Optical imaging is highly valued for its superior temporal and spatial resolution. This is particularly important in near-infrared II (NIR-II, 1 000-3 000 nm) imaging, which offers advantages such as reduced tissue absorption, minimal scattering, and low autofluorescence. These characteristics make NIR-II imaging especially suitable for deep tissue visualization, where high contrast and minimal background interference are critical for accurate diagnosis and monitoring. Currently, inorganic fluorescent probes—such as carbon nanotubes, rare earth nanoparticles, and quantum dots—offer high brightness and stability. However, they are hindered by ambiguous structures, larger sizes, and potential accumulation toxicity in vivo. In contrast, organic fluorescent probes, including small molecules and polymers, demonstrate higher biocompatibility but are limited by shorter emission wavelengths, lower quantum yields, and reduced stability. Recently, gold clusters have emerged as a promising class of nanomaterials with potential applications in biocatalysis, fluorescence sensing, biological imaging, and more. Water-soluble gold clusters are particularly attractive as fluorescent probes due to their remarkable optical properties, including strong photoluminescence, large Stokes shifts, and excellent photostability. Furthermore, their outstanding biocompatibility—attributed to good aqueous stability, ultra-small hydrodynamic size, and high renal clearance efficiency—makes them especially suitable for biomedical applications. Gold clusters hold significant potential for NIR-II fluorescence imaging. Atomic-precision gold clusters, typically composed of tens to hundreds of gold atoms and measuring only a few nanometers in diameter, possess well-defined three-dimensional structures and clear spatial coordination. This atomic-level precision enables fine-tuned structural regulation, further enhancing their fluorescence properties. Variations in cluster size, surface ligands, and alloying elements can result in distinct physicochemical characteristics. The incorporation of different atoms can modulate the atomic and electronic structures of gold clusters, while diverse ligands can influence surface polarity and steric hindrance. As such, strategies like alloying and ligand engineering are effective in enhancing both fluorescence and catalytic performance, thereby meeting a broader range of clinical needs. In recent years, gold clusters have attracted growing attention in the biomedical field. Their application in NIR-II imaging has led to significant progress in vascular, organ, and tumor imaging. The resulting high-resolution, high signal-to-noise imaging provides powerful tools for clinical diagnostics. Moreover, biologically active gold clusters can aid in drug delivery and disease diagnosis and treatment, offering new opportunities for clinical therapeutics. Despite the notable achievements in fundamental research and clinical translation, further studies are required to address challenges related to the standardized synthesis and complex metabolic behavior of gold clusters. Resolving these issues will help accelerate their clinical adoption and broaden their biomedical applications.

T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) is one of the simplest known RNA polymerases. Its unique structural features make it a critical model for studying the mechanisms of RNA synthesis. This review systematically examines the static crystal structure of T7 RNAP, beginning with an in-depth examination of its characteristic “thumb”, “palm”, and “finger” domains, which form the classic “right-hand-like” architecture. By detailing these structural elements, this review establishes a foundation for understanding the overall organization of T7 RNAP. This review systematically maps the functional roles of secondary structural elements and their subdomains in transcriptional catalysis, progressively elucidating the fundamental relationships between structure and function. Further, the intrinsic flexibility of T7 RNAP and its applications in research are also discussed. Additionally, the review presents the structural diagrams of the enzyme at different stages of the transcription process, and through these diagrams, it provides a detailed description of the complete transcription process of T7 RNAP. By integrating structural dynamics and kinetics analyses, the review constructs a comprehensive framework that bridges static structure to dynamic processes. Despite its advantages, T7 RNAP has a notable limitation: it generates double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a byproduct. The presence of dsRNA not only compromises the purity of mRNA products but also elicits nonspecific immune responses, which pose significant challenges for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review provides a detailed exploration of the mechanisms underlying dsRNA formation during T7 RNAP catalysis, reviews current strategies to mitigate this issue, and highlights recent progress in the field. A key focus is the semi-rational design of T7 RNAP mutants engineered to minimize dsRNA generation and enhance catalytic performance. Beyond its role in transcription, T7 RNAP exhibits rapid development and extensive application in fields, including gene editing, biosensing, and mRNA vaccines. This review systematically examines the structure-function relationships of T7 RNAP, elucidates the mechanisms of dsRNA formation, and discusses engineering strategies to optimize its performance. It further explores the engineering optimization and functional expansion of T7 RNAP. Furthermore, this review also addresses the pressing issues that currently need resolution, discusses the major challenges in the practical application of T7 RNAP, and provides an outlook on potential future research directions. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of T7 RNAP, ranging from its structural architecture to cutting-edge applications. We systematically examine: (1) the characteristic right-hand domains (thumb, palm, fingers) that define its minimalistic structure; (2) the structure-function relationships underlying transcriptional catalysis; and (3) the dynamic transitions during the complete transcription cycle. While highlighting T7 RNAP’s versatility in gene editing, biosensing, and mRNA vaccine production, we critically address its major limitation—dsRNA byproduct formation—and evaluate engineering solutions including semi-rationally designed mutants. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying key challenges, this work aims to provide novel insights for the development and application of T7 RNAP and to foster further thought and progress in related fields.

