Background The chronic injury of the hematopoietic system caused by ionizing radiation (IR) is often ignored. The essential cause of this injury is the damage of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Objective To explore the long-term effects of IR at different radiation doses and at different radiation fractions of the same radiation dose on HSPCs in the bone marrow of mice, and to provide a scientific basis for reducing the chronic damage to the hematopoietic system caused by IR. Methods A total of 16 male C57BL/6 mice aged 8-10 weeks were randomly divided into four groups that received different doses or fractions of total body X-ray irradiation, including 1.5 Gy×4 irradiation group (n=5), 3 Gy irradiation group (n=4), 6 Gy irradiation group (n=4), and non-irradiation group (n=3). Two months after irradiation, bone marrow cells from each mouse were collected and counted. The clone forming ability of bone marrow cells was analyzed by cobblestone area-forming cell (CAFC) assay. The proportion of HSPCs was measured by flow cytometry. The cell cycle of HSPCs was assessed by antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki 67 (Ki-67) and 7-amino-actinomycin D (7-AAD) double staining. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of HSPCs were estimated with a 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFDA) probe. The cellular senescence of HSPCs was evaluated with a 5-dodecanoylaminofluorescein di-β-D-galactopyranoside (C12FDG) probe. The expression of senescence related genes such as P16, P19, P21, and P27 was measured by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. Results There was no significant change in the numbers of bone marrow cells 2 months after different doses and fractions of radiation (P>0.05). The clone forming ability of bone marrow cells was significantly decreased after 3 Gy and 6 Gy irradiation when compared to non-irradiated mice (P<0.01). HSPCs responded inconsistently to different doses and fractions of irradiation. Overall, there was no significant change in long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) proportion after irradiation (P>0.05), the proportions of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSCs), and multipotent progenitors 2 (MPP2) increased after irradiation (P<0.05), and the proportions of LSK, MPP1, MPP3, and MPP4 cells decreased after irradiation (P<0.05); except for HPCs and MPP2, the proportion of HSPCs in G0 phase was decreased (P<0.05). The ROS production in HSPCs was increased significantly after 6 Gy irradiation (P<0.05), while the ROS levels after 3 Gy and 1.5 Gy×4 irradiation were similar to that of the non-radiation group (P>0.05). The cellular senescent proportion of HPCs, LSK, and HSCs increased after irradiation (P<0.05). The expression levels of senescence related genes P16, P19, and P21 in HSCs were significantly increased (P<0.05). Conclusion The responses of HSPCs in bone marrow to IR vary depending on doses and fractions of irradiation. Increased ROS production and cellular senescence may be involved in the damage process of HSPCs under radiation settings.

