Optical imaging is highly valued for its superior temporal and spatial resolution. This is particularly important in near-infrared II (NIR-II, 1 000-3 000 nm) imaging, which offers advantages such as reduced tissue absorption, minimal scattering, and low autofluorescence. These characteristics make NIR-II imaging especially suitable for deep tissue visualization, where high contrast and minimal background interference are critical for accurate diagnosis and monitoring. Currently, inorganic fluorescent probes—such as carbon nanotubes, rare earth nanoparticles, and quantum dots—offer high brightness and stability. However, they are hindered by ambiguous structures, larger sizes, and potential accumulation toxicity in vivo. In contrast, organic fluorescent probes, including small molecules and polymers, demonstrate higher biocompatibility but are limited by shorter emission wavelengths, lower quantum yields, and reduced stability. Recently, gold clusters have emerged as a promising class of nanomaterials with potential applications in biocatalysis, fluorescence sensing, biological imaging, and more. Water-soluble gold clusters are particularly attractive as fluorescent probes due to their remarkable optical properties, including strong photoluminescence, large Stokes shifts, and excellent photostability. Furthermore, their outstanding biocompatibility—attributed to good aqueous stability, ultra-small hydrodynamic size, and high renal clearance efficiency—makes them especially suitable for biomedical applications. Gold clusters hold significant potential for NIR-II fluorescence imaging. Atomic-precision gold clusters, typically composed of tens to hundreds of gold atoms and measuring only a few nanometers in diameter, possess well-defined three-dimensional structures and clear spatial coordination. This atomic-level precision enables fine-tuned structural regulation, further enhancing their fluorescence properties. Variations in cluster size, surface ligands, and alloying elements can result in distinct physicochemical characteristics. The incorporation of different atoms can modulate the atomic and electronic structures of gold clusters, while diverse ligands can influence surface polarity and steric hindrance. As such, strategies like alloying and ligand engineering are effective in enhancing both fluorescence and catalytic performance, thereby meeting a broader range of clinical needs. In recent years, gold clusters have attracted growing attention in the biomedical field. Their application in NIR-II imaging has led to significant progress in vascular, organ, and tumor imaging. The resulting high-resolution, high signal-to-noise imaging provides powerful tools for clinical diagnostics. Moreover, biologically active gold clusters can aid in drug delivery and disease diagnosis and treatment, offering new opportunities for clinical therapeutics. Despite the notable achievements in fundamental research and clinical translation, further studies are required to address challenges related to the standardized synthesis and complex metabolic behavior of gold clusters. Resolving these issues will help accelerate their clinical adoption and broaden their biomedical applications.

T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) is one of the simplest known RNA polymerases. Its unique structural features make it a critical model for studying the mechanisms of RNA synthesis. This review systematically examines the static crystal structure of T7 RNAP, beginning with an in-depth examination of its characteristic “thumb”, “palm”, and “finger” domains, which form the classic “right-hand-like” architecture. By detailing these structural elements, this review establishes a foundation for understanding the overall organization of T7 RNAP. This review systematically maps the functional roles of secondary structural elements and their subdomains in transcriptional catalysis, progressively elucidating the fundamental relationships between structure and function. Further, the intrinsic flexibility of T7 RNAP and its applications in research are also discussed. Additionally, the review presents the structural diagrams of the enzyme at different stages of the transcription process, and through these diagrams, it provides a detailed description of the complete transcription process of T7 RNAP. By integrating structural dynamics and kinetics analyses, the review constructs a comprehensive framework that bridges static structure to dynamic processes. Despite its advantages, T7 RNAP has a notable limitation: it generates double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a byproduct. The presence of dsRNA not only compromises the purity of mRNA products but also elicits nonspecific immune responses, which pose significant challenges for biotechnological and therapeutic applications. The review provides a detailed exploration of the mechanisms underlying dsRNA formation during T7 RNAP catalysis, reviews current strategies to mitigate this issue, and highlights recent progress in the field. A key focus is the semi-rational design of T7 RNAP mutants engineered to minimize dsRNA generation and enhance catalytic performance. Beyond its role in transcription, T7 RNAP exhibits rapid development and extensive application in fields, including gene editing, biosensing, and mRNA vaccines. This review systematically examines the structure-function relationships of T7 RNAP, elucidates the mechanisms of dsRNA formation, and discusses engineering strategies to optimize its performance. It further explores the engineering optimization and functional expansion of T7 RNAP. Furthermore, this review also addresses the pressing issues that currently need resolution, discusses the major challenges in the practical application of T7 RNAP, and provides an outlook on potential future research directions. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of T7 RNAP, ranging from its structural architecture to cutting-edge applications. We systematically examine: (1) the characteristic right-hand domains (thumb, palm, fingers) that define its minimalistic structure; (2) the structure-function relationships underlying transcriptional catalysis; and (3) the dynamic transitions during the complete transcription cycle. While highlighting T7 RNAP’s versatility in gene editing, biosensing, and mRNA vaccine production, we critically address its major limitation—dsRNA byproduct formation—and evaluate engineering solutions including semi-rationally designed mutants. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying key challenges, this work aims to provide novel insights for the development and application of T7 RNAP and to foster further thought and progress in related fields.

