Background/Aims: Dexamethasone (DEX) is a widely used exogenous therapeutic glucocorticoid in clinical settings. Its long-term use leads to many side effects. However, its effect on metabolic disorders in individuals on a high-fat diet (HFD) remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, HFD-fed mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX 2.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte proliferation, and inflammation were assayed using typical approaches. Results: DEX increased the epididymal fat index and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed mice. The number of epididymal adipocytes with diameters > 70 μm accounted for 0.5% of the cells in the control group, 30% of the cells in the DEX group, 19% of the cells in the HFD group, and 38% of all the cells in the D+H group. Adipocyte proliferation in the D+H group was inhibited by DEX treatment. Adipocyte enlargement in the D+H group was associated with increased the lipid accumulation but not the adipocyte proliferation. In contrast, the liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and their metabolism were downregulated by the same treatment, indicating the therapeutic potential of DEX for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions DEX synergizes with HFD to promote lipid deposition in adipose tissues. A high risk of obesity development in patients receiving HFD and DEX treatment is suggested.

Background/Aims: Dexamethasone (DEX) is a widely used exogenous therapeutic glucocorticoid in clinical settings. Its long-term use leads to many side effects. However, its effect on metabolic disorders in individuals on a high-fat diet (HFD) remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, HFD-fed mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX 2.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte proliferation, and inflammation were assayed using typical approaches. Results: DEX increased the epididymal fat index and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed mice. The number of epididymal adipocytes with diameters > 70 μm accounted for 0.5% of the cells in the control group, 30% of the cells in the DEX group, 19% of the cells in the HFD group, and 38% of all the cells in the D+H group. Adipocyte proliferation in the D+H group was inhibited by DEX treatment. Adipocyte enlargement in the D+H group was associated with increased the lipid accumulation but not the adipocyte proliferation. In contrast, the liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and their metabolism were downregulated by the same treatment, indicating the therapeutic potential of DEX for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions DEX synergizes with HFD to promote lipid deposition in adipose tissues. A high risk of obesity development in patients receiving HFD and DEX treatment is suggested.

Background/Aims: Dexamethasone (DEX) is a widely used exogenous therapeutic glucocorticoid in clinical settings. Its long-term use leads to many side effects. However, its effect on metabolic disorders in individuals on a high-fat diet (HFD) remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, HFD-fed mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX 2.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte proliferation, and inflammation were assayed using typical approaches. Results: DEX increased the epididymal fat index and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed mice. The number of epididymal adipocytes with diameters > 70 μm accounted for 0.5% of the cells in the control group, 30% of the cells in the DEX group, 19% of the cells in the HFD group, and 38% of all the cells in the D+H group. Adipocyte proliferation in the D+H group was inhibited by DEX treatment. Adipocyte enlargement in the D+H group was associated with increased the lipid accumulation but not the adipocyte proliferation. In contrast, the liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and their metabolism were downregulated by the same treatment, indicating the therapeutic potential of DEX for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions DEX synergizes with HFD to promote lipid deposition in adipose tissues. A high risk of obesity development in patients receiving HFD and DEX treatment is suggested.

Background/Aims: Dexamethasone (DEX) is a widely used exogenous therapeutic glucocorticoid in clinical settings. Its long-term use leads to many side effects. However, its effect on metabolic disorders in individuals on a high-fat diet (HFD) remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, HFD-fed mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX 2.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte proliferation, and inflammation were assayed using typical approaches. Results: DEX increased the epididymal fat index and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed mice. The number of epididymal adipocytes with diameters > 70 μm accounted for 0.5% of the cells in the control group, 30% of the cells in the DEX group, 19% of the cells in the HFD group, and 38% of all the cells in the D+H group. Adipocyte proliferation in the D+H group was inhibited by DEX treatment. Adipocyte enlargement in the D+H group was associated with increased the lipid accumulation but not the adipocyte proliferation. In contrast, the liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and their metabolism were downregulated by the same treatment, indicating the therapeutic potential of DEX for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions DEX synergizes with HFD to promote lipid deposition in adipose tissues. A high risk of obesity development in patients receiving HFD and DEX treatment is suggested.

