 was associated with mRNA expression. RT-qPCR verified that the mRNA expression of ZNF772 was significantly lower in SCC group than in control group (=8.351,=0.016). Immunohistochemistry further confirmed that the positive expression of ZNF772 protein was down-regulated in SCC group (=3.802,=0.005). BSP showed that the DNA methylation rate of ZNF772 promoter region (-420,-422 locus) in SCC group was significantly higher than that in control group (=8.566,=0.038;=6.332,=0.043). Spearman correlation analysis showed that,in SCC group,DNA hypermethylation in ZNF772 promoter was negatively correlated with the mRNA expression (=-0.351,=0.045;=-0.349,=0.032) and was significantly correlated with HPV16/18 infection,tumor size,World Health Organization pathological grade,and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics clinical stage (=0.018,=0.012,=0.009,and =0.035,respectively). The DNA hypermethylation in the promoter region of ZNF772 gene is involved in the occurrence and development of cervical cancer.
Cell Line, Tumor ; DNA Methylation ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Human papillomavirus 18 ; Humans ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; genetics ; Zinc Fingers

OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted using the human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA chip test (HDC), in order to determine whether the HPV genotype is a predictor of residual disease in a subsequent hysterectomy following a loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3. METHODS: Between January 2002 and February 2015, a total of 189 patients who underwent a hysterectomy within 6 months of LEEP caused by CIN 3 were included in this study. We analyzed their epidemiological data, pathological parameters, high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) load as measured by the hybrid capture II assay, and HR-HPV genotype as measured by the HDC. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between covariates and the probability of residual disease in subsequent hysterectomy specimens. RESULTS: Of the 189 patients, 92 (48.7%) had residual disease in the hysterectomy specimen, CIN 2 in seven patients, CIN 3 in 79 patients, IA1 cancer in five patients, and IA2 cancer in one patient. Using multivariate analysis, the results were as follows: cone margin positivity (odds ratio [OR], 2.43; 95% CI, 1.18 to 5.29; p<0.05), HPV viral load > or =220 relative light unit (OR, 2.98; 95% CI, 1.38 to 6.43; p<0.01), positive endocervical cytology (OR, 8.97; 95% CI, 3.81 to 21.13; p<0.001), and HPV-16 or HPV-18 positivity (OR, 9.07; 95% CI, 3.86 to 21.30; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The HPV-16 or HPV-18 genotype is a reliable predictive factor of residual disease in a subsequent hysterectomy following a LEEP for CIN 3.
Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/*surgery/virology ; Electrosurgery/methods ; Female ; Genotype ; Genotyping Techniques/methods ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics/*isolation & purification ; Humans ; Hysterectomy ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Papillomavirus Infections/*virology ; Prognosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/*surgery/virology ; Viral Load

Further understanding of male human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is necessary to prevent infection in men, as well as transmission to women. In our current study, we investigated patterns of HPV infection and genotype distributions in male genital warts using the Anyplex II HPV28 Detection kit. We reviewed the medical records of 80 male patients who presented to 5 neighborhood clinics in Ulsan, Korea, for the treatment of genital warts between April 2014 and January 2015. All patients underwent HPV genotyping. The prevalence and characteristics of HPV infection were analyzed, and the patterns of HPV infection according to age were assessed. Among the study patients, 13 (16.3%) were negative for HPV infection, 46 (57.3%) were infected with low-risk HPV, and 21 (26.3%) were infected with high-risk HPV. Patients with multiple HPV infection were more likely to have high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.001). The prevalence of HPV infection was much higher in samples obtained by tissue excision due to a definite lesion (P = 0.001). There were no differences in high-risk HPV infection (P = 0.459), multiple HPV infection (P = 0.185), and recurrence at diagnosis (P = 0.178) according to age. HPV-6 and HPV-11 were the most common type overall (39.7% and 13.8%, respectively). HPV-16 and HPV-18 were the most common high-risk infections (both 3.4%). HPV infection is not only commonly encountered in male genital warts, but is also accompanied by high-risk HPV and multiple infections.
Adult ; Condylomata Acuminata/epidemiology/*pathology/virology ; DNA, Viral/genetics/metabolism ; Genotype ; Human papillomavirus 11/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics/isolation & purification ; Human papillomavirus 6/*genetics/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Republic of Korea/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVE: Infection with high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the major cause of invasive cervical cancers. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are known to be responsible for two-thirds of all invasive cervical carcinomas, followed by HPV-45, -31, and -33. Current guidelines only differentiate HPV-16/18 (+) by recommending direct colposcopy for treatment. We tried to evaluate whether there are differences in risk among 12 non-16/18 HR-HPV genotypes in this study. METHODS: The pathology archive database records of 1,102 consecutive gynecologic patients, who had results for cervical cytology and histology and for HPV testing, as determined by HPV 9G DNA chip, were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 1,102 patients, 346 were non-16/18 HR-HPV (+) and 231 were HPV-16/18 (+). We calculated the odds ratios for ≥cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN 2) of 14 groups of each HR-HPV genotype compared with a group of HR-HPV (–) patients. Based on the odds ratio of each genotype, we divided patients with non-16/18 HR-HPV genotypes (+) into two groups: HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 (+) and HPV-39/51/56/59/66/68 (+). The age-adjusted odds ratios for ≥CIN 2 of the HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 (+) and HPV-39/51/56/59/66/68 (+) groups compared with a HR-HPV (–) group were 11.9 (95% CI, 7.6 to 18.8; p<0.001) and 2.4 (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.3; p<0.001), respectively, while that of the HPV-16/18 (+) group was 18.1 (95% CI, 11.6 to 28.3; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The 12 non-16/18 HR-HPV genotypes can be further categorized (HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 vs. HPV-39/51/56/59/66/68) by risk stratification. The HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 genotypes might need more aggressive action. Large scale clinical trials or cohort studies are necessary to confirm our suggestion.
Adult ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia/*virology ; Colposcopy ; DNA, Viral/analysis ; Female ; *Genotype ; Human papillomavirus 16/genetics ; Human papillomavirus 18/genetics ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Papanicolaou Test ; Papillomaviridae/*genetics ; Papillomavirus Infections/*virology ; Risk Factors ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/virology ; Vaginal Smears

