Bisphenols are widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonates and plastics. With the restriction and banning of bisphenol A (BPA), a typical representative of bisphenols, bisphenol S (BPS) has been widely used in the manufacture of various polymers as the main alternative to BPA. Humans are exposed to BPS through a variety of routes, and BPS is detected in food, environment, and human blood and excreta. Concerns about the safety of BPS have become an important issue, especially for pregnant women and fetuses. The results of several studies support that prenatal exposure to BPS have multiple adverse effects on the offspring. In particular, prenatal BPS exposure may affect maternal and offspring metabolic homeostasis and increase the risk of abnormal lipid metabolism in the offspring. This paper summarized the results of studies on BPS exposure and abnormal lipid metabolism. In addition, this review explored potential mechanisms of BPS, including its possible influence on lipid metabolism through interference with hormone receptors, activation of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), induction of oxidative stress and inflammatory states, and epigenetic effects. These findings emphasized the importance of more in-depth research on BPS and its potential effects to better understand its impact on human health and to provide a basis for developing appropriate public health measures to reduce the risk of BPS exposure.

OBJECTIVES: Safe and effective anticoagulation is essential for hemodialysis patients who are at high risk of bleeding. The purpose of this trial is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two-stage regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) combined with sequential anticoagulation and standard calcium-containing dialysate in intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) treatment. METHODS: Patients at high risk of bleeding who underwent IHD from September 2019 to May 2021 were prospectively enrolled in 13 blood purification centers of nephrology departments, and were randomly divided into RCA group and saline flushing group. In the RCA group, 0.04 g/mL sodium citrate was infused from the start of the dialysis line during blood draining and at the venous expansion chamber. The sodium citrate was stopped after 3 h of dialysis, which was changed to sequential dialysis without anticoagulant. The hazard ratios for coagulation were according to baseline. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients and 208 sessions were enrolled, including RCA group (80 patients, 110 sessions) and saline flushing group (79 patients, 98 sessions). The incidence of severe coagulation events of extracorporeal circulation in the RCA group was significantly lower than that in the saline flushing group (3.64% vs. 20.41%, P<0.001). The survival time of the filter pipeline in the RCA group was significantly longer than that in the saline flushing group ((238.34±9.33) min vs. (221.73±34.10) min, P<0.001). The urea clearance index (Kt/V) in the RCA group was similar to that in the saline flushing group with no statistically significant difference (1.12±0.34 vs. 1.08±0.34, P=0.41). CONCLUSIONS Compared with saline flushing, the two-stage RCA combined with a sequential anticoagulation strategy significantly reduced extracorporeal circulation clotting events and prolonged the dialysis time without serious adverse events.
Humans ; Citric Acid/adverse effects* ; Prospective Studies ; Sodium Citrate ; Hemorrhage/chemically induced* ; Citrates/adverse effects* ; Anticoagulants/adverse effects* ; Renal Dialysis/adverse effects*

Objective:To explore the clinical value of application of Teach-back education model in the process of health education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) .Methods:Using the convenient sampling method, a total of 100 COPD patients admitted to Huzhou Central Hospital from March 2018 to March 2019 were selected as the research objects. They were randomly divided into the control group and the study group, with 50 cases in each group. The control group adopted conventional health education, while the intervention group adopted Teach-back education model on the basis of conventional health education. COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores, blood gas indexes, lung function indexes of patients of the two groups before and after the intervention, as well as the recurrence and readmission status were compared and analyzed 3 months after discharge.Results:After intervention, CAT score of the study group was lower than that of the control group, blood gas analysis indexes such as partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2) , partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2) and blood oxygen saturation (SaO 2) were better than those of the control group, and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV 1) and forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV 1/FVC) levels were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05) .Three months after discharge, the frequency of disease attacks in the study group was less than that in the control group and the readmission rate was lower than that in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The use of Teach-back education model in health education for COPD patients can significantly improve the patients' respiratory symptoms, improve lung function, PaO 2 and SaO 2, reduce the recurrence and readmission of patients and optimize quality of life of patients, which is worthy of clinical promotion and application.

Objective To investigate the effect of tripterygium glycosides (TG) contained serurn on the pathological boneforming related inflammatory markers and miR-21.Methods Previous isolated and cultured AS fibroblasts were stimulated using IL-1 of 1ng/ml for 24h,different concentrations of blank serum (5％,10％,and 15％) and TG contained serum (5％,10％,and 15％) were added for 48h.PGE-2,IL-17,IL-22,IL-23,CCL19 and CCL21 proteins were examined by Western blot.The osteogenesis marker BMP and microRNA-21 mRNAs were tested.Results 48 h after intervention,the expressions of inflammatory markers were obviously inhibited by TG contained serum;the boncforming related inflammatory markers,expressions of BMP-2 and miR-2t were all inhibited in a dose-dependent manner.Conclusions TG could inhibit the expressions of boneforming related inflammatory markers,BMP-2 and miR-21,thus providing theoretical basis to treat AS pathological boneforming.