Background/Aims: Dexamethasone (DEX) is a widely used exogenous therapeutic glucocorticoid in clinical settings. Its long-term use leads to many side effects. However, its effect on metabolic disorders in individuals on a high-fat diet (HFD) remains poorly understood. Methods: In this study, HFD-fed mice were intraperitoneally injected with DEX 2.5 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Lipid metabolism, adipocyte proliferation, and inflammation were assayed using typical approaches. Results: DEX increased the epididymal fat index and epididymal adipocyte size in HFD-fed mice. The number of epididymal adipocytes with diameters > 70 μm accounted for 0.5% of the cells in the control group, 30% of the cells in the DEX group, 19% of the cells in the HFD group, and 38% of all the cells in the D+H group. Adipocyte proliferation in the D+H group was inhibited by DEX treatment. Adipocyte enlargement in the D+H group was associated with increased the lipid accumulation but not the adipocyte proliferation. In contrast, the liver triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and their metabolism were downregulated by the same treatment, indicating the therapeutic potential of DEX for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Conclusions DEX synergizes with HFD to promote lipid deposition in adipose tissues. A high risk of obesity development in patients receiving HFD and DEX treatment is suggested.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are common clinical conditions. The number of patients with TMJ diseases is large, and the etiology, epidemiology, disease spectrum, and treatment of the disease remain controversial and unknown. To understand and master the current situation of the occurrence, development and prevention of TMJ diseases, as well as to identify the patterns in etiology, incidence, drug sensitivity, and prognosis is crucial for alleviating patients′suffering.This will facilitate in-depth medical research, effective disease prevention measures, and the formulation of corresponding health policies. Cohort construction and research has an irreplaceable role in precise disease prevention and significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment levels. Large-scale cohort studies are needed to explore the relationship between potential risk factors and outcomes of TMJ diseases, and to observe disease prognoses through long-term follw-ups. The consensus aims to establish a standard conceptual frame work for a cohort study on patients with TMJ disease while providing ideas for cohort data standards to this condition. TMJ disease cohort data consists of both common data standards applicable to all specific disease cohorts as well as disease-specific data standards. Common data were available for each specific disease cohort. By integrating different cohort research resources, standard problems or study variables can be unified. Long-term follow-up can be performed using consistent definitions and criteria across different projects for better core data collection. It is hoped that this consensus will be facilitate the development cohort studies of TMJ diseases.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the expression of cerebellar zinc finger structure 5(ZIC5)protein in breast cancer and its clinicopathological characteristics,surgical prognosis.Methods:A total of 128 breast cancer patients,who were admitted to our hospital be-tween June 2016 and December 2017,were enrolled in this study.Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of ZIC5 protein.The positive expression rate of ZIC5 protein in breast cancer tissues was compared with that in normal surgical margin tissues.Additionally,an analysis was conducted to explore the association between the expression of ZIC5 protein and various clinical pathological characteristics of breast cancer patients,as well as its correlation with prognosis.Results:The positive expression rate of ZIC5 protein in breast cancer tissue was higher than that in normal tissue of resection margin.The postoperative survival rate of breast can-cer patients was 81.37％.TNM stage Ⅲ～Ⅳ,undifferentiated/poorly differentiated,tumor diam-eter ≥ 2 cm,invasion depth T3～T4,lymph node metastasis,ZIC5 protein positive expression were all risk factors for poor prognosis of breast cancer surgery.(RR=4.405,5.153,4.520,2.211,3.137,6.079,P＜0.05).The survival rate of patients with negative ZIC5 protein expression in breast cancer tissue was higher than that of patients with positive ZIC5 protein expression(P＜0.05).Conclu-sion:The positive expression rate of ZIC5 protein in breast cancer tissue is higher than that in nor-mal tissue of resection margin,and the expression of ZIC5 protein in cancer tissue is related to clinical stage,tumor differentiation,tumor size,invasion depth,and lymph node metastasis.The above indicators are risk factors for poor prognosis of breast cancer surgery.

Objective To investigate disease characteristics and hospitalization costs of children with Mycoplasma Pneumoniae pneumonia(MPP)admitted to Shanghai municipal medical hospitals from 2019 to 2023.Methods Depending on the Shanghai Municipal Hospital Pediatric Alliance,we retrospectively investigated community acquired MPP pediatric patients hospitalized in 22 municipal hospitals with pediatric qualifications(including 4 children's hospitals)in Shanghai from Jan 2019 to Dec 2023.We collected the patients'diagnosis codes,gender,age,length of hospital stay,hospitalization costs,and whether they progressed to severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia(SMPP).Results From 2019 to 2023,a total of 29 045 hospitalized children with MPP were treated,with 6 035 cases(20.8%)identified as SMPP in the 22 hospitals.Trend analysis revealed a rising trend with years in the proportion of SMPP patients(χ2trend=365.498,P<0.001).Among the 4 children's hospitals,there were 18 710 cases with MPP,including 4 078 cases(21.8%)of SMPP.The proportion of SMPP patients also showed an increasing trend with years(χ2trend=14.548,P<0.001),and the proportion in 2023(23.0%)was higher than that in previous years with statistical significance.There were statistical differences in the seasonal distribution of MPP cases between different years,with higher proportions in summer and autumn overall.The age distribution of hospitalized MPP children varied among different years,with school-age children accounting for the majority(56.8%)in 2023.There was no difference in the distribution of severe cases between different genders,but there were differences in the proportion of severe cases among different age groups in different years,with a gradual increase in severe cases among children aged 1 to 3 years(χ2trend=191.567,P<0.001).The average length of hospital stay for MPP during the epidemic was higher than that during non-epidemic periods,and there were statistically significant differences in the average length of hospital stay between different years(P<0.001).The individual hospitalization costs during the epidemic were higher than in other years,and there were statistically significant differences in individual hospitalization costs between different years(P<0.001).The total hospitalization costs were still higher in 2019 and 2023.The individual hospitalization costs for SMPP were higher than for non-SMPP cases.Conclusion MPP outbreaks occurred in Shanghai in 2019 and 2023,with the higher proportions in summer and autumn overall.Compared to previous years,the number of hospitalized MPP children in Shanghai was higher in 2023,with a higher proportion of SMPP cases,especially among children under 3 years old.The individual per capita hospitalization expenses for SMPP cases were higher than for non-SMPP cases.

