[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.06.016.].

Objective:To summarize and compare the characteristics of orthostatic hypotension (OH)　in　patients　with　Parkinson′s disease and multiple system atrophy (MSA).Methods:The active standing test data of 210 Parkinson′s disease patients (Parkinson′s disease group) and 85 MSA patients (MSA group) admitted to the Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2021 to March 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic information, clinical data, Hoehn-Yahr staging, and Unified Parkinson′s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQ), Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination scores were collected. The comparative analysis of OH was conducted according to the changes of heart rate and blood pressure during the active standing test.Results:Among the 85 patients with MSA, 52 were found with MSA parkinsonism variant (MSA-P) and 33 with MSA cerebellar variant (MSA-C). The 210 Parkinson′s disease patients were aged (61.5±11.0) years, with 116 males (55.2%). The 85　MSA　patients　were aged (60.1±6.8) years, with 44 males (51.8%). Compared with the Parkinson′s disease group, the Hoehn-Yahr staging [2.0(2.0, 3.0) vs 3.0(2.0, 3.0), Z=-5.278, P<0.001], NMSQ[ 25.0(11.0,46.5) vs 45.0(24.0,70.0), Z=-3.632, P<0.001] and UPDRS scores [50.0(32.0,68.0) vs 65.5(44.5,78.5), Z=-3.073, P=0.003] in the MSA group were higher. The incidence of OH in the MSA group was higher than that in the Parkinson′s disease group [63.5% (54/85) vs 25.7%(54/210), χ 2= 37.284, P<0.001], but there was no statistically significant difference between the MSA-P and MSA-C groups . Compared with the Parkinson′s disease group, the MSA group had a higher incidence of classical OH [54.1%(46/85) vs 12.9%(27/210), χ 2=55.316, P<0.001] and neurogenic OH [36.5%(31/85) vs 9.0%(19/210), χ 2=32.326, P<0.001],but there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of initial OH and delayed OH between the two groups. The incidence of severe OH in the MSA group was also higher than that in the Parkinson′s disease group [57.6%(49/85) vs 16.7%(35/210), χ 2=49.894, P<0.001], but there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of pre-clinical OH and mild OH between the two groups. Conclusions:The incidence, time change, severity and pathophysiological basis of OH in Parkinson′s disease and MSA patients are different. Different types of OH may help to distinguish MSA from Parkinson′s disease.

Objective: To explore the relationship between dietary behavior, dietary frequency and central precocious puberty (CPP) among children in Wuhan, so as to provide a scientific basis for elucidating the possible and related dietary factors leading to precocious puberty. Methods: From February to December 2023, 100 children with CPP and 100 healthy children were collected in Wuhan Children s Hospital for a case control study. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect demographic information, child lifestyle, as well as dietary behavior and dietary frequency in the past six months. Conditional Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship of children s dietary behavior and dietary frequency with CPP. Results: No associations were found between three dietary behavior, including emotional eating, restrictive eating, and external eating, with CPP at baseline ( P >0.05). In the association analysis of dietary frequency and CPP, the risk of CPP was higher in those who consumed red meat >5 times/week ( OR =1.93, 95% CI =1.01-3.68), carbonated beverages ≥4 times/month ( OR =2.70, 95% CI =1.03-7.08), fruit juices ≥4 times/month ( OR =2.31, 95% CI =1.02-5.25), and nutritional supplementation ( OR =2.77, 95% CI =1.47- 5.22 ), whereas the risk of CPP was lower in those who consumed nuts ≥4 times/month ( OR =0.21, 95% CI =0.08-0.57) ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion Consumption of higher amounts of red meat, high frequency of carbonated and juice based sugary drinks, and nutrient supplementation may be contributing factors to the development of CPP, whereas regular consumption of nuts is less likely to be associated with the development of CPP.

Objective:To investigate the association between gestational blood pressure and neurodevelopment in 2-year-old children.Methods:Based on the"Wuhan Healthy Baby Birth Cohort", 3 754 mother-infant pairs were enrolled in this study. Based on multiple blood pressure measurements during pregnancy, the mean, cumulative, and variability of blood pressure throughout the entire pregnancy and each trimester were calculated. Blood pressure variability was evaluated using standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variability (CV), and variability independent of mean (VIM). Follow-up testing of neurodevelopment in infants and young children at the age of two was conducted to obtain the Mental Development Index (MDI) and the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI). The multivariate linear regression and generalized estimation equation were used to analyze the association between gestational blood pressure data and neurodevelopmental index.Results:The age of 3 754 pregnant women was (29.1±3.6) years, with a pre-pregnancy BMI of (20.9±2.7) kg/m2 and a gestational age of (39.3±1.2) weeks. The birth weight of 3 754 children was (3 330.9±397.7) grams, and the birth length was (50.3±1.6) centimeters. The results of the multivariate linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, the mean blood pressure, cumulative blood pressure, standard deviation of blood pressure, coefficient of variation of blood pressure, independent blood pressure variability of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure throughout pregnancy were negatively associated with the MDI and PDI scores of 2-year-old children. The analysis results of the generalized estimation equation showed that after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, the average systolic blood pressure in the first, second, and third trimesters was negatively associated with MDI/PDI. The negative association between cumulative blood pressure and MDI/PDI was only found in the first trimester. The negative association between blood pressure variation during pregnancy and MDI/PDI was mainly concentrated in the second and third trimesters.Conclusion:There is a negative association between gestational blood pressure and the neurodevelopmental index of 2-year-old children.