Background Lipid metabolism in liver shows circadian-dependent profiles. The hepatotoxicity of environmental chemicals is dependent on circadian time. Objective To observe the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) exposure at different zeitgeber time (ZT) on hepatic and blood lipid metabolism and decipher the underlying mechanisms related to circadian rhythm in mice. Methods Thirty-five female C57BL/6J mice were sacrificed every 4 h in a light-dark cycle (12 h/12 h). The liver tissues were collected to describe the circadian profiles of hepatic Rev-erba, Bmal1, Clock, Srebp1c, and Chrebp mRNA expression levels within 24 h. Thirty female mice were divided into 6 groups by the timing (ZT3 represents the 3 h after light on, ZT15 represents the 3 h after light off) and dose (50 or 500 μg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹) of BPA exposure to observe hepatotoxicity. Mice were gavaged with designed doses of BPA once per day for 4 weeks. Mice were maintained with ad libitum access to food and water and measured body weight weekly. After the experiment, mice were euthanatized and liver tissues were separated to determine the biochemical indicators of lipid metabolism and lipid metabolism- and circadian-related gene mRNA expressions. Results Hepatic Rev-erba, Bmal1, Clock, Srebp1c, and Chrebp mRNA expression levels were rhythmic during a 24 h period in mice. At ZT3 and ZT15, BPA did not alter body weight, plasma glucose, plasma total cholesterol, plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and plasma triglycerides (P>0.05). The plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased in the 50 μg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ BPA group at ZT3 by 14.56% compared with the control group (P<0.05). The liver triglycerides increased in the 50 μg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ BPA group at ZT15 by 115.20% compared with the control group (P<0.05). BPA decreased Srebp1c mRNA expression level when dosing at ZT3 and increased Chrebp, Srebp1c, and Acc1 mRNA expression levels when dosing at ZT15 compared with the control group (P<0.05). BPA increased Bmal1 mRNA expression level and decreased Rev-erbα mRNA expression level at ZT3 exposure and decreased Bmal1 and increased Rev-erbα mRNA expression level at ZT15 exposure (P<0.05). Conclusion BPA exposure at light or dark period has different effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Hepatic lipid deposit appears when BPA is dosed at dark period. Rev-erbα-Bmal1 regulation circuits and the subsequent upregulation of Srebp1c and Chrebp and the target gene Acc1 may be involved.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of cynanchum corymbosum liquid for radiation skin injury in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Methods A total of 62 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with linear accelerator radiotherapy in the Radiotherapy Department of Lishui People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province from July 2014 to June 2015 were randomly divided into observation group (n=30) and control group (n=32) according to the order of admission. Other 60 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with Synergy high energy X-ray radiotherapy from July 2015 to June 2016 were randomly divided into observation group (n=30) and control group (n=30). The patients in control group were given routine skin nursing guidance, the observation group were given cynanchum corymbosum liquid to prevent radiation dermatitis based on the control group methods. The occurrence time, cumulative amount and severity of radiation skin injury were observed in the two groups. Results The incidences of skin injury in the observation group of patients treated with linear accelerator radiotherapy were 18 cases, 20 cases and 3 cases respectively in the Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲdegrees, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (Z=-2.967, P< 0.01). The average cumulative radiation amount were (46.0±4.0), (66.0±2.0) and (68.0±2.0) Gy respectively, which were all greater than those of the control group (t=9.320, 15.445, 8.921; P< 0.01). The incidences of skin injury in the observation group of patients treated with Synergy high energy X-ray radiotherapy were 28 cases and 2 cases respectively in the Ⅰ, Ⅱdegrees, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (Z=-2.967, P< 0.01). The average cumulative radiation amount were (55.2±2.3) Gy and (64.4±2.3) Gy respectively,which were greater than those of the control group (t=17.614, 2.820; P<0.01). Conclusions The cynanchum corymbosum liquid can effectively prevent radiation skin injury in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients and guarantee the the successful implementation of radiotherapy.

Objective To evaluate the effect of Xingqi Tongfu Pad on the intestinal functions of children with acute abdomen after surgery. Methods The random digit table was used to randomize 146 patients with acute abdomen into treatment group (n=71) and control group (n=75) according to their registration number. In the control group, the patients only received normal treatment and nursing, while those in the treatment group received Xingqi Tongfu Pad for the acupoint application in addition to routine treatments. The two groups were compared in terms of the time of bowel sound recovery , the exhaust defecation time and gastrointestinal dysfunction score. Results The bowel sounds and the first exhaust and defecation in the treatment group appeared obviously earlier than those in the control group . The score on gastrointestinal dysfunction in the treated group was significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusions Xingqi Tongfu Pad can promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function after abdominal operation. It deserves popularization for its positive effect, cheap price and easy operation.

Objective To analyze peroxide value and anisidine value of ethyl polyenoate soft capsules and imported drugs and evaluate the oxidative stability.Methods The analysis was carried out on a TSK gel ODS-100 V(250 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm)with methanol-water(98:2,V/V)as the mobile phase to determine the structure of the vitamin E as antioxidant.The influence on the antioxidation effect of tocopherol acetate andα-tocopherol as excipient in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester drugs was evaluated.Results The structure of vitamin E as antioxidant in domestic drugs was acetate, while vitamin E as excipient in foreign drugs had the structure of α-tocopherol monomer.As antioxidant, the antioxidation effect of tocopherol acetate was better thanα-tocopherol.The structure of vitamin E had a direct impact on the antioxidation effect of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ethyl ester drugs.Conclusion The studies provide the basis for evaluate rationality of antioxidant in ethyl polyenoate soft capsules scientifically, which has positive significance for controlling the quality of the drug effectively.

