Since 2015 when the transmission of schistosomiasis was controlled in China, the country has been moving towards elimination of schistosomiasis, with the surveillance-response as the main interventions for schistosomiasis control. During the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan, the transmission of schistosomiasis had been interrupted in four provinces of Sichuan, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Hubei and the prevalence of schistosomiasis has been at the historically lowest level in China. As a consequence, the goal set in The 13th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Control Program in China is almost achieved. However, there are multiple challenges during the stage moving towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China, including the widespread distribution of intermediate host snails and complicated snail habitats, many types of sources of Schistosoma japonicum infections and difficulty in management of bovines and sheep, unmet requirements for the current schistosomiasis control program with the currently available tools, and vulnerable control achievements. During the 14th Five-Year period, it is crucial to consolidate the schistosomiasis control achievements and gradually solve the above difficulties, and critical to provide the basis for achieving the ultimate goal of elimination of schistosomiasis in China. Based on the past experiences from the national schistosomiasis control program and the challenges for schistosomiasis elimination in China, an expert consensus has been reached pertaining to the objectives, control strategy and measures for The 14th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Control Program in China, so as to provide insights in to the development of The 14th Five-Year National Schistosomiasis Control Program in China.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in males and studies on its pathogenic and immunologic mechanisms are rather limited. Animal models play an important role in studying the pathogenesis, course and treatment of human diseases, and those of male genital tract chlamydial infection are relatively few and not well developed. This article focuses on the chlamydia species, animal species, infection route, infected organ, and infection process of chlamydia, as well as its impact on reproduction, aiming to provide some help for further studies of male genital tract chlamydial infection.
Animals ; Chlamydia Infections ; complications ; transmission ; Chlamydia trachomatis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Male ; Reproduction

Objective: To explore the expressions of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and their action mechanisms in the rat model of orchialgia. METHODS: The models of orchialgia were established in male SD rats by injection of 2% acetic acid into the testis. Then the number of spontaneous pain responses and withdrawal latency in the model rats were recorded by behavioral tests and the expressions of TRPV1 and TRPA1 in T13－L1 DRGs determined by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Compared with the normal control rats, the orchialgia models showed a significant increase in the number of spontaneous pain responses (0.13 ± 0.35 vs 22.63 ± 3.42, P<0.01) and a decrease in the withdrawal latency at 4 hours after injection (［12.75 ± 1.50］ vs ［4.85 ± 1.00］ s, P<0.05). The mRNA expressions of both TRPV1 and TRPA1 were observed in the membrane of the neurons in the DRG, the former increased by 1.77 times and the latter by 1.75 times that of the control (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The expressions of TRPV1 and TRPA1 were up-regulated in the DRG of the rat models of orchialgia, which may be involved in the allodynia and hyperalgesia of the rats.
Acetic Acid ; Animals ; Ganglia, Spinal ; metabolism ; Hyperalgesia ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Male ; Membrane Glycoproteins ; Oxidoreductases ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; TRPA1 Cation Channel ; metabolism ; TRPV Cation Channels ; metabolism ; Testicular Diseases ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; Up-Regulation

OBJECTIVETo study clinical effects of double plates fixation for the treatment of acromion base fracutres.

METHODSFrom January 2010 to May 2012, 7 patients with acromion base fractures were treated with double plates ORIF surgical treatment. There were 5 males and 2 females, with an average age of 36.3 years old (ranged, 24 to 62 years old). All fractures were acuted and closed injuries. The duration from injury to surgery was 4.6 days (ranged, 2 to 10 days). Hardegger functional criterion, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and complications of the patients were documented analysis.

RESULTSAll the patients were followed up,and the duration ranged from 4 to 13 months (averaged 8.9 months). The healing duration of fractures ranged from 8 to 14 weeks without any infection, shoulder instability, subacromial impingement syndrome, nonunion and failure of internal fixation. At the latest follow-up, the VAS ranged from 0 to 5. According to Hardegger criterion, 2 patients got an excellent result, 4 good and 1 poor.

