The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) is fundamentally linked to complex and profound alterations in metabolic networks within the brain, which exhibit marked spatial heterogeneity. While conventional bulk metabolomics is powerful for detecting global metabolic shifts, it inherently lacks spatial resolution. This methodological limitation hampers the ability to interrogate critical metabolic dysregulation within discrete anatomical brain regions and specific cellular microenvironments, thereby constraining a deeper understanding of the core pathological mechanisms that initiate and drive NDDs. To address this critical gap, spatial metabolomics, with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) at its core, has emerged as a transformative approach. It uniquely overcomes the limitations of bulk methods by enabling high-resolution, simultaneous detection and precise localization of hundreds to thousands of endogenous molecules—including primary metabolites, complex lipids, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and essential metal ions—directly in situ from tissue sections. This powerful capability offers an unprecedented spatial perspective for investigating the intricate and heterogeneous chemical landscape of NDD pathology, opening new avenues for discovery. Accordingly, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the field, beginning with a discussion of the technical features, optimal application scenarios, and current limitations of major MSI platforms. These include the widely adopted matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-MSI, the ultra-high-resolution technique of secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)-MSI, and the ambient ionization method of desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)-MSI, along with other emerging technologies. We then highlight the pivotal applications of spatial metabolomics in NDD research, particularly its role in elucidating the profound chemical heterogeneity within distinct pathological microenvironments. These applications include mapping unique molecular signatures around amyloid β‑protein (Aβ) plaques, uncovering the metabolic consequences of neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and characterizing the lipid and metabolite composition of Lewy bodies. Moreover, we examine how spatial metabolomics contributes to constructing detailed metabolic vulnerability maps across the brain, shedding light on the biochemical factors that render certain neuronal populations and anatomical regions selectively susceptible to degeneration while others remain resilient. Looking beyond current applications, we explore the immense potential of integrating spatial metabolomics with other advanced research methodologies. This includes its combination with three-dimensional brain organoid models to recapitulate disease-relevant metabolic processes, its linkage with multi-organ axis studies to investigate how systemic metabolic health influences neurodegeneration, and its convergence with single-cell and subcellular analyses to achieve unprecedented molecular resolution. In conclusion, this review not only summarizes the current state and critical role of spatial metabolomics in NDD research but also offers a forward-looking perspective on its transformative potential. We envision its continued impact in advancing our fundamental understanding of NDDs and accelerating translation into clinical practice—from the discovery of novel biomarkers for early diagnosis to the development of high-throughput drug screening platforms and the realization of precision medicine for individuals affected by these devastating disorders.

Objective:To explore the effect of family empowerment model on the improvement of swallowing care ability and care preparedness of primary caregivers of first-episode stroke dysphagia patients, further to explore its impact on patients′s wallowing function and life quality.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled study. From January 2021 to December 2022, 80 main caregivers of patients with dysphagia caused by manual stroke admitted to the Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Shenzhen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected as the research objects, and 40 cases in the control group and 40 cases in the observation group were selected by random number table method. The control group were treated with conventional nursing care of first-episode stroke dysphagia patients in the acupuncture and moxibustion Department. On the basis of the conventional care in the control group, the observation group were treated with family empowerment model intervention for 14 days and was followed up for 28 days. Primary caregivers′ swallowing care ability, Caregiver Preparedness Scale (CPS), patients′ swallowing function rate, Swallowing Related Quality of Life (SWALQOL) were used to evaluate the effects before intervention and at the end of intervention.Results:There were 18 males and 19 females primary caregivers in the control group, aged (55.61 ± 7.43) years old. There were 18 males and 21 females primary caregivers in the observation group, aged (58.23 ± 8.22) years old. The swallowing care ability score showed a statistically significant difference between the observation group (143.47 ± 3.96) and the control group (107.74 ± 1.43) ( t=-26.76, P<0.05). After intervention, the caregiver preparedness scale was (26.11 ± 3.81) in the observation group, and (18.35 ± 4.54) in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-4.11, P<0.05).The patients′ swallowing function rate and SWALQOL score were respectively 97.44% (38/39) and (91.41 ± 8.08) points in the observation group, and 72.97% (27/37) and (80.33 ± 4.21) points in the control group, and the difference was both statistically significant ( χ2=10.76, t=-2.54, both P<0.05). Conclusions:The implementation of family empowerment model could enhance the swallowing care ability and care preparedness of primary caregivers of the first-episode stroke dysphagia patients, which could further improve patients′ swallowing function and life quality.

