Objective: This cross-sectional investigation aimed to determine the incidence, clinical characteristics, prognosis, and related risk factors of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain in mainland China. Methods: Data of patients with SARS-CoV-2 from December 28, 2022, to February 21, 2023, were collected through online and offline questionnaires from 45 tertiary hospitals and one center for disease control and prevention in mainland China. The questionnaire included demographic information, previous health history, smoking and alcohol drinking, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, olfactory and gustatory function before and after infection, other symptoms after infection, as well as the duration and improvement of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction. The self-reported olfactory and gustatory functions of patients were evaluated using the Olfactory VAS scale and Gustatory VAS scale. Results: A total of 35 566 valid questionnaires were obtained, revealing a high incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain (67.75%). Females(χ2=367.013, P<0.001) and young people(χ2=120.210, P<0.001) were more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Gender(OR=1.564, 95%CI: 1.487-1.645), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), oral health status (OR=0.881, 95%CI: 0.839-0.926), smoking history (OR=1.152, 95%CI=1.080-1.229), and drinking history (OR=0.854, 95%CI: 0.785-0.928) were correlated with the occurrence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2(above P<0.001). 44.62% (4 391/9 840) of the patients who had not recovered their sense of smell and taste also suffered from nasal congestion, runny nose, and 32.62% (3 210/9 840) suffered from dry mouth and sore throat. The improvement of olfactory and taste functions was correlated with the persistence of accompanying symptoms(χ2=10.873, P=0.001). The average score of olfactory and taste VAS scale was 8.41 and 8.51 respectively before SARS-CoV-2 infection, but decreased to3.69 and 4.29 respectively after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and recovered to 5.83and 6.55 respectively at the time of the survey. The median duration of olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions was 15 days and 12 days, respectively, with 0.5% (121/24 096) of patients experiencing these dysfunctions for more than 28 days. The overall self-reported improvement rate of smell and taste dysfunctions was 59.16% (14 256/24 096). Gender(OR=0.893, 95%CI: 0.839-0.951), SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status (OR=1.334, 95%CI: 1.164-1.530), history of head and facial trauma(OR=1.180, 95%CI: 1.036-1.344, P=0.013), nose (OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.171, P=0.001) and oral (OR=1.162, 95%CI: 1.096-1.233) health status, smoking history(OR=0.765, 95%CI: 0.709-0.825), and the persistence of accompanying symptoms (OR=0.359, 95%CI: 0.332-0.388) were correlated with the recovery of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to SARS-CoV-2 (above P<0.001 except for the indicated values). Conclusion: The incidence of olfactory and taste dysfunctions related to infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron strain is high in mainland China, with females and young people more likely to develop these dysfunctions. Active and effective intervention measures may be required for cases that persist for a long time. The recovery of olfactory and taste functions is influenced by several factors, including gender, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status, history of head and facial trauma, nasal and oral health status, smoking history, and persistence of accompanying symptoms.
Female ; Humans ; Adolescent ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Smell ; COVID-19/complications* ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Incidence ; Olfaction Disorders/etiology* ; Taste Disorders/etiology* ; Prognosis

Objective:To explore the impact of PM 2.5 concentration in Shanghai on the incidence of allergic rhinitis（AR） in the population, and provide strategies for early warning and prevention of AR. Methods:Collect daily average concentrations of atmospheric pollutants monitored in Shanghai from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2019, and clinical data of AR patients from five hospitals in Shanghai during the same period. We used a time-series analysis additive Poisson regression model to analyze the correlation between PM 2.5 levels and outpatient attendance for AR patients. Results:During the study period, a total of 56 500 AR patients were included, and the daily average concentration of PM 2.5 was（35.28±23.07）μg/m³. There is a correlation between the concentration of PM 2.5 and the number of outpatient attendance for AR cases. There is a positive correlation between the daily average number of outpatient for AR and levels of PM 2.5 air pollution（（P<0.05）） . We found that every 10 μg/m³ increase in PM 2.5, the impact of on the number of AR visits was statistically significant on the same day, the first day behind, and the second day behind, with the strongest impact being the exposure on the same day. Every 10 μg/m³ increases in PM 2.5, the number of outpatient visits increased by 0.526% on the same day（95%CI 1.000 50-1.010 04）. Conclusion:The atmospheric PM 2.5 concentration in Shanghai is positively correlated with the number of outpatient for AR, and PM 2.5 exposure is an independent factor in the onset of AR. This provides an important theoretical basis for AR.
Humans ; Particulate Matter/analysis* ; Air Pollutants/adverse effects* ; Incidence ; China/epidemiology* ; Air Pollution/adverse effects* ; Rhinitis, Allergic/etiology*

Neural circuits provide an anatomical basis for functional networks. Therefore, dissecting the structure of neural circuits is essential to understanding how the brain works. Recombinant neurotropic viruses are important tools for neural circuit tracing with many advantages over non-viral tracers: they allow for anterograde, retrograde, and trans-synaptic delivery of tracers in a cell type-specific, circuit-selective manner. In this review, we summarize the recent developments in the viral tools for neural circuit tracing, discuss the key principles of using viral tools in neuroscience research, and highlight innovations for developing and optimizing viral tools for neural circuit tracing across diverse animal species, including nonhuman primates.
Animals ; Brain

Peking Union Medical College Hospital, as one of the most stressful medical institutions in China, is facing the problem of emergency department overcrowding. In order to effectively alleviate the emergency overcrowding, improve the medical quality and patients′ medical experience, the hospital firmly grasped the two incremental links of " throughput" and " output" factors, established a multidisciplinary and multi-department cooperation team, constructed a close medical alliance cooperation mode, and innovated and explored a harmonious emergency overcrowding relief mode with the goal of unblocking the " exit" of patients. The practice showed that the comprehensive measures could effectively alleviate the problem of emergency overcrowding, and improve the medical environment and medical quality.

