Hyperkalemia is one of the common ion metabolism disorders in clinical practice. Hyperkalemia is defined as serum potassium higher than 5.0 mmol/L according to the guidelines at home and abroad. Acute severe hyperkalemia can cause serious consequences, such as flaccid paralysis, fatal arrhythmia, and even cardiac arrest. The use of renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system inhibitors, β-blockers and diuretics, low-sodium and high-potassium diets, and the presence of related comorbidities increase the occurrence of hyperkalemia. Hyperkalemia risk exist in all clinical departments, but there is a lack of a standardization in the management of multi- department cooperation in hospital. Therefore, a number of domestic nephrology and cardiology department experts have discussed a management model for multi-department cooperation in hyperkalemia, formulating the management standard on hospital evaluation, early warning, diagnosis and treatment, and process. This can promote each department to more effectively participate in nosocomial hyperkalemia diagnosis and treatment, as well as the long-term management of chronic hyperkalemia, improving the quality of hyperkalemia management in hospital.

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of Staphylococcus aureus in food and the presence of enterotoxin genes in Jiading District， Shanghai， and to provide a basis for the prevention and treatment of foodborne Staphylococcus aureus disease. MethodsFrom 2021 to 2023， 15 types of food were sampled for S. aureus testing， and the presence of five enterotoxin genes， including sea⁃see， was tested in the strains. ResultsOut of 705 food samples， 88 （12.48%） were positive for S. aureus. S. aureus was detected in 12 of the 15 food types， with the three food types with the highest positive rates being cold noodles （45.00%）， raw poultry （26.25%）， and vegetable salads （20.00%）. The enterotoxin gene carriage rate was 32.95% in food strains. The carriage rates for sea， seb， and sec were 7.95%， 12.50%， and 14.77%， respectively. Neither sed nor see was detected. The detection rate of strains carrying two types of enterotoxin genes was 2.27%. The enterotoxin carriage rates in strains from vegetables， beverages， and raw meat were 57.14%， 40.00%， and 30.00%， respectively. ConclusionThe S. aureus detection rate in food in Jiading District is much higher than the national average. The enterotoxin gene carriage rates are high， with food strains carrying sea， seb， and sec， with sec being the most prevalent. There is a need to enhance monitoring of S. aureus and enterotoxins， especially in high-risk foods such as noodles， vegetables， and non-packaged beverages.

Background: Twenty-four-hour urinary free cortisol (UFC) measurement is the initial diagnostic test for Cushing’s syndrome (CS). We compared UFC determination by both direct and extraction immunoassays using Abbott Architect, Siemens Atellica Solution, and Beckman DxI800 with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In addition, we evaluated the value of 24-hr UFC measured by six methods for diagnosing CS. Methods: Residual 24-hr urine samples of 94 CS and 246 non-CS patients were collected.A laboratory-developed LC-MS/MS method was used as reference. UFC was measured by direct assays (D) using Abbott, Siemens, and Beckman platforms and by extraction assays (E) using Siemens and Beckman platforms. Method was compared using Passing–Bablok regression and Bland–Altman plot analyses. Cut-off values for the six assays and corresponding sensitivities and specificities were calculated by ROC analysis. Results: Abbott-D, Beckman-E, Siemens-E, and Siemens-D showed strong correlations with LC-MS/MS (Spearman coefficient r = 0.965, 0.922, 0.922, and 0.897, respectively), while Beckman-D showed weaker correlation (r = 0.755). All immunoassays showed proportionally positive bias. The areas under the curve were 0.975 for Abbott-D, 0.972 for LCMS/MS, 0.966 for Siemens-E, 0.948 for Siemens-D, 0.955 for Beckman-E, and 0.877 for Beckman-D. The cut-off values varied significantly (154.8–1,321.5 nmol/24 hrs). Assay sensitivity and specificity ranged from 76.1% to 93.2% and from 93.0% to 97.1%, respectively. Conclusions Commercially available immunoassays for measuring UFC show different levels of analytical consistency compared to LC-MS/MS. Abbott-D, Siemens-E, and Beckman-E have high diagnostic accuracy for CS.

