[Objective] To explore the expression of Nectin-4 in invasive bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) tissue and its clinical significance, so as to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment of BUC. [Methods] Nectin-4 expression in 60 cases of invasive BUC and 40 cases of chronic inflammation of bladder mucosa was detected with immunohistochemical staining (IHC) and RNAscope.The results of the two methods were analyzed and compared, and the relationship between the two methods and the clinicopathological characteristics of invasive BUC was discussed.The correlation between the protein expression of Nectin-4 in BUC tissues, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2) and programmed death factor ligand 1 (PD-L1) was analyzed. [Results] The positive protein expression rates of Nectin-4 detected by IHC were 78.33%(47/60) and 17.50% (7/40) in the invasive BUC group and inflammatory group, respectively, while the positive mRNA expression rates of Nectin-4 detected by RNAscope were 83.33% (50/60) and 12.50% (5/40), respectively.The Kappa values of Nectin-4 in the invasive BUC group and inflammatory group were 0.732 and 0.610, respectively, with general consistency.The protein expression of Nectin-4 in invasive BUC was correlated with muscular invasion, histological grade, vascular thrombus, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of Nectin-4 in invasive BUC was correlated with max tumor diameter, muscular invasion, histological grade, vascular thrombus, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage (P<0.05). The high expression of Nectin-4 in invasive BUC was positively correlated with the expression of Her-2 (P=0.002), but not with the expression of PD-L1 (P>0.05). [Conclusion] Nectin-4 is highly expressed in invasive BUC, and is usually associated with the pathological parameters of poor prognosis.Detection of Nectin-4 expression will help to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathological features and molecular features of diffuse paediatric-type high-grade glioma,H3-wildtype and IDH-wildtype(pHGG H3/IDH WT)of central nervous system.Methods The clinical and pathological data of 6 cases of pHGG H3/IDH WT diagnosed by Department of Pathology,Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine were retrospectively ana-lyzed.The expression of GFAP,Olig2,Syn,NeuN,IDH1,H3K27M was detected by immunohistochemistry(automatic im-munohistochemical staining device).The EGFR and MYCN gene amplification was detected by FISH.IDH,H3F3A and TERT gene mutations were detected by Sanger sequencing.The literatures were reviewed.Results The 6 patient's age ranged from 5 to 11 years,with a median age of 7.5 years.Among them,there were 2 males and 4 females,with a male to female ratio of 1∶2.The clinical symptoms were limb weakness,hemi-plegia,vomiting,convulsions,blurred vision and so on.Tumors were located in supratentorial brain for 5 cases and one in brain stem and cerebellum.Histologically,3 cases showed the mor-phological features of high-grade glioma,2 of which with giant cells.Two cases showed embryonal tumor-like features,and one had both high-grade glioma and embryonal tumor-like morpho-logical features.Microvascular proliferation and/or necrosis were present in 5 cases.Myxoid/microcystic stroma was found in 1 case.By immunohistochemistrically,the tumor cells were par-tially or focally positive for GFAP(6/6)and Olig2(6/6),fo-cally positive for Syn(3/6)and NeuN(1/6),and negative for IDH1,H3K27M,H3G34V and H3G34R.ATRX,H3K27me3,INI1 and BRG1 were diffusely positive(6/6).The positive rate of p53 was 5％-95％,and Ki67 proliferation index was 40％-90％.Molecular analysis showed that all 6 cases were IDH1/2 and H3F3A wild-type.MYCN amplification was observed in 2 cases.Two cases of EGFR amplification with polyploidy;one case had both EGFR amplification and MYCN amplification.PDGFRA amplification was observed in one case.For treatment and follow-up,the patients received postoperative radiotherapy and/or temozolomide chemotherapy;three patients died at 1 to 5 months after operation.Two patients survived and were followed up for 4 and 7 months,respectively.One patient was lost to fol-low-up.Conclusions pHGG H3/IDH WT is a highly malignant tumor with glioblastoma-like or embryonal tumor-like features.According to the molecular characteristics,it can be divided into three molecular subtypes,RTK1,RTK2 and MYCN.pHGG MYCN has the worst prognosis.Attention should be paid to the differential diagnosis of other pediatric or adult high-grade glio-mas and embryonal tumors.