Objective:To discuss the effect of royal jelly acid(10-HDA)on the proliferation and migration of the human colon cancer SW620 cells based on the network pharmacology,and to clarify its related molecular mechanism.Methods:The active ingredients such as 10-HDA and their corresponding targets were retrieved by using the keyword"royal jelly"from the Traditiomal Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TMSCP)Database and the Traditiomal Chinese Medicine Integrated Database(TCMID);the small molecule targets were predicted by the Swiss Target Prediction Database.The GeneCards Database and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM)Database were used to obtain the targets with the keyword"Colon Cancer";the protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed by using the String Database and Cytoscape 3.8.0 Software to screen the core targets;the Gene Ontology(GO)function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)signaling pathway enrichment analysis were analyzed by Metascape Database;the specific ingredient 10-HDA was screened for the in vitro activity experiments.The human colon cancer SW620 cells with good growth status were divided into control group and different doses(1,5,10,15,and 20 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA groups.The viabilities of the cells in various groups were detected by MTT method and the survival rates of the cells were calculated.The SW620 cells were divided into control group,low dose(5 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA group,middle dose(10 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA group,and high dose(15 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA group;Hoechst33342 staining method was used to observe the morphology of the cells in various groups;cell scratch test was used to detect the scratch healing rates of the cells in various groups;flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of the cells at different cell cycles in various groups;biochemical method was used to detect the activities of total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the cells in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),cysteine-containing aspartate proteolytic enzyme-3(Caspase-3),cysteine-containing aspartate proteolytic enzyme-9(Caspase-9),glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β),β-catenin,and cyclin D1 proteins in the cells in various groups.Results:Six active ingredients of royal jelly were screened out by the TCMSP Database,and 28 core targets of 10-HDA in the treatment of colon cancer were obtained.The GO function enrichment analysis mainly included the signaling pathways such as cell proliferation and apoptosis.The KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis included the cell cycle,prostate cancer,cell senescence,and p53 signaling pathways;the GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway was closely related to the cell cycle.Compared with control group,the viabilities of the cells in 5,10,15,and 20 mmol·L-110-HDA groups were decreased in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05 or P<0.01),the numbers of apoptotic cells in different doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly increased,and the scratch healing rates of the cells were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the percentages of the cells at S phase in middle and high doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),the activities of T-AOC and SOD in the cells in different doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with control group,the expression level of Bcl-2 protein in the cells in low dose of 10-HDA group was significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the expression level of GSK3β protein was significantly increased(P<0.05);compared with control group,the expression levels of Bax,Caspase-3,Caspase-9,and GSK3β proteins in the cells in middle and high doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the expression levels of Bcl-2,β-catenin,and CyclinD1 proteins were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:10-HDA can significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of the colon cancer cells and promote the apoptosis and oxidation levels of the colon cancer cells,and its mechanism may be related to the activation of the GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Digital intraoral scanning is a hot topic in the field of oral digital technology.In recent years,digital intra-oral scanning has gradually become the mainstream technology in orthodontics,prosthodontics,and implant dentistry.The precision of digital intraoral scanning and the accuracy and stitching of data collection are the keys to the success of the impression.However,the operators are less familiar with the intraoral scanning characteristics,imaging process-ing,operator scanning method,oral tissue specificity of the scanned object,and restoration design.Thus far,no unified standard and consensus on digital intraoral scanning technology has been achieved at home or abroad.To deal with the problems encountered in oral scanning and improve the quality of digital