ObjectiveTo adapt the Stanford Expectations of Treatment Scale（SETS） into Chinese（C-SETS） and test the feasibility， validity and reliability of its application in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome（IBS-D） with liver-constraint and spleen-deficiency syndrome treated with traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. MethodsWe obtained authorisation from the developer of the SETS， and followed the principle of "two-way translation" to translate the SETS by literal translation and back translation to form the C-SETS. Ninety-six IBS-D patients with liver-constraint and spleen-deficiency syndrome were enrolled as respondents and filled out C-SETS before receiving treatment； the feasibility was assessed by the recall rate， completion rate and the duration of filling out the scale； the reliability was assessed by Cronbach's α； the structural validity was assessed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis， and the content validity was assessed by correlation analysis. ResultsThe C-SETS consists of 10 items， with the 1st， 3rd， and 5th rating items constituting the Positive Expectations subscale， and the 2nd， 4th， and 6th rating items constituting the Negative Expectations subscale， each of which is rated on a 7-point Likert Scale. The recall of C-SETS was 100%（96/96）， the completion rate was 89.58%（86/96）； Cronbach's α for the Positive and Negative Treatment Expectations subscales were 0.845 and 0.854， respectively； exploratory factor analysis showed that the coefficient of commonality for all six entries was larger than 0.4， and that the six entries could be used by both factors to explain 77.092% of the total variance； validation factor analysis showed that the goodness-of-fit index， comparative fit index， root mean square of approximation error， canonical fit coefficient， and chi-square degrees of freedom ratio took the values of 0.943， 1.003， 0， 0.943， and 0.626， respectively； and the results of Spearman's analysis suggested that the C-SETS had good content validity. ConclusionThe C-SETS has well feasibility， reliability， and validity， which initially proves that it can be used as a tool to assess the treatment expectation of patients with IBS-D with liver-constraint and spleen-deficiency syndrome before receiving TCM treatment.

ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus in patients with diarrhea, and to analyze the genes carriage of enterotoxin in the strains of these patients in Jiading District, Shanghai. MethodsFrom 2021 to 2023, anal swabs of diarrhea outpatients from one sentinel hospital and nine community health service centers in different townships in Jiading District, Shanghai, were tested for Staphylococcus aureus, from which five enterotoxin virulence genes such as SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, and SEE were tested simultaneously. ResultsA total of 1 080 anal swabs were collected, 81 of which were tested positive for S. aureus, with a detection rate of 7.50%, and the detection rate of S. aureus was similar in patients with diarrhea from 2021‒2023. There was no statistically significant difference in detection rates between males and females (χ²=0.821, P=0.365). S. aureus detection rate was highest in infants and young children with diarrhea (29.51%), followed by 14.06% in the people aged between 4‒<31 years, and 2.99% in those aged ≥31 years. Significant differences were observed in the detection rate of S. aureus in the diarrhoeal patients from different townships of Jiading District(χ²=66.134,P<0.05). The carriage rates of the 5 enterotoxin genes, namely SEA, SEB, SEC, SED, SEE, were 13.58%, 14.81%, 11.11%, 7.41%, and 0, respectively. ConclusionThe prevalence of S. aureus among the patients with diarrhea in Jiading District is relatively stable but with distinct geographical patterns. Children and adolescents are high-risk groups. SEB were the dominant gene, followed by SEA.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with malignant tumors and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) related multisystem adverse events as well as therapeutic efficacy of ICI.Methods:The general data, immune-related adverse events (irAE) type, onset time, severity and ICI efficacy of patients with malignant tumors who developed irAE after receiving ICI in China-Japan Friendship Hospital between January 2019 and November 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into multisystem irAE group and single system irAE group according to whether patients with more than 1 organ or system developed irAE for once. The occurrence of irAE was summarized, and the clinical characteristics of patients were compared. Progression-free survival analysis was not performed owing to the pause of immunotherapy caused by some irAE, so the efficacy of ICI was evaluated by using ICI treatment duration (TD).Results:A total of 47 patients with malignant tumors and irAE were included in this study, with 70 times of irAE in total. The median onset time was 90 d (35 d, 196 d). Among them, 12 patients (25.53%) developed multisystem irAE (32 times of irAE in total); the other 35 patients (74.47%) developed single system irAE (38 times of irAE in total). Cutaneous toxicity for 7 times, thyroid toxicity for 7 times and pulmonary toxicity for 5 times were the most frequent among multisystem irAE group; pulmonary toxicity for 13 times, thyroid toxicity for 12 times and cutaneous toxicity for 5 times were the most frequent among single system irAE group. There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients stratified by age, gender, the combination of other treatments and different body mass between the two groups (all P > 0.05). The median follow-up time was 20 months (9-40 months). The median TD of ICI was 16.00 months (95% CI 3.62-31.22 months) in multisystem irAE group and 4.60 months (95% CI 4.12-11.30 months) in single system irAE group; TD in multisystem irAE group was longer than that in single system irAE group, and the difference was statistically significant ( HR = 0.413, 95% CI 0.202-0.844, P = 0.038). Conclusions:The efficacy of ICI in patients with malignant tumors and multisystem irAE is better than that in those with single system irAE. It suggests that the better efficacy of ICI may be associated with greater risk of irAE. There is no significant difference in the clinical features between multisystem irAE and single system irAE.