Objective To observe the expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α),matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and collagen in local skin tissue of pressure ulcer of rats,and to explore the possible mechanism of the pathogenesis of pressure ulcer.Methods Forty male SD rats were divided into normal control group,3 d compression group,5 d compression group,7 d compression group,and 9 d compression group according to the random number table,with 8 rats in each group.The rats in normal control group did not receive any treatment,whereas the rats in the latter 4 groups were established the deep tissue injury model (3 d compression group) and pressure ulcer model (the other 3 groups) on the gracilis muscle on both hind limbs using a way of cycle compression of ischemia-reperfusion magnet.The rats in 3 d compression group received only three cycles of compression,while the compressed skin of the rats in 5 d compression group,7 d compression group,and 9 d compression group were cut through and received pressure to 5,7 and 9 cycles after three cycles of compression,respectively.The rats in 3 d compression group were sacrificed immediately after receiving compression for 3 d (the rats in normal control group were sacrificed at the same time),and the rats in the other 3 groups were respectively sacrificed after receiving compression for 5,7,and 9 d,and the skin tissue on the central part of gracilis muscle on both hind limbs were harvested.The morphology of the skin tissue was observed with HE staining.The expression of collagen fiber was observed with Masson staining.The expressions of collagen type Ⅳ and MMP-2 were detected by immunohistochemical method.The expressions of TNF-α and phosphorylated NF kappa B (NF-κB) were determined by Western blotting.Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD test.Results (1) In normal control group,the skin tissue of rats was stratified squamous epithelium,with the clear skin structure,and there was no obvious infiltration of inflammatory cells.In 3 d compression group,the skin layers of rats were clear,with quite a few fibroblasts,and the inflammatory cells began to infiltrate.In 5 d compression group,7 d compression group,and 9 d compression group,the epidermis of rats thickened,with the number of fibroblasts reduced,and the infiltration of inflammatory cells enhanced with the compressed time prolonging.(2) In normal control group,the collagen fibers in skin tissue of rats were arranged in order,with rich content.In 3 d compression group,the collagen fibers in skin tissue of rats were arranged orderly,with high expression level,which was similar to that in normal control group (P ＞ 0.05).In 5 d compression group and 7 d compression group,the collagen fibers in skin tissue of rats were arranged in disorder,with the expression level gradually reduced,which were significantly lower than that in normal control group (with P values below 0.01).In 9 d compression group,the expression of collagen fiber in skin tissue of rats was a little higher than that in 7 d compression group,but it was still significantly lower than that in normal control group (P ＜ 0.01).(3) The expressions of collagen type Ⅳ in skin tissue of rats in normal control group,3 d compression group,5 d compression group,7 d compression group,and 9 d compression group were respectively 11.0 ± 2.8,9.0 ± 1.7,8.3 ± 2.8,5.1 ± 1.8,and 5.4 ± 1.2.The expression of collagen type Ⅳ in skin tissue of rats in 3 d compression group was similar to that in normal control group (P ＞ 0.05).The expressions of collagen type Ⅳ in skin tissue of rats in 5 d compression group,7 d compression group,and 9 d compression group were significantly lower than that in normal control group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜0.01).The expression of MMP-2 in skin tissue of rats in 3 d compression group was similar to that in normal control group (P ＞ 0.05).The expressions of MMP-2 in skin tissue of rats in 5 d compression group,7 d compression group,and 9 d compression group were significantly higher than that in normal control group (P ＜0.05 orP ＜0.01).(4) The expression of TNF-α in skin tissue of rats in normal controlgroup was 0.48 ± 0.11,and the expressions of TNF-α in skin tissue of rats in 3 d compression group,5 d compression group,7 d compression group,and 9 d compression group were respectively 0.84 ± 0.08,1.13 ± 0.19,1.34 ± 0.16,and 1.52 ± 0.23,which were all significantly higher than that in normal control group (with P values below 0.01).The expressions of phosphorylated NF-κB in skin tissue of rats in 3 d compression group and 9 d compression group were similar to that in normal control group (with P values above 0.05),and the expressions of phosphorylated NF-κB in skin tissue of rats in 5 d compression group and 7 d compression group were significantly higher than that in normal control group (P ＜ 0.05 or P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The high expression of MMP-2 and reduction of collagen induced by inflammatory reaction mediated by the high expression of TNF-α in local skin tissue of pressure ulcer of rats may be one of the important reasons for the formation of pressure ulcer.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effect of exogenous recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (rhbFGF) on the healing of muscles in rats after deep tissue injury of pressure ulcers.

METHODSForty-eight SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, injury control group, post injury day (PID) 4 group, PID 7 group, PID 14 group, PID 21 group according to the random number table, with 8 rats in each group. The rats in normal control group did not receive any treatment, whereas the rats in the latter 5 groups were established the deep tissue injury of pressure ulcer model on both sides of the gracilis muscle on the hind limb. The rats in injury control group did not receive any treatment after injury, while the rats in the latter 4 groups were given subcutaneous injection of 0.1 mL rhbFGF to the left gracilis in a dosage of 100 µg/mL immediately after injury, and an equal volume of normal saline (NS) was injected to right gracilis, once every other day. The rats in injury control group were sacrificed immediately after injury, and the rats in normal control group were sacrificed at the same time point. The rats in the other 4 groups were sacrificed on PID 4, 7, 14, 21, and the gracilis muscles on both sides were harvested respectively. The morphology of the gracilis muscle was examined after HE staining. The expression of myogenin in the tissues was detected by immunofluorescence method. The levels of muscle structural proteins myosin heavy chain (MyHC), phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt), and phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) were determined by Western blotting. Data were processed with one-way analysis of variance and LSD test.