Objective:To discuss the effect of royal jelly acid(10-HDA)on the proliferation and migration of the human colon cancer SW620 cells based on the network pharmacology,and to clarify its related molecular mechanism.Methods:The active ingredients such as 10-HDA and their corresponding targets were retrieved by using the keyword"royal jelly"from the Traditiomal Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TMSCP)Database and the Traditiomal Chinese Medicine Integrated Database(TCMID);the small molecule targets were predicted by the Swiss Target Prediction Database.The GeneCards Database and the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man(OMIM)Database were used to obtain the targets with the keyword"Colon Cancer";the protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed by using the String Database and Cytoscape 3.8.0 Software to screen the core targets;the Gene Ontology(GO)function enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)signaling pathway enrichment analysis were analyzed by Metascape Database;the specific ingredient 10-HDA was screened for the in vitro activity experiments.The human colon cancer SW620 cells with good growth status were divided into control group and different doses(1,5,10,15,and 20 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA groups.The viabilities of the cells in various groups were detected by MTT method and the survival rates of the cells were calculated.The SW620 cells were divided into control group,low dose(5 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA group,middle dose(10 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA group,and high dose(15 mmol·L-1)of 10-HDA group;Hoechst33342 staining method was used to observe the morphology of the cells in various groups;cell scratch test was used to detect the scratch healing rates of the cells in various groups;flow cytometry was used to detect the percentages of the cells at different cell cycles in various groups;biochemical method was used to detect the activities of total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC)and superoxide dismutase(SOD)in the cells in various groups;Western blotting method was used to detect the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2),Bcl-2-associated X protein(Bax),cysteine-containing aspartate proteolytic enzyme-3(Caspase-3),cysteine-containing aspartate proteolytic enzyme-9(Caspase-9),glycogen synthase kinase 3β(GSK3β),β-catenin,and cyclin D1 proteins in the cells in various groups.Results:Six active ingredients of royal jelly were screened out by the TCMSP Database,and 28 core targets of 10-HDA in the treatment of colon cancer were obtained.The GO function enrichment analysis mainly included the signaling pathways such as cell proliferation and apoptosis.The KEGG signaling pathway enrichment analysis included the cell cycle,prostate cancer,cell senescence,and p53 signaling pathways;the GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway was closely related to the cell cycle.Compared with control group,the viabilities of the cells in 5,10,15,and 20 mmol·L-110-HDA groups were decreased in a dose-dependent manner(P<0.05 or P<0.01),the numbers of apoptotic cells in different doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly increased,and the scratch healing rates of the cells were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01);the percentages of the cells at S phase in middle and high doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),the activities of T-AOC and SOD in the cells in different doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Compared with control group,the expression level of Bcl-2 protein in the cells in low dose of 10-HDA group was significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the expression level of GSK3β protein was significantly increased(P<0.05);compared with control group,the expression levels of Bax,Caspase-3,Caspase-9,and GSK3β proteins in the cells in middle and high doses of 10-HDA groups were significantly increased(P<0.05 or P<0.01),and the expression levels of Bcl-2,β-catenin,and CyclinD1 proteins were significantly decreased(P<0.01).Conclusion:10-HDA can significantly inhibit the proliferation and migration of the colon cancer cells and promote the apoptosis and oxidation levels of the colon cancer cells,and its mechanism may be related to the activation of the GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Objective To understand the current status and trends of research on the TCM treatment for stable phase of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD);To provide references for relevant research.Methods Literature about TCM treatment for stable phase of COPD was retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Wanfang Data,VIP Information Chinese Journal Service Platform,and SinoMed from the establishment of the databases to Sep 1,2022.NoteExpress 3.4 was used to sort out the basic data of papers.Excel 2016 was employed to count first authors,syndrome type,prescription and draw a run chart of publication,determine the number of journals in the core area according to Bradford law.Core authors statistically were analyzed according to Price law.Author collaboration network and keyword co-occurrence analysis were conducted using VOSviewer 1.6.18.CiteSpace 5.3.R4 was exploited to construct institutional collaboration network and study burst terms,and knowledge map was drawn.Results A total of 3 360 articles were included,involving 445 journals,with 2 691 first authors.The overall number of publications in this field showed an increasing trend,with clinical research being the main research type.There were 21 journals in the core region and the most frequently published journal was New Chinese Medicine.There were 125 core authors,with Li Zhuying and Li Jiansheng posting the most articles.Author collaboration network analysis showed 10 major research teams and the largest of which was Li Jiansheng's team.There were 1 451 institutions,mainly were universities and affiliated hospitals.There were 62 types of syndromes in the stable phase of COPD,the most common of which was the syndrome of qi deficiency of lung and spleen.There were 541 kinds of prescriptions in total,and the most commonly used was Bufei Decoction.Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed 8 subjects,and the high-frequency keywords included lung function,clinical efficacy,quality of life,clinical observation and TCM treatment.22 burst terms were obtained,with Budesonide Fumotro,six-word songs,Yupingfeng Powder and inflammatory factors highly concerned at present.Conclusion The research fever of TCM treatment for COPD in stable period shows an increasing trend,and clinical research accounts for the largest proportion,but the general quality is not high,and basic research is relatively lacking.The research focuses on the inhibition of airway inflammation and immune regulation,and lung function and quality of life are the most commonly used evaluation indicators.