To address the problems in the traditional teaching of prosthodontics, the Department of Prosthodontics in the School of Stomatology of Shanghai Jiao Tong University has innovated to introduce integrated teaching into undergraduate education in prosthodontics, through systematically combining the related contents of Prosthodontics, Dental Engineering Technology, Dental Materials, and Dental Occlusion, blending theoretical teaching and clinical practice, integrating various teaching forms with traditional teaching, and consolidating teaching resources, to build a comprehensive teaching resource library, develop a multi-dimensional teaching evaluation system, and create an integrated prosthodontics course. The integrated teaching method enhanced undergraduate students' learning motivation and clinical adaptability in prosthodontics, promoted student-student and teacher-student communication, expanded students' thinking and vision, improved students' overall abilities in basic theory, clinical practice, professional literacy, communication, and teamwork, and thus increased the quality of undergraduate prosthodontics teaching.

Objective : The CRISPR / Cas9 technology was applied to construct PDE4D homozygous knockout mice to provide a basis for in-depth investigation of PDE4D gene function and mechanism of action． Methods: A vector was constructed for PDE4D gene exon 4，5 microinjected into fertilized eggs of C57BL /6J mice，and PDE4D －/ - mice were obtained after maternal breeding and offspring mating，and the mice genotypes were determined by PCR product sequencing and genotype identification techniques．Changes in morphology and function of the major organs of the mice were detected using an ultrasound imaging system and H＆E staining，and the expression of PDE4D protein in the mice was verified by Western blot assay. Results : The PDE4D －/ － mouse genotype was stably inherited， the mice were small，and there were no obvious morphological and histological changes in the major organs in vivo. The PDE4D expression was reduced or largely absent in the major tissues of PDE4D heterozygous or pure knockout mice，and the knockout effect was better． Conclusion PDE4D －/ － mice were successfully established using CRISPR / Cas9 technology，and no significant physiological abnormalities were found，which could be used for disease pathogenesis and drug research using PDE4D as the target.

BACKGROUND: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are often associated with non-EGFR genetic alterations, which may be a reason for the poor efficacy of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Here we conducted this study to explore whether EGFR-TKIs combined with chemotherapy would benefit advanced lung adenocarcinoma patients with both sensitive EGFR mutation and concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations. METHODS: Cases of advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation combined with concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations were retrospectively collected. And the patients were required to receive first-line EGFR-TKIs and chemotherapy combination or EGFR-TKIs monotherapy. Demographic, clinical and pathological data were collected, and the electronic imaging data were retrieved to evaluate the efficacy and time of disease progression. Survival data were obtained through face-to-face or telephone follow-up. The differences between the two groups in objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were investigated. RESULTS 107 patients were included, including 63 cases in the combination group and 44 cases in the monotherapy group. The ORR were 78% and 50% (P=0.003), and DCR were 97% and 77% (P=0.002), respectively. At a median follow-up of 13.7 mon, a PFS event occurred in 38.1% and 81.8% of patients in the two groups, with median PFS of 18.8 mon and 5.3 mon, respectively (P<0.000,1). Median OS was unreached in the combination group, and 27.8 mon in the monotherapy group (P=0.31). According to the Cox multivariate regression analysis, combination therapy was an independent prognostic factor of PFS CONCLUSIONS: In patients with EGFR-mutant advanced lung adenocarcinoma with concomitant non-EGFR genetic alterations, combination of TKIs and chemotherapy was significantly superior to EGFR-TKIs monotherapy, which should be the preferred treatment option.
Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics* ; ErbB Receptors/genetics* ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Mutation ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use* ; Retrospective Studies

Objective:To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Ohkuma questionnaire.Methods:The Ohkuma questionnaire was translated and revised, before it was used to investigate 70 elderly patients. Cronbach′s alpha coefficient, Cohen′s kappa coefficient and Pearson correlation were used to evaluate the scale′s internal reliability, sub-item retest reliability and total score retest reliability. KMO and Bartlett tests were used to evaluate the validity. The correlation between the Chinese version of the Ohkuma questionnaire and ratings from video fluoroscopy before and after treatment was used to evaluate the scale′s discrimination ability.Results:The Cronbach′s alpha of the Chinese version of Ohkuma questionnaire was 0.831, with 0.814 in the initial evaluation and 0.808 in a second evaluation. The Cohen′s kappas of the 15 sub-items ranged from 0.728 to 1.000. The Pearson correlation coefficient of the total score was 0.914. The scale′s KMO value was 0.701. A t-test of the Ohkuma scores before and after treatment showed a statistically significant difference.Conclusion:The revised Chinese Ohkuma questionnaire has good reliability, validity and discriminatory power. It can be used to screen for dysphagia among the elderly.