Purpose To investigate the clinicopathological features,molecular features,treatment and prognosis of infant-type hemispheric glioma(IHG)with ALK gene fusion of central nervous system.Methods Clinical data of 2 cases of IHG were collected,and the expression of GFAP,Olig2,Syn,NeuN,H3K27M,H3K27me3,H3G34V,H3G34R,ALK,and BRAF were detected using immunohistochemistry.FISH and NGS method was used to detect ALK fusion genes,and relevant liter-atures were reviewed.Results Case 1,a male,15 months old,showed a huge mass in the left frontal and temporal lobe on cranial MRI.Case 2(external hospital consultation),a male,18 months old,was found to have a space occupying lesion in the frontaltemporal lobe.Microscopic examination:in case 1,tumor cells showed diffuse patchy pattern,with small nodular shapes in some areas which separated by fibrous blood vessels.The cell density was high,and the nucleus was round or oval.The mitotic was easy to see,accompanied by bleeding and nec-rosis.In case 2,tumor cells were diffusely distributed,some of them formed pseudorosette around blood vessels and others ar-ranged in bundles.The cells were mild to moderate dysplasia with round or oval nuclei,light staining,small nucleoli,rare mitotic figures,and no microvascular proliferation or necrosis.Immunophenotypes:in case 1 tumor cells were focal positive for GFAP and NeuN,diffuse positive for H3K27me3,ALK(cyto-plasm and cell membrane),and ATRX,p53 positive(30％),negative for Olig2,Syn,H3K27M,H3G34V,H3G34R,and BRAF,Ki67 proliferation index of 20％.In case 2:tumor cells were diffusedly expressed GFAP,ATRX,H3K27me3,ALK(cytoplasm and cell membrane),and Olig2,Syn was weakly positive,NeuN and p53 were negative,and Ki67 proliferation index was 5％.FISH and NGS tests showed ALK gene fusion in both cases,with EML4::ALK fusion in case 1 and LRRFIP1::ALK fusion in case 2.Follow up for 7 months showed that the residual lesion in case 1 had shrunk and was generally in good condition;case 2 lost follow-up.Conclusion The histology of IHG often presents as high-grade gliomas or accompanied by an-aplastic features.The heterogeneity of ALK variants can also manifest as low-grade gliomas,which need to be differentiated from other high-grade gliomas,desmoplastic infantile gangliogli-oma/astrocytoma,ependymoma,etc.

【Objective】 To evaluate the predictive value of isoform [-2] proprostate-specific antigen, p2 PSA (p2PSA) and its derived indexes for prostate cancer in a Chinese cohort with PSA 4-20 ng/mL. 【Methods】 A total of 139 males scheduled for biopsy were enrolled in the prospective study from Nov.2021 to Jun.2022. The total PSA (tPSA), free PSA (fPSA), fPSA/tPSA (f/t) and p2PSA were collected, and the percentage of p2PSA(%p2PSA) and prostate health index(PHI) were calculated. The predictive value of p2PSA and its derived indexes were compared with traditional indexes with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Logistic analysis. 【Results】 Prostate cancer was found in 54 cases (38.8%). There were significant statistical differences in tPSA(10.68 vs.8.14, P=0.021), f/t(0.13 vs.0.16, P=0.006), p2PSA(30.25 vs.19.81, P<0.001), %p2PSA(21.52 vs.13.15, P<0.001) and PHI(64.3vs.38.2, P<0.001) between prostate cancer patients and non-prostate cancer patients. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of tPSA, fPSA, %fPSA, p2PSA, %p2PSA and PHI were 0.63, 0.51, 0.63, 0.71, 0.73, and 0.80, respectively. The inclusion of %p2PSA and PHI significantly increased the prediction efficiency of the basic prediction model (AUCbase+PHI=0.81, AUCbase+%p2PSA=0.78, AUCbase=0.67). With 35 as the recommended cut-off value of PHI, the incidence of meaningless puncture was reduced by 25.8%(36/139). 【Conclusion】 The application of p2PSA and its derived indexes have good predictive value for patients with PSA 4-20 ng/mL. The combined detection of %p2PSA and PHI can significantly increase the detection efficiency of prostate cancer and reduce the incidence of meaningless prostate puncture by 25.8%.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to elucidate the cognitive profile of patients with mild cognitive impairment with Lewy bodies (MCI-LB) and to compare it to that of patients with mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (MCI-AD). METHODS: Subjects older than 60 years with probable MCI-LB (n = 60) or MCI-AD (n = 60) were recruited. All patients were tested with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) to assess their global cognitive profile. RESULTS: The MCI-AD and MCI-LB patients did not differ in total MMSE and MoCA scores. However, some sub-items in MMSE and MoCA were shown to be screening markers for differentiating MCI-LB from MCI-AD. In the visuoconstructive test, the total score and hands subitem score in the clock-drawing test were significantly lower in MCI-LB than in MCI-AD. As for the executive function, the 'animal fluency test', 'repeat digits backward test' and 'take paper by your right hand' in MMSE all showed lower scores in MCI-LB compared with MCI-AD. As for memory, 'velvet' and 'church' in MoCA and 'ball' and 'national flag' in MMSE had lower scores in MCI-AD than in MCI-LB. CONCLUSION This study presents the cognitive profile of patients with MCI-LB. In line with the literature on Dementia with Lewy bodies, our results showed lower performance on tests for visuoconstructive and executive function, whereas memory remained relatively spared in the early period.
Humans ; Cognitive Dysfunction ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnosis* ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Cognition