Objective A competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network associated with long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) specific for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) was constructed based on bioinformatics methods, and the functional mechanism of actinfilament-associated protein 1-antisense RNA1 (AFAP1-AS1) in LUAD was analyzed, in order to provide a new direction for the study of LUAD therapeutic targets. Methods The gene chip of LUAD was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and lncRNA and mRNA with differential expression between LUAD and normal tissues were screened using GEO2R online software, and their target genes were predicted by online databases to construct ceRNA networks and perform enrichment analysis. In cell experiments, AFAP1-AS1 was genetically knocked down and siRNA was constructed and transfected into LUAD cells A549 by cell transfection. CCK8, transwell, scratch assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the ability of cells to proliferate, invade, migrate and apoptosis. Results A total of 6 differentially expressed lncRNA and 494 differentially expressed mRNA were identified in the microarray of LUAD. The ceRNA network involved a total of 6 lncRNA, 22 miRNA, and 55 mRNA. Enrichment analysis revealed that mRNA was associated with cancer-related pathways. In cell assays, knockdown of AFAP1-AS1 inhibited cell proliferation, invasion, and migration, and AFAP1-AS1 promoted apoptosis. Conclusion In this study, we construct a lncRNA-mediated ceRNA network, which may help to further investigate the mechanism of action of LUAD. In addition, through cellular experiments, AFAP1-AS1 is found to have potential as a therapeutic target for LUAD.

Objective To analyze the co-expressed genes in blood lipid metabolism,hyperlipidemia and tacrolimus metabolism and their correlation with blood lipid levels in kidney transplant recipients.Methods Co-expressed genes were screened from Comparative Toxicogenomic Database(CTD).Baseline data of 25 kidney transplant recipients were collected.The expression levels of ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 1(ABCA1),peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ(PPAR-γ)and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored high density lipoprotein binding protein 1(GPIHBP1)were measured.All recipients were followed up.The concentrations of fasting blood glucose,glycosylated hemoglobin,triglyceride,total protein,albumin,globulin,cholesterol,high-density lipoprotein,low-density lipoprotein and tacrolimus blood concentration were collected at postoperative 1,3,6 and 12 months,and the incidence of hyperlipidemia in the recipients was analyzed.The correlation between ABCA1,GPIHBP1,PPAR-γ and clinical indexes was assessed.The diagnostic effiiciency of related indexes for hyperlipidemia after kidney transplantation was evaluated.Results Three co-expressed genes including ABCA1,PPAR-γ and GPIHBP1 were screened.ABC Al was positively correlated with cholesterol level at postoperative 6 months and tacrolimus blood concentration at postoperative 3 months,whereas negatively correlated with fasting blood glucose level at postoperative 3 months(all P＜0.05).GPIHBP1 was negatively correlated with preoperative cholesterol and triglyceride levels,whereas positively correlated with tacrolimus blood concentration at postoperative 3 months(all P＜0.05).PPAR-γ was negatively correlated with preoperative globulin and low-density lipoprotein levels(both P＜0.05).ABCA1,GPIHBP1 and PPAR-γ combined with preoperative globulin and blood glucose level at postoperative 1 and 6 months after operation yielded high diagnostic effiiciency for hypertriglyceridemia after kidney transplantation(AUC=0.900).ABCA1,GPIHBP1 and PPAR-γ combined with tacrolimus blood concentrations at postoperative 1 and 6 months and blood glucose level at postoperative 6 months had high diagnostic effiiciency for hypercholesterolemia after kidney transplantation(AUC=0.931).Conclusions ABCA1,GPIHBP1 and PPAR-γ are correlated with blood lipid level and tacrolimus blood concentration after kidney transplantation to different degrees.No definite evidence has been supported for predicting hyperlipidemia after kidney transplantation.Immunity improvement and rational blood glucose management may be beneficial factors for hyperlipidemia control.