CONCLUSIONDouble plates ORIF plays a positive role in the treatment of acromion base fractures, which reduces complications and maximally restore the function of shoulder.

Acromion ; injuries ; surgery ; Adult ; Bone Plates ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Visual Analog Scale

OBJECTIVETo investigate the operative reduction techniques and clinical results of surgical treatment of type C1 (AO/ASIF) acetabular fracture by posteroproximal-posteroanterior sequential reduction and internal fixation.

METHODSFrom August 2004 to January 2012, 13 patients with type C1 (AO/ASIF) acetabular fracture were treated by posteroproximal-posteroanterior sequential reduction and internal fixation. Of them, 8 cases were male and 5 cases were female with an average age of 42 years years old (ranged, 18 to 64). Pelvis 3-dimentional CT reconstruction were used to confirmed the classification of fracture, and the operation were performed during from 5 to 20 days with an average of 9.5 days. Operation time, blood loss, complications and reduction were recorded and evaluated. The function of hip joint were accessed at the final follow-up.

RESULTSThe operation time ranged from 190 to 290 min with an average of 240 min. The mean blood loss was 1 800 ml (ranged, 1 300 to 3 000 ml). One case had superficial infection and healed after 3 weeks. According to Matta reduction criteria, 8 cases obtained anatomical reduction, 4 cases got satisfied results and 1 cases got unsatisfied results. Eleven cases were followed up with an average of (24.0 +/- 8.0) months, and 2 cases were lost to follow-up. According to revised Mede d'Aubingne and Postel evaluation system, 7 cases got excellent results, 2 good, 1 moderate and 1 poor.

CONCLUSIONPosteroproximal-posteroanterior sequential reduction and internal fixation for the treatment of type C1 (AO/ASIF) acetabular fracture can achieve satisfied surgical proces and operation quality.

Acetabulum ; diagnostic imaging ; injuries ; surgery ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; Hip Fractures ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Hip Joint ; diagnostic imaging ; surgery ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Radiography ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) deceased cases.

METHODInformation of demographics, diagnosis and treatment, clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory test results, and epidemiological contact history of 72 HFMD cases who died between May 2008 and September 2011, in Zhejiang Province, were collected and analyzed.

RESULTThe average age of the 72 cases was 1.8 years, 45 were males, accounting for 62.5%, 63 (87.5%) of the cases were scattered children. Eighteen counties reported 2 or more deaths, accounting for 46.1% (18/39) among the counties where the deaths were reported. The deaths occurred mainly in April to August, the peak occurred in May and June. Fever (98.4%, 63/64) and rash (95.1%, 58/61) were the most common symptoms, but the rash was not obvious at the first diagnosis. Fever occurred before the rash (79.0%, 49/62), persisted for 4 days in average. Vomiting (71.9%, 46/64), dyspnea (65.6%, 42/64), cyanosis (53.1%, 34/64) and impaired consciousness (51.6%, 33/64) were often seen among the cases; 53.1% (34/64) cases went to see the doctor on the first day, but 82.5%(52/63)cases were misdiagnosed. Time to diagnosis of HFMD was in average 3 days. About 3 to 4 days after the onset, the disease deteriorated sharply, deaths occurred within 1 day after admission in 78.9%(45/57)of the deceased cases; 85.0% (34/40) cases had high white blood cells level, mainly neutrophils increased, the ratio of neutrophil was more than 70% in 55.6% (15/27) of cases. Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection was found in 93.3% (56/60) cases, the deceased cases often died of pulmonary hemorrhage (42.9%, 21/49) and encephalitis (34.7%, 17/49). The sanitary conditions of the cases' family were poor (65.5%, 36/55), but 73.3% (33/45) cases had no exposure history.

