Cryptorchidism is the most common developmental abnormality of male genitourinary system and the most common cause of non-obstructive azoospermia in adults. This article reviews the research progress on the correlation between the age, unilateral and bilateral, position, hormone adjuvant therapy of childhood cryptorchidism and adult infertility and the mechanism of infertility, in order to improve the protection of the prepubertal testis by clinicians. Orchiopexy is recommended as early as possible at the age of 6 to 12 months, in order to maintain spermatogenesis and improve the fertility of adults.