scanning,we collected common expert opin-ions and sought to expound the causes of scanning errors and countermeasures by summarizing the existing evidence.We also describe the scanning strategies under different oral impression requirements.The expert consensus is that due to various factors affecting the accuracy of digital intraoral scanning and the reproducibility of scanned images,adopting the correct scanning trajectory can shorten clinical operation time and improve scanning accuracy.The scanning trajec-tories mainly include the E-shaped,segmented,and S-shaped methods.When performing fixed denture restoration,it is recommended to first scan the abutment and adjacent teeth.When performing fixed denture restoration,it is recommend-ed to scan the abutment and adjacent teeth first.Then the cavity in the abutment area is excavated.Lastly,the cavity gap was scanned after completing the abutment preparation.This method not only meets clinical needs but also achieves the most reliable accuracy.When performing full denture restoration in edentulous jaws,setting markers on the mucosal tissue at the bottom of the alveolar ridge,simultaneously capturing images of the vestibular area,using different types of scanning paths such as Z-shaped,S-shaped,buccal-palatal and palatal-buccal pathways,segmented scanning of dental arches,and other strategies can reduce scanning errors and improve image stitching and overlap.For implant restora-tion,when a single crown restoration is supported by implants and a small span upper structure restoration,it is recom-mended to first pre-scan the required dental arch.Then the cavity in the abutment area is excavated.Lastly,scanning the cavity gap after installing the implant scanning rod.When repairing a bone level implant crown,an improved indi-rect scanning method can be used.The scanning process includes three steps:First,the temporary restoration,adjacent teeth,and gingival tissue in the mouth are scanned;second,the entire dental arch is scanned after installing a standard scanning rod on the implant;and third,the temporary restoration outside the mouth is scanned to obtain the three-di-mensional shape of the gingival contour of the implant neck,thereby increasing the stability of soft tissue scanning around the implant and improving scanning restoration.For dental implant fixed bridge repair with missing teeth,the mobility of the mucosa increases the difficulty of scanning,making it difficult for scanners to distinguish scanning rods of the same shape and size,which can easily cause image stacking errors.Higher accuracy of digital implant impres-sions can be achieved by changing the geometric shape of the scanning rods to change the optical curvature radius.The consensus confirms that as the range of scanned dental arches and the number of data concatenations increases,the scanning accuracy decreases accordingly,especially when performing full mouth implant restoration impressions.The difficulty of image stitching processing can easily be increased by the presence of unstable and uneven mucosal mor-phology inside the mouth and the lack of relatively obvious and fixed reference objects,which results in insufficient ac-curacy.When designing restorations of this type,it is advisable to carefully choose digital intraoral scanning methods to obtain model data.It is not recommended to use digital impressions when there are more than five missing teeth.

Objective:To explore the microbiological and disease distribution characteristics of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients hospitalized in a critical care rehabilitation ward, and to analyze the risk factors leading to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.Methods:Microbiology screening data describing 679 patients admitted to a critical care rehabilitation ward were retrospectively analyzed to divide the subjects into a multidrug-resistant group (positive for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=166) and a non-multidrug-resistant group (negative for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=513). The risk factors were then analyzed using logistic regression. Results:Among 369 strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria observed, 329 were gram-negative bacteria (89.2%), mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. They were distributed in sputum (56.9%) and mid-epidemic urine (28.2%) specimens. Patients whose primary disease was hemorrhagic or ischemic cerebrovascular disease accounted for 40.96% and 23.49% of the multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that albumin level, dependence on mechanical ventilation, central venous cannulation, or an indwelling urinary catheter or cystostomy tube were significant independent predictors of such infections.Conclusion:The multidrug-resistant bacterial infections of patients admitted to the critically ill rehabilitation unit are mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria. Their occurrence is closely related to low albumin levels and mechanical ventilation, as well as to bearing an indwelling central venous catheter, a urinary catheter or a cystostomy catheter.