CONCLUSIONThe HFMD deceased cases were mostly younger aged boys, scattered children, nonlocal-residents, and had poor sanitation. They were often infected with EV71, had high fever but had no typical rash, no clear exposure history, they had increased leukocyte, and were often misdiagnosed. Three or 4 days after onset, the disease deteriorated abruptly, most cases died within 1 week after onset. To decrease the HFMD mortality, early detection of severe cases should be stressed, and relative measures should be taken. The guardian should be aware of having good sanitary situation and healthy habits.

Animals ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Enterovirus A, Human ; isolation & purification ; Feces ; virology ; Female ; Fever ; etiology ; pathology ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; epidemiology ; mortality ; pathology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Distribution

OBJECTIVETo investigate the indications, safety and efficacy of catheter directed thrombolysis for early left lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) without vena cava filters protection.

METHODSClinical data of 54 cases of early left lower extremity DVT received catheter directed thrombolysis without vena cava filters from July 2008 to June 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. The thrombosis was entire without free floating clots and no thrombosis in vena cava detected with ultrasound scan. Twenty-five patients were male and 29 were female with the average age of 52.8 years. Fifty-one of which were iliofemoral and popliteal, the other 3 were iliofemoral. The course were ≤ 7 d in 45 cases and these were 8 to 30 d in 9 cases. Urokinase of 300 000 U was infused through catheters per 2 h twice a day. Meanwhile 4000 U of low weight heparin was administered subcutaneously per 12 h, or heparin infusion at dosage of 18 U×kg(-1)×h(-1).

RESULTSThe procedure technically succeeded in all patients. In total cases venous score decreased to 4.6 ± 2.1 post 6 to 10 d of thrombolysis from 10.8 ± 1.0 with thrombolysis rate of 58% ± 18% which was not significantly different between groups of ≤ 7 d and 8 to 30 d (t = 1.02, P = 0.34). On 14(th) day, 11 patients (20.4%) completely recovered, 35 cases (64.8%) experienced large improvement, 8 patients (14.8%) had mild improvement and nobody was failed, resulting in total efficacy of 100%. No patient developed clinical symptomatic pulmonary embolism. SpO2 did not alter markedly post thrombolysis [(91.0 ± 2.6)% vs. (90.8 ± 2.4)%, t = 2.03, P = 0.05]. No patients suffered from cerebral hemorrhage and haemoturia, and catheter induced inflammation occurred in 4 cases (7.41%). There was mild bleeding in puncture sites in 11 patients (20.4%) during the course. There were 36 patients (66.7%) had been followed up with the time of 6 to 21 months. In which 31 cases had no lower extremity edema or had mild edema after activities. Two patients developed serious edema after activities for deep venous insufficiency. Three cases combined with malignant tumor or renal failure recurred.

CONCLUSIONSFor early left extremity DVT which is entire without free floating clots and no thrombosis in vena cava, catheter directed thrombolysis without filter protection maybe administered with safety, efficiency and lower expense.

Catheterization, Peripheral ; Female ; Fibrinolytic Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; blood supply ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pulmonary Embolism ; prevention & control ; Retrospective Studies ; Thrombolytic Therapy ; methods ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Vena Cava Filters ; Venous Thrombosis ; complications ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo study the three-dimensional structure of ventricular myocardial fiber in human heart.

METHODSEight human heart were obtained from male donors aged 81.9-/+7.2 years with a heart weight of 455.6-/+65.7 g. Each sample was immersed in water and scanned by diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) using a 3 Tesla Exicte HD by an eight-channel head coils. The duration was 18.6-/+5.2 h from heart arresting to the scanning. The data were obtained using the protocol of single shot echo planar imaging (sshEPI) and sensitivity encoding (SENSE). The SENSE-sshEPI-scans (TE/TRZ86.4/2000 ms) of the whole heart were carried out (b=1000 s/mm(2), voxels 128x128, resolution 1.1 mmx1.1 mmx(3) mm, and FOV 14 cmx14 cm). Fiber tracking and reconstruction were performed using GE Advantage Windows Workstation. The three-dimensional structure of the ventricular myocardial fiber was observed.