Defined as a common gynecologic en-docrine disease,endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrium outside of the uterus cavity,affecting about 10%to 15%of reproductive-aged women worldwide.Moreover,Asian women tend to have a nine-fold increased risk of endome-triosis compared with their white counterparts in Europe and the United States.Endometriosis not only causes chronic pelvic pain,dysmenorrhea,painful sex and other pain symptoms,but also leads to infertility,pushing the patients into a state of fatigue,high sensitivity and anxiety,thus reduc-ing their quality of life.As the aging of Chinese pop-ulation intensifies and the women's childbearing age delays,it is highly urgent to find solutions to those gynecological endocrine diseases such as en-dometriosis,which hamper women's fertility.In re-cent years,studies have shown that patients with endometriosis have abnormal serum lipid metabo-lism and an increased risk of cardiovascular diseas-es.At the same time,as a type of cholesterol-lower-ing drug,statins can inhibit the progression of en-dometriosis at the cellular and animal levels.Also,a few clinical studies have exhibited that statins ex-ert a positive effect on the treatment of endometri-osis.Therefore,this article aims to review the re-searches regarding the relationship between endo-metriosis and the cardiovascular disease,as well as the research progress of statin therapy on endome-triosis based on the level of cells,animals and hu-man beings.

Objective:To investigate the effect of electroacupuncture treatment on the integrity of myelin and the related molecules in the spinal dorsal horn of neuropathic pain model rat.Methods:Totally 32 SPF grade Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: sham group, pain model group, electroacupuncture group and sham electroacupuncture group, with 8 rats in each group. Neuropathic pain model was established by right sciatic nerve ligation. Electroacupuncture stimulation of Huantiao point and Yanglingquan point was started from 1 day after surgery, 30 min/d, and lasted for 14 days. The paw withdraw mechanical threshold (PWMT) were tested before surgery, 3 days, 7 days and 14 days after surgery. Immunofluorescence was used to detect myelin basic protein (MBP) in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn and Western blot was used to measure the expression of β-secreatase 1(BACE1), neuregulin 1 type Ⅲ (NRG1 Ⅲ) and phosphorylated ErbB receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (p-ErbB2) at 14 days after surgery.SPSS 24.0 was used for statistical analysis.Repeated measurement ANOVA was used for behavioral analysis and one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni test was used for Western blot and immunofluorescence data analysis.Results:(1) The results of pain behaviors showed that the interaction effect of time and group on PWMT was significant ( F=29.817, P<0.001), and both the time main effect ( F=240.598, P<0.001) and group main effect ( F=304.291, P<0.001) were significant. There were no significant differences among 4 groups before surgery. Compared with pain model group, the PWMT of electroacupuncture group were significantly increased at 3 days ((16.87±1.82) g, (11.31±1.36) g), 7 days ((15.09±1.75) g, (10.33±0.73) g) and 14 days ((15.07±1.49) g, (9.87±0.98) g) after surgery (all P<0.01). (2)The difference of the intensity of MBP in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn staining was significant among 4 groups ( F=92.06, P<0.001). Compared with sham group, the intensity of MBP staining in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn in pain model group was significantly decreased ((13.26±1.90)%, (36.37±0.68)%) ( P<0.01) ). Compared with pain model group, the intensity of MBP staining in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn in electroacupuncture group ((28.21±3.15)%) was significantly increased after electroacupuncture treatment ( P<0.01). (3) The differences of the expressions of BACE1, NRG1 Ⅲ and p-ErbB2 in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn were significant among the 4 groups ( F=31.04, 21.20, 11.74, all P<0.01). Compared with sham group, the expressions of BACE1, NRG1 Ⅲ and p-ErbB2 in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn in pain model group were significantly downregulated (BACE1 (0.42±0.09), (1.16±0.13); NRG1 Ⅲ (0.54±0.05), (1.00±0.10); p-ErbB2 (0.73±0.06), (1.02±0.15) ) (all P<0.05). Compared with pain model group, the expression of BACE1 (0.86±0.09), NRG1 Ⅲ (0.81±0.05) and p-ErbB2 (1.12±0.04) in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn in electroacupuncture group were upregulated(all P<0.05). Conclusion:Electroacupuncture treatment could relieve neuropathic pain, improve the demyelination and upregulate the expressions of myelin-related proteins in the ipsilateral Ⅰ-Ⅲ laminae of spinal dorsal horn.