Objective: To explore the balance of peripheral blood T helper 17 cells/regulatory T cell (Th17/Treg) ratio and the polarization ratio of M1 and M2 macrophages in lower extremity arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO). Methods: A rat model of lower extremity ASO was established, and blood samples from patients with lower extremity ASO before and after surgery were obtained. ELISA was used to detect interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-10, and IL-17. Real-time RCR and Western blot analyses were used to detect Foxp3, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17 expression. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to detect the Th17/Treg ratio and M1/M2 ratio. Results: Compared with the control group, the iliac artery wall of ASO rats showed significant hyperplasia, and the concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly increased (P<0.01), indicating the successful establishment of ASO. Moreover, the levels of IL-6 and IL-17 in ASO rats were pronouncedly increased (P<0.05), while the IL-10 level was significantly decreased (P<0.05). In addition to increased IL-6 and IL-17 levels, the mRNA and protein levels of Foxp3 and IL-10 in ASO rats were significantly decreased compared with the control group. The Th17/Treg and M1/M2 ratios in the ASO group were markedly increased (P<0.05). These alternations were also observed in ASO patients. After endovascular surgery (such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and arterial stenting), all these changes were significantly improved (P<0.05). Conclusions: The Th17/Treg and M1/M2 ratios were significantly increased in ASO, and surgery can effectively improve the balance of Th17/Treg, and reduce the ratio of M1/M2, and the expression of inflammatory factors.

Objective To understand the current status and trends of research on the TCM treatment for stable phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD);To provide references for relevant research.Methods Literature about TCM treatment for stable phase of COPD was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Data,VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform,and SinoMed from the establishment of the databases to Sep 1,2022.NoteExpress 3.4 was used to sort out the basic data of papers.Excel 2016 was employed to count first authors,syndrome type,prescription and draw a run chart of publication,determine the number of journals in the core area according to Bradford law.Core authors statistically were analyzed according to Price law.Author collaboration network and keyword co-occurrence analysis were conducted using VOSviewer 1.6.18.CiteSpace 5.3.R4 was exploited to construct institutional collaboration network and study burst terms,and knowledge map was drawn.Results A total of 3 360 articles were included,involving 445 journals,with 2 691 first authors.The overall number of publications in this field showed an increasing trend,with clinical research being the main research type.There were 21 journals in the core region and the most frequently published journal was New Chinese Medicine.There were 125 core authors,with Li Zhuying and Li Jiansheng posting the most articles.Author collaboration network analysis showed 10 major research teams and the largest of which was Li Jiansheng's team.There were 1 451 institutions,mainly were universities and affiliated hospitals.There were 62 types of syndromes in the stable phase of COPD,the most common of which was the syndrome of qi deficiency of lung and spleen.There were 541 kinds of prescriptions in total,and the most commonly used was Bufei Decoction.Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed 8 subjects,and the high-frequency keywords included lung function,clinical efficacy,quality of life,clinical observation and TCM treatment.22 burst terms were obtained,with Budesonide Fumotro,six-word songs,Yupingfeng Powder and inflammatory factors highly concerned at present.Conclusion The research fever of TCM treatment for COPD in stable period shows an increasing trend,and clinical research accounts for the largest proportion,but the general quality is not high,and basic research is relatively lacking.The research focuses on the inhibition of airway inflammation and immune regulation,and lung function and quality of life are the most commonly used evaluation indicators.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic characteristics of etoricoxib tablets in healthy Chinese subjects and to evaluate the bioequivalence and safety of the test and reference formulations.Methods In a randomised,single-dose,two-period,two-sequence crossover trial,28 healthy subjects were enrolled under the fasting and fed conditions,respectively,who received a single oral dose of 60 mg of etoricoxib tablets in the test or reference formulation.The concentration of etoricoxib in plasma was detected by LC-MS/MS,and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated to evaluate bioequivalence and using WinNonlin 8.2 software.Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of the test and reference preparations were as follows:The fasting condition Cmax of etoricoxib were(1 176.96±287.95)and(1 164.93±189.65)ng·mL-1;AUC0-t were(18 651.95±6 100.27)and(19 241.39±6 107.48)ng·h·mL-1;and AUC0-∞ were(19 939.15±7 553.27)and(20 536.31±7 223.40)ng·h·mL-1.The fed condition Cmax of etoricoxib were(913.50±184.72)and(878.59±164.35)ng·mL-1;and AUC0-t were(19 085.22±5 155.01)and(18 669.54±4 508.21)ng·h·mL-1;AUC0-∞ were(20 103.77±5 567.02)and(19 528.05±4 989.74)ng·h·mL-1.The 90％confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios of the main pharmacokinetic parameters in the fasting and fed conditions fell between 80.00％and 125.00％.The incidence of adverse events in the fasting and fed conditions were 28.57％and 21.43％,respectively.Conclusion Two kinds of etoricoxib tablets are bioequivalent,and have similar safety in healthy Chinese subjects.