Therapeutic oligonucleotides have been one of the hottest areas in R&D of drugs in recent years.The research of analysis method has been widely carried out.Ion-pairing reverse liquid chromatography is the most commonly used method for good resolution and easy docking with MS.A review is presented here on the progress of oligonucleotides analysis with ion-pairing reverse liquid chromatography.The column, mobile phase, MS detection, mechanism of analysis will be discussed.

Objective To establish the chromogenic substrate method to determine the activity of cytochrome C.Methods Used TMB as the chromogenic substrate, reacted at 37 ℃ for 15 min, generated the yellow products, and detected the absorbance at 450 nm.The experimental design method is the 4 ×4 parallel line quantitative analysis.ResuIts The activities of cytochrome C injection samples have been determined.The linear regression equation was Y=0.9875 X -1.0221,R2 =0.9996.The accuracy and repeatability were 1.1 % and 3.6 %.ConcIusion The chromogenic substrate method was simple operation, sensitive and can be used to determine the activity of cytochrome C.

Objective To establish the dissolution curves test method of Ribavirin capsules, and investigate dissolution behavior of domestic Ribavirin capsules.To provide experimental basis for generic drugs quality consistency evaluation.Methods According to the first dissolution method (basket method)stated in appendix Ⅹof Chinese Pharmacopeia(2010 edition),the rotation speed was 50 r/min with dissolution medium volume of 900 mL.The dissolution profiles of Ribavirin capsules in four different mediums( pH 1.2 hydrochloric acid solution,pH 4.5 acetic buffer,pH 6.8 phosphate buffer and water) were determined by HPLC.The determination was performed on C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 4 g/L sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution(pH adjusted to 5.0 ±0.05 using 5% sodium hydroxide solution)-acetonitrile(98:2)at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min.The detection wavelength was 225 nm,and sample size was 10μL.Results The linear range of ribavirin was 2.5-200μg/mL(r=1).RSD of precision and stability tests were lower than 0.5%.The average recoveries were 101.3%, 100.7%, 100.2%, 100.4% in four mediums.Dissolution behavior of capsules can be more consistent and rapid dissolution in pH4.5 and pH6.8 mediums.But they were quite different in pH1.2 and water mediums, and some of their average dissolution at 15 min could not reach 85%.Conclusion This method is accurate and reliable.There is a difference between domestic Ribavirin capsules dissolution behavior, and the formulation processes have room for improvement.

The existing literature on fingerprint chromatography at home and abroad and the quality control of biochemical injection with multiple components were reviewed in this article.Combined with the laboratory research, It is proposed that the strategy for HPLC specific chromatography of biochemical injection with multiple components in order to provide the basis for effectively promoting the establishment and development of HPLC specific chromatography of biochemical injection with multiple components.

Objective To investigate the influencing factors and improve potency methods of chymosin, to verify the stability and applicability of the national standard of chymosin.Methods The effects of different formula milk powder substrate and enzyme concentration on the determination of the activity of chymosin were studied.3 ×3 dose-response parallel line method was established.The results were compared with the different methods of absolute and relative methods.Results The different formula milk powder had a significant effect on the determination of the absolute potency of the activity of chymosin.The concentration of the enzyme was a power function relationship with the milk clotting time.Compared with the absolute potency, reproducibility of the relative potency of the results was better in different laboratories.The suitable doses in 3 ×3 dose-response parallel line method were 0.35,0.44,0.55U/mL.The confidence limit rate was less than 5%.The potency of the national standard of chymosin (140712-201302) was not significantly different between 2013 and 2015.In a certain dose range, the dose-response of the national standard of chimosin and gastropylor complex or lamb'tripe extract was linear, and the two lines were parallel.Conclusion A lot of factors can affect on the potency of chymosin.Relative potency is determinate by reference standard which can eliminate the influence of different substrates, different operators and endpoint judgment on the determination in order to make results have comparability between laboratories.The test design of 3 ×3 dose-response parallel line can control the test deviation better than the single point determination.The stability of the national standard of chymosin(140712-201302) is good, and is suitable for the potency of chymosin of the products of gastropylor complex and the extract of the lamb.