Purpose To construct and validate a machine learning-based diagnostic model for distinguishing between Mycobacterium avium-intracellular complex pulmonary disease(MAC-PD)and pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB)via chest CT images.Materials and Methods Retrospective data from patients diagnosed with MAC-PD and PTB between May 2021 and August 2022 at Beijing Chest Hospital,Capital Medical University,which were collected as the training set.The prospective external validation set was obtained from patients at the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine between September 2022 and May 2023.Clinical and radiological data were analyzed,and multivariable logistic regression,random forest and support vector machine(SVM)models were established and externally validated using the validation set.The diagnostic performance of models were evaluated using receiver operating characteristic curve and precision-recall curve,and the differences of the areas under the curve of various models were compared via the Delong test.Results There were significant differences in age and hemoptysis rate between the two groups(t=30.414,P<0.001;χ2=6.186,P=0.013).There were statistically significant differences in cavity types and morphology between the two groups(χ2=6.546,P=0.011;χ2=24.113,P<0.001),but there was no significant difference in the distribution and characteristics of cavitary lesions(P>0.05).There were significant differences in the types and distribution of bronchiectasis between the two groups(χ2=4.634,P=0.031;χ2=23.145,P<0.001).Compared with logistic regression and random forest models,the SVM model had better differential diagnostic performance,and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve,sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 0.960(95%CI 0.935-0.985),85.7%,93.6%,90.5%,93.3%,88.0%and 0.885(95%CI 0.803-0.967),respectively,76.7%,80.0%,78.3%,79.3%,77.4%.The precision-recall curve showed that the SVM model had high precision and low recall,that was,the model performs well.Conclusion The machine learning-based models exhibits excellent diagnostic performance and can assist in differentiating MAC-PD and PTB.

Traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome (TSOFS) is a symptom complex caused by nerve entrapment in the supraorbital fissure after skull base trauma. If the compressed cranial nerve in the supraorbital fissure is not decompressed surgically, ptosis, diplopia and eye movement disorder may exist for a long time and seriously affect the patients′ quality of life. Since its overall incidence is not high, it is not familiarized with the majority of neurosurgeons and some TSOFS may be complicated with skull base vascular injury. If the supraorbital fissure surgery is performed without treatment of vascular injury, it may cause massive hemorrhage, and disability and even life-threatening in severe cases. At present, there is no consensus or guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS that can be referred to both domestically and internationally. To improve the understanding of TSOFS among clinical physicians and establish standardized diagnosis and treatment plans, the Skull Base Trauma Group of the Neurorepair Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Neurosurgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, Neurotrauma Group of the Traumatology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and Editorial Committee of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized relevant experts to formulate Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic supraorbital fissure syndrome ( version 2024) based on evidence of evidence-based medicine and clinical experience of diagnosis and treatment. This consensus puts forward 12 recommendations on the diagnosis, classification, treatment, efficacy evaluation and follow-up of TSOFS, aiming to provide references for neurosurgeons from hospitals of all levels to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of TSOFS.

Patients with severe trauma require an extremely timely treatment and transfusion plays an irreplaceable role in the emergency treatment of such patients. An increasing number of evidence-based medicinal evidences and clinical practices suggest that patients with severe traumatic bleeding benefit from early transfusion of low-titer group O whole blood or hemostatic resuscitation with red blood cells, plasma and platelet of a balanced ratio. However, the current domestic mode of blood supply cannot fully meet the requirements of timely and effective blood transfusion for emergency treatment of patients with severe trauma in clinical practice. In order to solve the key problems in blood supply and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma, Branch of Clinical Transfusion Medicine of Chinese Medical Association, Group for Trauma Emergency Care and Multiple Injuries of Trauma Branch of Chinese Medical Association, Young Scholar Group of Disaster Medicine Branch of Chinese Medical Association organized domestic experts of blood transfusion medicine and trauma treatment to jointly formulate Chinese expert consensus on blood support mode and blood transfusion strategies for emergency treatment of severe trauma patients ( version 2024). Based on the evidence-based medical evidence and Delphi method of expert consultation and voting, 10 recommendations were put forward from two aspects of blood support mode and transfusion strategies, aiming to provide a reference for transfusion resuscitation in the emergency treatment of severe trauma and further improve the success rate of treatment of patients with severe trauma.

Crohn’s disease is a chronic intestinal inflammatory disorder of unknown etiology. Although the pharmacotherapies for Crohn’s disease are constantly updating, nutritional support and adjuvant therapies have recently gained more attention. Due to advancements in clinical nutrition, various clinical nutritional therapies are used to treat Crohn’s disease. Doctors treating inflammatory bowel disease can now offer several diets with more flexibility than ever. The Crohn’s disease exclusion diet is a widely used diet for patients with active Crohn’s disease. The Crohn’s disease exclusion diet requires both exclusion and inclusion. Periodic exclusion of harmful foods and inclusion of wholesome foods gradually improves a patient’s nutritional status. This article reviews the Crohn’s disease exclusion diet, including its structure, mechanisms, research findings, and clinical applications.