Objective To investigate the function of Frizzled 2(FZD2)in mouse tongue squamous cell carcinoma and its effect on cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4(CTLA4)monoclonal antibody.Methods Cell experiment:SCCVII mouse tongue squamous cell carcinomq cells were divided into blank control group(transfected LV-kdCon)and experimental group(transfected LV-kdFZD2).Cell proliferation ability was detected by cell counting kit-8(CCK-8);migration ability was detected by Transwell cell assay;and angiogenesis ability was verified by human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Animal experiments:Female C3H/He mice were constructed with tumor bearing mice model.Mice were divided into control group[injected with phosphate buffer solution(PBS)],kdFZD group(inoculated with experimental cells and injected with an equal amount of PBS),αCTLA4 group(inoculated with blank control cells subcutaneously and injected with CTLA4 monoclonal antibody)and kdFZD+αCTLA group(inoculated with experimental cells subcutaneously and injected with CTLA4 monoclonal antibody).The mRNA expression of tumor tissue was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),and the tumor volume and mass were measured.Results The relative expression levels of FZD2 mRNA in the control group and the experimental group were 1.01±0.18 and 0.52±0.18;the cell migration numbers were 466.70±44.10 and 160.00±26.46;the number of branch nodes of human umbilical vein endothelial cells were 108.70±6.35 and 84.33±10.02;the total capillary length were(20 235±2 229)and(16 549±338)μm,respectively,with statistical significance(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).The tumor volumes of control group,kdFZD group,αCTLA4 group and kdFZD+αCTLA group were(449.50±114.80),(131.10±13.49),(83.62±26.47)and(2.45±0.91)mm3;the tumor weights were(0.78±0.11),(0.22±0.06),(0.13±0.02)and(0.03±0.01)g,respectively,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.001,P＜0.000 1).Conclusion FZD2 can be used as a potential therapeutic target for tongue squamous cell carcinoma and is expected to be a key molecule in the optimization of adjuvant immunotherapy for tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the bacterial communities of biting midges and ticks collected from three sites in the Poyang Lake area,namely,Qunlu Practice Base,Peach Blossom Garden,and Huangtong Animal Husbandry,and whether vectors carry any bacterial pathogens that may cause diseases to humans,to provide scientific basis for prospective pathogen discovery and disease prevention and control. Methods Using a metataxonomics approach in concert with full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing and operational phylogenetic unit(OPU)analysis,we characterized the species-level microbial community structure of two important vector species,biting midges and ticks,including 33 arthropod samples comprising 3,885 individuals,collected around Poyang Lake. Results A total of 662 OPUs were classified in biting midges,including 195 known species and 373 potentially new species,and 618 OPUs were classified in ticks,including 217 known species and 326 potentially new species.Surprisingly,OPUs with potentially pathogenicity were detected in both arthropod vectors,with 66 known species of biting midges reported to carry potential pathogens,including Asaia lannensis and Rickettsia bellii,compared to 50 in ticks,such as Acinetobacter lwoffii and Staphylococcus sciuri.We found that Proteobacteria was the most dominant group in both midges and ticks.Furthermore,the outcomes demonstrated that the microbiota of midges and ticks tend to be governed by a few highly abundant bacteria.Pantoea sp7 was predominant in biting midges,while Coxiella sp1 was enriched in ticks.Meanwhile,Coxiella spp.,which may be essential for the survival of Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann,were detected in all tick samples.The identification of dominant species and pathogens of biting midges and ticks in this study serves to broaden our knowledge associated to microbes of arthropod vectors. Conclusion Biting midges and ticks carry large numbers of known and potentially novel bacteria,and carry a wide range of potentially pathogenic bacteria,which may pose a risk of infection to humans and animals.The microbial communities of midges and ticks tend to be dominated by a few highly abundant bacteria.