Objective:To investigate the association between gestational blood pressure and neurodevelopment in 2-year-old children.Methods:Based on the"Wuhan Healthy Baby Birth Cohort", 3 754 mother-infant pairs were enrolled in this study. Based on multiple blood pressure measurements during pregnancy, the mean, cumulative, and variability of blood pressure throughout the entire pregnancy and each trimester were calculated. Blood pressure variability was evaluated using standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variability (CV), and variability independent of mean (VIM). Follow-up testing of neurodevelopment in infants and young children at the age of two was conducted to obtain the Mental Development Index (MDI) and the Psychomotor Development Index (PDI). The multivariate linear regression and generalized estimation equation were used to analyze the association between gestational blood pressure data and neurodevelopmental index.Results:The age of 3 754 pregnant women was (29.1±3.6) years, with a pre-pregnancy BMI of (20.9±2.7) kg/m2 and a gestational age of (39.3±1.2) weeks. The birth weight of 3 754 children was (3 330.9±397.7) grams, and the birth length was (50.3±1.6) centimeters. The results of the multivariate linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, the mean blood pressure, cumulative blood pressure, standard deviation of blood pressure, coefficient of variation of blood pressure, independent blood pressure variability of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure throughout pregnancy were negatively associated with the MDI and PDI scores of 2-year-old children. The analysis results of the generalized estimation equation showed that after adjusting for relevant confounding factors, the average systolic blood pressure in the first, second, and third trimesters was negatively associated with MDI/PDI. The negative association between cumulative blood pressure and MDI/PDI was only found in the first trimester. The negative association between blood pressure variation during pregnancy and MDI/PDI was mainly concentrated in the second and third trimesters.Conclusion:There is a negative association between gestational blood pressure and the neurodevelopmental index of 2-year-old children.

Cough is a common symptom of several respiratory diseases. However, frequent coughing from acute to chronic often causes great pain to patients. It may turn into cough variant asthma, which seriously affects people's quality of life. For cough treatment, it is dominated by over-the-counter antitussive drugs, such as asmeton, but most currently available antitussive drugs have serious side effects. Thus, there is a great need for the development of new drugs with potent cough suppressant. BALB/c mice were used to construct mice model with cough to investigate the pharmacological effects of pectolinarigenin (PEC). Hematoxylin-eosin and Masson staining were used to assess lung injury and airway remodeling, and ELISA was used to assess the level of inflammatory factor release. In addition, inflammatory cell counts were measured to assess airway inflammation. Airway hyperresponsiveness assay was used to assess respiratory resistance in mice. Finally, we used Western blotting to explore the potential mechanisms of PEC. We found that PEC could alleviate lung tissue injury and reduce the release of inflammatory factors, inhibit of cough frequency and airway wall collagen deposition in mice model with cough. Meanwhile, PEC inhibited the Ras/ERK/c-Fos pathway to exhibit antitussive effect. Therefore, PEC may be a potential drug for cough suppression.