Objective:To explore the microbiological and disease distribution characteristics of multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients hospitalized in a critical care rehabilitation ward, and to analyze the risk factors leading to multidrug-resistant bacterial infections.Methods:Microbiology screening data describing 679 patients admitted to a critical care rehabilitation ward were retrospectively analyzed to divide the subjects into a multidrug-resistant group (positive for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=166) and a non-multidrug-resistant group (negative for multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, n=513). The risk factors were then analyzed using logistic regression. Results:Among 369 strains of multidrug-resistant bacteria observed, 329 were gram-negative bacteria (89.2%), mainly Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. They were distributed in sputum (56.9%) and mid-epidemic urine (28.2%) specimens. Patients whose primary disease was hemorrhagic or ischemic cerebrovascular disease accounted for 40.96% and 23.49% of the multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that albumin level, dependence on mechanical ventilation, central venous cannulation, or an indwelling urinary catheter or cystostomy tube were significant independent predictors of such infections.Conclusion:The multidrug-resistant bacterial infections of patients admitted to the critically ill rehabilitation unit are mainly caused by gram-negative bacteria. Their occurrence is closely related to low albumin levels and mechanical ventilation, as well as to bearing an indwelling central venous catheter, a urinary catheter or a cystostomy catheter.

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of calaglitzin combined with Degu insulin Liraglutide and pioglitazone metformin in the treatment of obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) .Methods:Ninety-nine obese T2DM patients admitted to our hospital from Apr. 2021 to Jun. 2023 were divided into 2 groups according to different treatment methods. The control group ( n=52) were treated with Delgu insulin liraglutide and pioglitazone metformin; the observation group ( n=47) were treated with cagaglizin on the basis of the control group, and both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The therapeutic effect of the two groups was compared. Results:The effective rate of observation group was 95.74% (45/47), higher than that of control group 82.69% (43/52) ( P<0.05). After eight weeks of treatment, the levels of FPG (7.96±0.74) mmol/L, 2hPBG (8.36±1.02) mmol/L and BMI (24.63±1.51) kg/m 2 in the observation group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). After 8 weeks of treatment, HOMA-IR (2.41±0.56) of observation group was lower than that of control group (2.84±0.61), GIR (5.63±0.97) mg·kg -1·min -1 was higher than that of the control group (5.17±0.95) mg·kg -1·min -1 ( P<0.05). After eight weeks of treatment, the levels of TG (4.22±0.43) mmol/L, TC (2.15±0.21) mmol/L and ApoB (1.18±0.14) mmol/L in the observation group were higher than those in the control group (2.49±0.26) mmol/L, (4.69±0.47) mmol/L and (1.45±0.19) mmo l/L ( P<0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the observation group was 8.51% (4/47), lower than that in the control group (5.77% (3/52) ( P>0.05) . Conclusion:Taking calaglitzin in combination with Delgu insulin liraglutide and pioglitazone metformin can significantly reduce insulin resistance, increase the sensitivity of peripheral tissues to insulin, reduce blood glucose level and BMI level, and the drug safety is reasonable.

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors.Bone metastasis is a common complication during the entire course of breast cancer.The vicious cycle of"tumor-bone microenvironment"was easily formed,which led to the occurrence of bone-related events such as bone pain,pathological fractures,and hypercalcemia,etc.Studies have found that active ingredients of Tripterygium wilfordii exhibit the effect of anti-breast cancer and regulation of bone microenvironment,including inhibition of tumor cell proliferation and migration,inhibition of tumor angiogenesis,induction of autophagy in tumor cells,regulation of bone formation in osteoblast cell,inhibition of bone resorption in osteoclast cell,promoting the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts,and regulation of immune microenvironment,which may be helpful to inhibit breast cancer and bone metastasis.This article systematically reviewed the research progress on pharmacological effects of Tripterygium wilfordii in preventing breast cancer and bone metastasis,analyzed the limitations and application prospects of the current research.