Objective To compare the fidelity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)models established using two methods:exposure to cigarette smoke(CS)and exposure to motor vehicle exhaust(MVE)in rats.Methods Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into control,CS-exposed(CS),and MVE-exposed(MVE)groups,with 8 rats per group.Rats in CS and MVE groups were exposed to CS or MVE,respectively,to induce COPD models.After COPD model established,lung function of each group was assessed.Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was collected to measure inflammatory cell counts,levels of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6(IL-6)and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α,and expression levels of mucin 5AC(MUC5AC).Lung tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin(HE)to observe pulmonary tissue and airway pathological changes.Periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)staining was used to detect goblet cell hyperplasia in airways.Results Compared with control group,rats in CS and MVE groups showed significantly increased inspiratory resistance(RI),total lung capacity(TLC),and lung static compliance(Cchord)(P<0.05),while expiratory flow parameters FEV50/FVC were significantly decreased(P<0.05).Compared with MVE group,rats in CS group had significantly higher RI,TLC,and Cchord(P<0.05),and lower FEV50/FVC(P<0.05).HE staining of lung tissues showed that mean linear intercept(MLI)was significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group(P<0.05),with CS group having higher MLI than MVE group(P<0.05).BALF analysis revealed that white blood cells,neutrophils,macrophages,lymphocytes,IL-6,and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group(P<0.05),and inflammatory cell counts,IL-6,and TNF-α levels were higher in CS group compared with MVE group(P<0.05).PAS staining of lung tissues indicated that goblet cells in large airways were significantly increased in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group(P<0.05),with CS group showing higher goblet cell counts than MVE group(P<0.05).Expression levels of MUC5AC in BALF were significantly higher in both CS and MVE groups compared with control group(P<0.05),with CS group having significantly higher MUC5AC levels than MVE group(P<0.05).Conclusions Exposure to CS or MVE can establish a rat model of COPD,with CS exposure better mimicking characteristics of acute exacerbation of COPD compared to MVE exposure.

Objective:To investigate the impact of early blood glucose fluctuations after acute multiple injuries on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Methods:This study was a case-control study. From March 2022 to March 2023, patients with acute multiple injuries who were admitted to the ICU of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University were selected. According to whether complicated with traumatic brain injury (TBI), the patients were divided into TBI group and non-TBI group. Early post-traumatic blood glucose fluctuations were observed, including stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH), initial blood glucose value on admission, blood glucose extreme, short-term glycemic variability (GV) and other related indicators. The 72-hour glucose coefficient of variation (Glu-CV) was used to reflect short-term GV. After 1 month, the PTSD checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) was used to assess the patient's symptoms of PTSD. The patients were divided into PTSD group and non-PTSD group according to PCL-5 score ≥38. The differences in short-term glucose fluctuations in each groups were compared; the risk factors of PTSD were analyzed by logistic regression; the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to evaluate the predictive value of related indicators on the incidence of PTSD.Results:159 patients with acute multiple injuries were selected and defined as the TBI group ( n=94) and non-TBI group ( n=65). The incidence of PTSD, PCL-5 scale scores, the incidence of SIH and 72 h Glu-CV in the TBI group were significantly higher than the non-TBI group (all P<0.05). The incidence of SIH and 72 h Glu-CV in the PTSD group were significantly higher than the non-PTSD group (both P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that 72 h Glu-CV ( OR=1.333, 95% CI: 1.028-1.727, P=0.030) was the independent risk factor for PTSD after acute multiple injuries, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.861 (95% CI: 0.789-0.933, P<0.001), the sensitivity was 62.9% and the specificity was 93.5%. Conclusion:Patients with acute multiple injuries with TBI are more likely to have early glucose fluctuations and develop PTSD, and increased short-term glucose variability is the independent risk factor for PTSD after acute multiple injuries.