OBJECTIVETo investigate the expression of cyclin D1 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship with human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) E7 gene expression.

METHODSBoth SiHa and Hcc94 cell lines were obtained from cervical epithelial cells of squamous cell carcinoma. E6/E7 gene was silent in Hcc94 cell line.Expression levels of cyclin D1 mRNA and protein in CIN and squamous cell carcinoma were detected by QT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) respectively. SiRNA was constructed for targeting the promoter of HPV16 E7 and then transfected into SiHa cells to establish cm-16 line with stable silencing of E7. Control cell line B3 was obtained by blank plasmid transfection into SiHa cells. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect cyclin D1 mRNA and protein expression in the SiHa, B3, and cm-16 cells, respectively.

RESULTSCyclin D1 was expressed in the basal cells of normal cervical squamous epithelia and the expression gradually decreased in the progression from CIN1 to CIN3. Squamous cell carcinoma showed negative or scattered expression of cyclin D1 (P<0.05). Both mRNA and protein of cyclin D1 in E7(+) SiHa cells were lower than those in cm-16 and Hcc94 cells.

CONCLUSIONSquamous cell carcinoma with high HPV E7 expression shows low level of cyclin D1, suggesting that HPV16 E7 gene inhibits the expression of cyclin D1.

Carcinoma, Squamous Cell ; metabolism ; virology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia ; metabolism ; virology ; Cyclin D1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Female ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins ; genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; RNA Interference ; RNA, Messenger ; RNA, Small Interfering ; Transfection ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; metabolism ; virology

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) including high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) subtypes have distinguishable variation on both genotypes and phenotypes. The co-infection of multiple HR-HPVs, headed by HPV16, is common in cervical cancer in female. Recently accumulating reports have focused on the interaction between virus and host, particularly the role of human microRNAs (miRNAs) in anti-viral defense by targeting viral genome. Here, we found a well-conserved target site of miRNAs in the genomes of most HR-HPVs, not LR-HPVs, by scanning all potential target sites of human miRNAs on 24 HPVs of unambiguous subtypes of risk. The site is targeted by two less common human miRNAs, miR-875 and miR-3144, and is located in E6 oncogene open reading frame (ORF) and overlap with the first alternative splice exon of viral early transcripts. In validation tests, miR-875 and miR-3144 were identified to suppress the target reporter activity markedly and inhibit the expression of both synthetically exogenous E6 and endogenous E6 oncogene. High level of two miRNAs can inhibit cell growth and promote apoptosis in HPV16-positive cervical cancer cells. This study provides a promising common target of miRNAs for most HR-HPVs and highlights the effects of two low expressed human miRNAs on tumour suppression.
Apoptosis ; genetics ; Base Sequence ; Binding Sites ; genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Proliferation ; genetics ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; genetics ; Human papillomavirus 16 ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Oncogene Proteins, Viral ; genetics ; Repressor Proteins ; genetics ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; virology