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.

Objective To explore medium and long term efficacy of oblique lateral interbody fusion(OLIF)in treating lumbar specific infection.Methods From October 2017 to January 2021,24 patients with lumbar specific infection were treated by OLIF combined with vertebral screw internal fixation,including 15 males and 9 females,aged from 27 to 61 years old with an average of(43.0±15.0)years old;the courses of disease ranged from 6 to 24 months with an average of(14.0±7.0)months;7 patients with L2-L3,12 patients with L3-L4 and 5 patients with L4-L5;19 patients with tuberculosis infection and 5 patients with brucella infection.The amount of intraoperative blood loss,operative time and complications were recorded,and erythro-cyte sedimentation rate(ESR),C-reactive protein(CRP),visual analogue scale(VAS),Japanese Orthopaedic Association(JOA)score and American Spinal Injury Association(ASIA)rating were compared before and one month after opertaion.Re-sults All patients were followed up from 9 to 24 months with an average of(13.0±6.0)months.Operative time was(132.5±21.4)min,and intraoperative blood loss was(227.3±43.1)ml.ESR and CRP were decreased from(82.34±18.62)mmol·h-1 and(53.08±21.84)mg·L-1 before operation to(33.52±17.31)mmol·h-1 and(15.48±8.36)mg·L-1 at one month after opera-tion,respectively(P＜0.05).VAS was decreased from(7.52±1.36)before opertaion to(1.74±0.87)at one month after opera-tion(P＜0.05).JOA was increased from(17.86±3.95)before operation to(24.72±3.19)at one month after operation(P＜0.05).Four patients had neurological symptoms before operation,and were classified to grade D according to ASIA classifica-tion,who were recovered to grade E at 1 month after operation.One patient was suffered from psoas major muscle injury after operation,and returned to normal at 3 weeks.One patient was suffered from abdominal distension and difficulty in defecation,and relieved after gastrointestinal decompression and enema.No complications such as abdominal organ injury and poor wound healing occurred in all patients.Conclusion OLIF combined with vertebral screw internal fixation is a new minimally invasive surgical method for the treatment of lumbar specific infection,especially the lesion located on the middle lumbar vertebra.It has advantages of less trauma,short operation time,less blood loss,convenient operation,complete removal of the lesion,safety and effectiveness,and has good medium-and long-term efficacy for lumbar specific infection.

Objective: To establish a novel classification system for predicting the risk of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) events in surgically-treated patients with kyphotic deformity. Methods: Patients with kyphotic deformity who underwent surgical correction of cervicothoracic, thoracic, or thoracolumbar kyphosis in our center from July 2005 to December 2020 were recruited. We proposed a classification system to describe the morphology of the spinal cord on T2-weighted sagittal magnetic resonance imaging: type A, circular/symmetric cord with visible cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) between the cord and vertebral body; type B, circular/oval/symmetric cord with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body; type C, spinal cord that is fattened/deformed by the vertebral body, with no visible CSF between the cord and vertebral body. Furthermore, based on type C, the spinal cord compression ratio (CR) < 50% was defined as the subtype C-, while the spinal cord CR ≥ 50% was defined as the subtype C+. IONM event was documented, and a comparative analysis was made to evaluate the prevalence of IONM events among patients with diverse spinal cord types. Results: A total of 294 patients were reviewed, including 73 in type A; 153 in type B; 53 in subtype C- and 15 in subtype C+. Lower extremity transcranial motor-evoked potentials and/or somatosensory evoked potentials were lost intraoperatively in 41 cases (13.9%), among which 4 patients with type C showed no return of spinal cord monitoring data. The 14 subtype C+ patients (93.3%) had IONM events. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that patients with a type C spinal cord (subtype C-: odds ratio [OR], 10.390; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.215–48.735; p = 0.003; subtype C+, OR, 497.000; 95% CI, 42.126– 5,863.611; p < 0.001) are at significantly higher risk of a positive IONM event during deformity correction compared to those with a type A. In further multiple logistic regression analysis, the spinal cord classification (OR, 5.371; 95% CI, 2.966–9.727; p < 0.001) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for IONM events. Conclusion We presented a new spinal cord classification system based on the relative position of the spinal cord and vertebrae to predict the risk of IONM events in patients with kyphotic deformity. In patients with type C spinal cord, especially those in C+ cases, it is essential to be aware of potential IONM events, and adopt standard operating procedures to facilitate neurological recovery.