Objective:To investigate the radiation field and dose selection of patients with isolated chest wall recurrence (ICWR) after modified radical mastectomy, and analyze the prognostic factors related to subsequent chest wall recurrence.Methods:Clinical data of 201 patients with ICWR after mastectomy admitted to the Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital from 1998 to 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. None of the patients received postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. After ICWR, 48 patients (73.6%) underwent surgery and 155 patients (77.1%) received radiotherapy. Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the post-recurrence progression-free survival (PFS) rates and the difference was compared by log-rank test. Multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression model. Competing risk model was adopted to estimate the subsequent local recurrence (sLR) rates after ICWR and the difference was compared with Gray test. Multivariate analysis was conducted using F&G analysis. Results:With a median follow up of 92.8 months after ICWR, the 5-year PFS rate was 23.2%, and the 5-year sLR rate was 35.7%. Multivariate analysis showed that patients with surgery plus radiotherapy and recurrence interval o F>12 months had a lower sLR rate. Patients with recurrence interval o F>48 months, local plus systemic treatment and surgery plus radiotherapy had a higher PFS rate. Among the 155 patients who received chest wall radiotherapy after ICWR, total chest wall irradiation plus local boost could improve the 5-year PFS rate compared with total chest wall irradiation alone (34.0% vs. 15.4%, P=0.004). Chest wall radiation dose (≤60 Gy vs.>60 Gy) exerted no significant effect upon the sLR and PFS rates (both P>0.05). In the 53 patients without surgery, the 5-year PFS rates were 9.1% and 20.5%( P=0.061) with tumor bed dose ≤60 Gy and>60 Gy, respectively. Conclusions:Local radiotherapy is recommended for patients with ICWR after modified radical mastectomy of breast cancer, including total chest wall radiation plus local boost. The radiation dose for recurrence should be increased to 60 Gy, and it should be above 60 Gy for those who have not undergone surgical resection. In addition, patients with ICWR still have a high risk of sLR, and more effective treatments need to be explored.

Objective:To analyze the prognosis of patients with isolated regional recurrence (RR) after mastectomy, and evaluate the efficacy of radiotherapy and identify the optimal radiation target volumes.Methods:Clinical data of 144 patients with first isolated RR after mastectomy between 2001 and 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients had not received post-mastectomy radiotherapy. The primary endpoints consisted of the subsequent locoregional recurrence (sLRR), distant metastasis (DM), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS).Results:With a median follow-up of 82.5 months after RR, the 5-year sLRR, DM, PFS and OS rates for the entire group were 42.1%, 71.9%, 22.9% and 62.6%, respectively. Local plus systemic therapy was an independent favorable prognostic factor for sLRR ( P<0.001) and PFS ( P=0.013). The sLRR rate in the surgery plus radiotherapy group was the lowest ( P<0.001). Surgery plus radiotherapy significantly reduced the 5-year risk of recurrence within the initially involved nodal regions ( P<0.001). Patients with chest wall irradiation obtained the 5-year subsequent chest wall recurrence rate of 12.1% compared to 14.8%( P=0.873) for those without chest wall irradiation. The subsequent supraclavicular recurrence rate was lower in patients with prophylactic supraclavicular irradiation than that without prophylactic supraclavicular irradiation (9.9% vs. 23.8%, P=0.206). The incidence rates of initially uninvolved axillary and internal mammary nodal recurrence were below 10% regardless of prophylactic irradiation or not. Conclusions:Patients with RR alone have an optimistic 5-year OS in the contemporary era. Comprehensive locoregional treatment including surgery and radiotherapy combined with systemic therapy is recommended. The chest wall, axillary and internal mammary nodal prophylactic irradiation should not be routinely performed for all patients with RR. The value of supraclavicular prophylactic irradiation remains to be evaluated.