RESULTSThe left ventricular myocardial fibers showed two layers with different directions of alignment in such regions as the anterior, septum, and posterior walls and the free left ventricular wall. The subendocardial layer ran obliquely from the base to the apex, and the middle layer ran obliquely upward from the base to the apex. The two layers were linked together and aligned in the pattern of helical coils near the apex.

CONCLUSIONSThe three-dimensional structure of the myocardial fibers in human heart conforms to Torrent's hypothesis of helical ventricular myocardial band (HVMB).

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Heart ; anatomy & histology ; Heart Ventricles ; anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Imaging, Three-Dimensional ; methods ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Models, Anatomic ; Models, Cardiovascular ; Myocardial Contraction ; physiology ; Myocardium ; cytology ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; cytology

BACKGROUNDLarge animal models with toxin-mediated pancreatic damage have been used extensively in researches with respect to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diabetic complications. The present study aimed to establish Chinese Guizhou minipig models with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes and characterize the animal models by analyzing inflammatory cytokine levels in aortic wall, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and interleukin-6 (IL-6).

METHODSTwenty-two male Chinese Guizhou minipigs (age, 4 to 6 months; weight, 20 kg to 30 kg) were divided into STZ-induced diabetic group (n = 12) and control group (n = 10). STZ (125 mg/kg) was administrated to induce hyperglycemia and afterwards insulin was used to control fasting blood glucose levels below 10 mmol/L. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed before and one month after STZ administration and serum concentrations of alanine transaminase, asparagine transaminase, albumin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, lipids and white blood cell count were measured before and six months later. Animals in both groups were euthanized after six months and pancreas was examined immunohistochemically for islet beta cells. Aortic intima of diabetic minipigs and controls was analyzed for TNF-alpha level in tissue conditioned medium by Western blot. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA levels in aortic intima were assayed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

RESULTSSignificant elevation in serum glucose levels was observed one month and six months after STZ induction (P < 0.001) and markedly increased OGTT values were noted, compared with baseline data. The normal pancreas had many irregular sized islets and small clusters of islet beta cells, while in pancreas of diabetic minipigs islet beta cells almost disappeared. No statistical difference was notified in serum concentrations of biochemical examinations before and six months after STZ induction. Western blot demonstrated dramatically increased TNF-alpha level in aotic intima conditioned medium, and significant elevation of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 mRNA levels was revealed by RT-PCR.

CONCLUSIONSThe present study has established Chinese Guizhou minipig models with STZ-induced diabetes. Inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6) significantly elevated in aortic intima of diabetic minipigs.

Animals ; Aorta ; chemistry ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; immunology ; pathology ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Immunohistochemistry ; Interleukin-1beta ; blood ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Male ; Pancreas ; pathology ; Streptozocin ; Swine ; Swine, Miniature ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVETo examine vibrio cholera (V.C) in aquatic products of littoral area, Zhejiang Province and to provide scientific evidence for administration of aquatic products and cholera epidemic control.

METHODSAll 990 samples of aquatic products collected from local markets, eateries and aquafarms in three chosen areas. Samples were proliferated in alkaline liquid medium, and purified in NO: 4 medium, the isolations were identified biochemically, and phenotype of strains were defined by phagocyte and coagulation with V.C. diagnostic serum. Three virulence genes (ctx, ace, zct) of the isolated strains were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

RESULTSThere were 1.41% samples caught by V.C., having a carrying rate highest in turtles of 8.9%. 14 strains were defined as three serogroups, and the numbers of Inaba, Ogawa, and Hikojima types were 2, 2, 10 respectively. Virulence genes had detected in 9 of 12 stains. All genes were detected in 5 strains, only ZOT genes in 3 strains, and both CTX and ACE genes in 1 strain.

CONCLUSIONSAquatic products from inshore in Zhejiang Province caught with V.C. strains might be divided into three serogroups. Most of them should be virulence genes. Cholera epidemic outbreak might be caused by those contaminated products.

China ; Food Microbiology ; Genes, Bacterial ; Seafood ; microbiology ; Vibrio cholerae ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Virulence Factors ; genetics