Objective:To investigate the hemodynamic characteristics and dynamic cerebral autoregulation(dCA) of patients with severe carotid stenosis before carotid endarterectomy(CEA), and to analyze their correlations with hyperperfusion after CEA.Methods:A total of 63 patients with unilateral severe carotid artery atherosclerotic stenosis who underwent CEA were consecutively recruited prospectively in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2021 to August 2021. According to postoperative hyperperfusion, patients were divided into hyperperfusion group (13 cases) and non-hyperperfusion group (50 cases). The general clinical data and hemodynamic parameters were compared between the two groups. The dCA was evaluated by the transfer function analysis that measured the fluctuation amplitude of mean cerebral blood flow velocity(CBFV) with blood pressure change, the time difference of phase with blood pressure change, and the correlation between mean CBFV and blood pressure change. The value of dCA for predicting postoperative hyperperfusion was analyzed through the ROC curve and the area under the curve(AUC).Results:①The proportion of hypertension in hyperperfusion group was higher than that in non-hyperperfusion group ( P<0.05). ②The peak systolic velocity (PSV) at the stenosis lesion of the internal carotid artery, the end-diastolic velocity (EDV) at the stenosis lesion of the internal carotid artery and the ratio of PSV at the stenosis lesion of the internal carotid artery to the distal internal carotid artery in the hyperperfusion group were higher than the non-hyperperfusion group.And the PSV of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery in the hyperperfusion group was lower than the non-hyperperfusion group (all P<0.05). ③In the very low-frequency and low-frequency region, the phase in the hyperperfusion group was lower than that in the non-hyperperfusion group (all P<0.05), while there was no significant difference in the high-frequency regions( P>0.05). In the three regions of very low-frequency, low-frequency and high-frequency, there were no significant differences in the gain and coherence between the two groups(all P>0.05). ④The best cutoff value of phase in the very low-frequency was 33.28 for predicting hyperperfusion after CEA (AUC=0.766, 95% CI=0.629-0.904, P=0.03), with the specificity of 0.700, and sensitivity of 0.846. Conclusions:There are differences in hemodynamics and dCA between the hyperperfusion group and the non-hyperperfusion group after CEA. The impaired preoperative dynamic cerebral autoregulation is an independent predictor of postoperative hyperperfusion.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of ultrasonic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and optical disk elevation (ODE) for intracranial hypertension in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis(CVST).Methods:A total of 50 patients with CVST who underwent lumbar puncture and ONSD examination in the Department of Neurology and Emergency Department of Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2021 to December 2021 were retrospectively enrolled. After lumbar puncture, the patient′s initial intracranial pressure was recorded. Normal ICP was defined as ICP between 80 and 200 mmH 2O, and increased ICP was defined as ICP>200 mmH 2O. Fifty patients with CVST were divided into normal ICP group (14 cases) and increased ICP group (36 cases). The differences of baseline data, ONSD and ODE between the two groups were compared, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated. The area under the curve (AUC) and the diagnostic cut-off value of ONSD were analyzed. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between ONSD, ODE, CVST involvement range scores and intracranial pressure. Results:①There were no significant differences in gender, age and body mass index between the normal ICP group and the increased ICP group (all P>0.05). ②The ONSD and ODE in the increased ICP group were higher than those in the normal ICP group, and the differences were statistically significant [(4.83±0.33)mm vs (4.21±0.21)mm, (0.67±0.44)mm vs (0.24±0.29)mm, all P<0.001]. Spearman correlation analysis showed that ONSD and ODE were positively correlated with intracranial pressure ( rs=0.74, 0.51, all P<0.001). ③The extent of CVST involvement in the intracranial hypertension group was higher than that in the normal intracranial pressure group, and the difference was statistically significant [5.0(3.0, 7.5) vs 2.5(2.0, 5.0), P=0.015]. Spearman correlation analysis showed that CVST involvement score was positively correlated with intracranial pressure ( rs=0.43, P<0.001). ④In the diagnosis of intracranial hypertension in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, the AUC of ONSD was 0.935, the best diagnostic threshold of ONSD was 4.5 mm, the sensitivity was 0.81, and the specificity was 0.93. Conclusions:ONSD and ODE measured by ultrasound are reliable imaging methods to identify intracranial hypertension in patients with CVST.

As a chronic liver inflammation disease caused by the lack of immune tolerance, autoimmune hepatitis is regulated by various signaling pathways, such as the NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, the Hippo-YAP/TAZ pathway, the JAK/STAT pathway, the PI3K/Akt pathway, and the TRAF6/JNK pathway. These pathways can play a role against autoimmune hepatitis by participating in the processes including the proliferation and apoptosis of cytokines, immune response, and oxidative stress. In view of the problems of suboptimal response, obvious adverse reactions, and high recurrence rate in the clinical application of hormones and immune preparations for the treatment of autoimmune hepatitis, this article summarizes the research articles on autoimmune hepatitis-related signaling pathways and the mechanism of effective constituents (glycosides, terpenoids, flavonoids, quinones, and phenols) in traditional Chinese medicine intervening against the disease process of autoimmune hepatitis through the above signaling pathways, in order to provide a theoretical basis for scientific and effective utilization of effective constituents in traditional Chinese medicine to develop anti-autoimmune hepatitis drugs.

Hepatic fibrosis is a common pathological stage of many chronic liver diseases. Activation of hepatic stellate cells is considered as a key event in the progression of hepatic fibrosis. The pathogenesis of liver fibrosis is modulated by various cytokines involved in several signal pathways, including NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog etc. With the rapid development of modern pharmacology and biotechnology, the underlying molecular mechanism of anti-liver fibrosis of active components from traditional Chinese medicine has been further elucidated. This article summarizes scientific outcomes of signal pathways involved in liver fibrosis and how active components of Chinese herbal medicines exhibit anti-liver fibrosis effects, aiming to provide a potential drug candidate as a treatment for liver fibrosis and to open up a new research field of therapeutics for liver fibrosis.