Objective:To analyze the prognostic factors of breast cancer patients with isolated chest wall recurrence (ICWR) after mastectomy, and investigate the optimal treatment.Methods:A total of 201 breast cancer patients with ICWR after mastectomy who were treated in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Fifth Medical Center Chinese PLA General Hospital from October 1998 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The median follow-up was 92.8 months and survival data were obtained.Results:Among 201 patients with ICWR, 103 patients developed subsequent locoregional recurrence (sLRR) and 5-year cumulative sLRR rate was 49.1%; 134 patients developed distant metastasis (DM) and 5-year DM rate was 64.4%; 103 patients died, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 17.4 months and the 5-year PFS rate was 23.2%; the median overall survival (OS) was 62.5 months and the 5-year OS rate was 52.1%. Multivariate analysis showed that the recurrence interval ( HR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.26-3.73) and the locoregional treatment ( HR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.05-2.40) were the independent prognostic factors for sLRR. The initial HER2 status ( HR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-2.48) was the independent prognostic factor for DM. The recurrence interval ( HR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.30-3.04), the locoregional treatment ( HR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.43-2.76) and the treatment modalities after recurrence ( HR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.18-2.46) were the independent prognostic factors for PFS. The initial HER2 status ( HR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.02-2.81), the recurrence interval ( HR=1.85, 95% CI: 1.15-2.98) and the treatment modalities after recurrence ( HR=2.48, 95% CI: 1.56-3.96) were the independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions:Breast cancer patients after ICWR have an optimistic OS until now, but the risk of sLRR and DM is high. Comprehensive treatment modalities including surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy improve the outcome of breast cancer patients with ICWR after mastectomy.

Objective:To analyze the prognostic factors of breast cancer patients with isolated chest wall recurrence (ICWR) after mastectomy, and investigate the optimal treatment.Methods:A total of 201 breast cancer patients with ICWR after mastectomy who were treated in Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and the Fifth Medical Center Chinese PLA General Hospital from October 1998 to April 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The median follow-up was 92.8 months and survival data were obtained.Results:Among 201 patients with ICWR, 103 patients developed subsequent locoregional recurrence (sLRR) and 5-year cumulative sLRR rate was 49.1%; 134 patients developed distant metastasis (DM) and 5-year DM rate was 64.4%; 103 patients died, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 17.4 months and the 5-year PFS rate was 23.2%; the median overall survival (OS) was 62.5 months and the 5-year OS rate was 52.1%. Multivariate analysis showed that the recurrence interval ( HR=2.17, 95% CI: 1.26-3.73) and the locoregional treatment ( HR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.05-2.40) were the independent prognostic factors for sLRR. The initial HER2 status ( HR=1.60, 95% CI: 1.03-2.48) was the independent prognostic factor for DM. The recurrence interval ( HR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.30-3.04), the locoregional treatment ( HR=1.99, 95% CI: 1.43-2.76) and the treatment modalities after recurrence ( HR=1.70, 95% CI: 1.18-2.46) were the independent prognostic factors for PFS. The initial HER2 status ( HR=1.69, 95% CI: 1.02-2.81), the recurrence interval ( HR=1.85, 95% CI: 1.15-2.98) and the treatment modalities after recurrence ( HR=2.48, 95% CI: 1.56-3.96) were the independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions:Breast cancer patients after ICWR have an optimistic OS until now, but the risk of sLRR and DM is high. Comprehensive treatment modalities including surgery, radiotherapy and systemic therapy improve the outcome of breast cancer patients with ICWR after mastectomy.

OBJECTIVEThe quality of diagnostic products is closely related to people's health. The standards and standardization system are essential to IVD industry and supervision.

METHODSThrough a study of the standards of ISO, EU, the USA and China, a comparative analysis was carried out.

RESULTSChina's IVD standardization system is different from other organization in terms of standard quantity, type and content. The standardization system has its own characteristics, and conforms to the current industrial characteristics and regulatory needs.

CONCLUSIONSSome suggestions are put forward to provide references for strengthening supervision of IVD products.