Objective:To analyze the application effect of cluster management measures in improving the quality of emergency medical treatment.Methods:By analyzing the problems existing in the work of emergency department, the cluster management scheme was formulated and the intervention measures were implemented from the aspects of intelligent information system, patient management system and medical service process. The accuracy and efficiency of emergency triage, the satisfaction of patients and medical staff, the incidence of medical complaints and disputes and the rate of sudden death were compared before and after cluster management.Results:Before and after the implementation of cluster management, the accuracy of triage classification was 95.0% and 98.7% respectively, and the triage time was (68.3±12.8) s and (50.5±7.2) s respectively( P<0.001). The satisfaction of patients, doctors and nurses increased, the number of complaints decreased from 15 to 5 in half a year, and the number of sudden death decreased from 39 to 23 with a significant difference( P<0.05). Conclusions:The application of cluster management measures in emergency management can improve the medical quality, the satisfaction of medical staff and patients, and ensure the safety of patients.

The knee osteoarthritis(KOA)is a kind of degenerative disease, which is more common in the elderly.In recent years, according to the Knee Uneven Settlement Theory, a new treatment method for the knee osteoarthritis by using the proximal fibula osteotomy is popularized in many hospitals.In this article, we reported 1 case undergoing the total knee arthroplasty after the proximal fibula osteotomy for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis and reviewed the relevant literatures.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in China. The results from a randomized controlled trial using annual low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) in specific high-risk groups demonstrated a 20% reduction in lung cancer mortality. The aim of tihs study is to establish the China National lung cancer screening guidelines for clinical practice. METHODS: The China lung cancer early detection and treatment expert group (CLCEDTEG) established the China National Lung Cancer Screening Guideline with multidisciplinary representation including 4 thoracic surgeons, 4 thoracic radiologists, 2 medical oncologists, 2 pulmonologists, 2 pathologist, and 2 epidemiologist. Members have engaged in interdisciplinary collaborations regarding lung cancer screening and clinical care of patients with at risk for lung cancer. The expert group reviewed the literature, including screening trials in the United States and Europe and China, and discussed local best clinical practices in the China. A consensus-based guidelines, China National Lung Cancer Screening Guideline (CNLCSG), was recommended by CLCEDTEG appointed by the National Health and Family Planning Commission, based on results of the National Lung Screening Trial, systematic review of evidence related to LDCT screening, and protocol of lung cancer screening program conducted in rural China. RESULTS: Annual lung cancer screening with LDCT is recommended for high risk individuals aged 50-74 years who have at least a 20 pack-year smoking history and who currently smoke or have quit within the past five years. Individualized decision making should be conducted before LDCT screening. LDCT screening also represents an opportunity to educate patients as to the health risks of smoking; thus, education should be integrated into the screening process in order to assist smoking cessation. CONCLUSIONS A lung cancer screening guideline is recommended for the high-risk population in China. Additional research , including LDCT combined with biomarkers, is needed to optimize the approach to low-dose CT screening in the future.
Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Early Detection of Cancer ; Female ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; epidemiology ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Patient Selection ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Radiation Dosage ; Risk ; Rural Population ; statistics & numerical data ; Tomography, Spiral Computed

Objective To observe the difference in the effect of chest compression quality between the traditional training (TT) and the standard video training (SVT). Methods A total of 197 graduate students were divided into two groups according to the different training methods: group A (traditional modality, n=98) and group B (video training modality, n=99). After training for 2 hours, all trainees were asked to practice CPR on a resuscitation manikin for 2 minutes under the monitoring of CPR quality by a feedback system with trainee's back towards compute monitor. The data of chest compression rate (times/min), average depth (cm) and chest compression release velocity (CCRV, mm/ s) were collected and analyzed. Results Compared with TT, the mean compression depth in SVT was (5.42 ± 0.07) cm vs. (5.33±0.08) cm; the effective rate of CPR in SVT was (115±1.034) /min vs. (113.6±1.152) times/min; the mean CCRV in SVT was (439.7±7.72) mm/s vs. (417.3±7.64) mm/s in the first minute (P＜0.05) and (403.9±7.22) vs. (384.5±8.48) mm/s in the second minute (P＞0.05). Conclusions There were no significant differences on improving the quality of CPR between the two groups. The video training showed no significant effectivity on improving the quality of CPR compared with the traditional way.

Objective To retrospectively analyze the implementation of the antimicrobial agents prescription monthly review at the emergency and outpatient departments for the past five years, for evaluation of its action in promoting rational application of antimicrobial drugs. Methods At the baseline investigation stage, 1780 prescriptions on antibiotics in emergency and outpatient department from June 2012 to November 2012 were randomly selected for centralized evaluation. The period of correction and observation falls into two stages. The first stage ranged from December 2012 to February 2015, when the prescription of antibiotics was sampled manually for monthly review. The second stage ranged from March 2015 to June 2017, when a prescription review software for prescription comment was introduced for the sample purpose. The data so acquired were subject to chi-square test and linear regression analysis using Excel 2010 and SPSS 16. 0. Results The rational rate of prescription for antibiotics at the emergency department increased from 80. 56％ of the baseline stage to 99. 47％ of the second stage (166506/167400), scoring a difference of statistical significance (P<0. 001). With intervention of the prescription review software, the percentage of irrational use of antimicrobial agents dropped by 5. 18％ compared to the baseline stage. Conclusions Monthly prescription review on antimicrobial agents at the outpatient and emergency departments could promote the rational use of antimicrobial agents and play an important role in clinical drug safety. Information system and performance assessment contributed to the effect of prescription review.