RESULTS(1) In normal control group, the nuclei of graciles cells were in uniform size, and they were closely arranged with clear structure, and there were no significant infiltration of inflammatory cells. In injury control group, the nuclei of graciles cells showed signs of pyknosis, dissolution, fracture and structural disorder. Swelling of muscle cells, inflammation infiltration, structural disorder and other pathological signs of injury phenomena in graciles of PID 4 group, PID 7 group, PID 14 group, PID 21 group after rhbFGF treatment were milder compared with those after NS treatment. In addition, the numbers of regenerated myocytes in graciles of PID 4 group, PID 7 group, PID 14 group, PID 21 group after rhbFGF treatment were higher than those after NS treatment. (2) The numbers of graciles myogenin positive cells in normal control group and injury control group were respectively 28 ± 17 and 42 ± 28. The numbers of graciles myogenin positive cells in PID 4 group, PID 7 group, PID 14 group after NS treatment were 100 ± 50, 196 ± 87, 460 ± 110 respectively, while the numbers of graciles myogenin positive cells in PID 4 group, PID 7 group, PID 14 group after rhbFGF treatment were 174 ± 34, 717 ± 182, 613 ± 122 respectively, and the numbers of graciles myogenin positive cells after rhbFGF treatment were significantly higher than those after NS treatment in each group(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The number of graciles myogenin positive cells in PID 21 group after rhbFGF treatment was 109 ± 34, which was significantly lower than that after NS treatment (218 ± 71, P < 0.05). (3) The expression of MyHC in graciles in normal control group was high, which was decreased in injury control group. Both the expressions of MyHC in graciles in PID 4 group, PID 7 group, PID 14 group, PID 21 group after treatment of NS and rhbFGF showed a trend of gradual elevation, while the expressions of MyHC in graciles after rhbFGF treatment were significantly higher than those after NS treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). The expression of MyHC in graciles in PID 21 group showed a high level, and it was similar to that of the normal control group (P > 0.05). The expressions of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated mTOR in graciles of normal control group were low, and the expression of phosphorylated Akt in graciles increased in injury control group, while the expression of phosphorylated mTOR in graciles decreased in injury control group. The expressions of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated mTOR in graciles of PID 4 group, PID 7 group, PID 14 group, PID 21 group after treatment with rhbFGF showed a trend of elevation in the beginning but declined afterwards. The expressions of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated mTOR in graciles of PID 4 group after rhbFGF treatment were significantly lower than those after NS treatment (P <0 .05 or P < 0.01). The expressions of phosphorylated Akt and phosphorylated mTOR in graciles of PID 7 group, PID 14 group, PID 21 group after rhbFGF treatment were significantly higher than those after NS treatment (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSExogenous rhbFGF may effectively facilitate the healing of muscle structure and accelerate the regeneration of muscles in rats after deep tissue injury of pressure ulcers, and its mechanism may be related to the improvement of the expression of myogenin and enhancement of the expression of protein of muscle growth-related signaling pathways.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 ; metabolism ; Humans ; Myogenin ; metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Pressure Ulcer ; therapy ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Recombinant Proteins ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases ; metabolism ; Wound Healing

Objective:To review the application of microemulsions as vehicles in transdermal delivery systems. Methods:Based on the recently published papers, the research on the application of microemulsions was classified and summarized. Results: Microe-mulsions is extensively applied as drug vehicles due to the ability of solubilization, drug permeation enhancement and efficacy improve-ment. Conclusion:Microemulsions as promising vehicles for transdermal delivery show a good application prospect.

The stratum corneum barrier and the other issues in transdermal drug delivery system have attracted more and more at-tention, and the novel liposomes as the drug delivery vehicles effectively solve the problems. The novel liposomes can significantly im-prove transdermal drug penetration, therefore, can enhance efficacy and shows high application value and development prospects. In the paper, combined with some domestic and foreign current researches, the classification, penetration mechanisms and application of the novel liposomes were reviewed.

Objective To investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-10 in psoriasis.Methods The expression of IL-17 and IL-10 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 32 patients with psoriasis (psoriasis group) and 30 normal controls (control group).The correlation of IL-17 and IL-10 was analyzed.Results The expression of IL-17 in psoriasis group was higher than that in control group[(57.59 ± 11.99) ng/L vs.(33.27 ± 6.49) ng/L] (t =9.84,P ＜ 0.01).The expression of IL-10 in psoriasis group was lower than that in control group [(25.38 ± 4.32) ng/L vs.(32.01 ± 5.54) ng/L] (t =5.27,P＜ 0.01).There was negative correlation between IL-17 and IL-10 in patients with psoriasis (r =-0.70,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion The pathogenesis of psoriasis may be related to imbalance of IL-17 and IL-10.