Objective To explore the normal reference range of perchlorate content in the urine of primary school students, and compare whether there are differences in their urine perchlorate contents among different populations, and to provide reference for the health care of primary school students. Methods A total of 441 primary school students aged 6 to 15 years old in a certain city were selected, and their urine samples were collected. The contents of perchlorate in the urine were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and the measurement data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results There was no significant gender difference in the content of perchlorate in the urine of primary school students, but there was an age difference. The normal reference range for the content of perchlorate in the urine of primary school students aged 6-9 years old was 0-99.09 μg/L, and the normal reference range for the content of perchlorate in the urine of primary school students aged 10-15 years old was 0-74.56 μg/L. Conclusion Through the measurement and analysis of a large number of samples, a normal reference range for the content of urinary perchlorate in primary school students have been recommended.

Objective To explore the normal reference range of perchlorate content in the urine of primary school students, and compare whether there are differences in their urine perchlorate contents among different populations, and to provide reference for the health care of primary school students. Methods A total of 441 primary school students aged 6 to 15 years old in a certain city were selected, and their urine samples were collected. The contents of perchlorate in the urine were determined by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and the measurement data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software. Results There was no significant gender difference in the content of perchlorate in the urine of primary school students, but there was an age difference. The normal reference range for the content of perchlorate in the urine of primary school students aged 6-9 years old was 0-99.09 μg/L, and the normal reference range for the content of perchlorate in the urine of primary school students aged 10-15 years old was 0-74.56 μg/L. Conclusion Through the measurement and analysis of a large number of samples, a normal reference range for the content of urinary perchlorate in primary school students have been recommended.

BACKGROUND:The occurrence and development of osteoarthritis is strongly associated with immune abnormalities,and the importance of various immune cells and immune mediators in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis has been continuously elucidated. OBJECTIVE:To review the role of immune cells and related cytokines in osteoarthritis disease,and provide new ideas for future research and prevention of osteoarthritis. METHODS:Taking"osteoarthritis,knee,macrophages,T cells,B cells,natural killer cells,dendritic cells,cytokines,inflammatory factors,immune cells"as search terms,relevant published literature was searched on CNKI,WanFang,VIP,PubMed and Web of Science databases.After reading the title and abstract for preliminary screening,98 articles were selected for review after reading the full text again. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the past,it was believed that the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis was associated with cartilage wear.In recent years,studies have suggested that osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory state in which immune cells are widely involved.With the in-depth study of the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis,scholars believe that the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis is driven by early innate immune response,which will gradually catalyze degenerative changes and eventually lead to changes in the joint microenvironment.Various immune cells and cytokines are the key factors affecting the repair of osteoarthritis.Macrophages and natural killer cells participate in synovial inflammatory reaction,and T cell immune reaction participates in the degradation of osteoarthritis cartilage and aggravates the condition of osteoarthritis.Interleukin-1β secreted by immune cells,interleukin-6,tumor necrosis factor α,interleukin-17 and interleukin-37 play an important role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis,among which interleukin-1β is the most important inflammatory factor causing articular cartilage damage.Assessing immunological risk factors at the early stage of osteoarthritis can effectively treat the disease at an early stage,which can significantly reduce disability,morbidity and costs associated with osteoarthritis.At present,the immunomodulatory effect of stem cells and their derived secretions and biomaterials on the treatment of osteoarthritis has been confirmed in different experimental models,but there is still a lot of research to be done before they are used in clinical practice.With the discovery of new therapeutic targets,targeted treatment will bring new hope for the repair of clinical osteoarthritis.

This paper discussed the clinical ideas and methods of treating diabetes by improving symptoms. Diabetes-related symptoms can affect the control of blood glucose and other metabolic indicators to varying degrees， and affect the quality of life of patients. In the clinical diagnosis and treatment of diabetes， “equal emphasis on both indicators” is suggested， meaning that quality of life indicators is as important as metabolic indicators. The patient's symptoms should be paied attention to， and the diagnosis and treatment should start from “symptom differentiation”， and emphasize the “key symptoms”. When there are many symptoms， it is advised to adopt the combined treatment mode of “syndrome cluster”， and take the principle of “treating both the root and accompanying symptoms in mild cases with multiple symptoms， and prescribing multiple formulas daily”. At the same time， the model of co-management of three disciplines of diabetes consisting of diabetes specialists， traditional Chinese medicine doctors， and health managers can help the management of diabetes symptoms.

Objective: To study the impact of sleep characteristics on myopia, among lower primary school students in Shanghai, so as to provide foundation for the prevention of the onset and development of myopia. Methods: A total of 636 students from the first and second grades of two primary schools in Jiading District, Shanghai, were selected through cluster random sampling for questionnaire surveys and ophthalmological examinations in October 2022. The Childrens Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used to assess sleep quality at baseline. Ophthalmological examinations were conducted in October 2023(479), during which the students study time, screen time and outdoor activity time were monitored for twoweek, repeated twice. Generalized multivariable Logistic regression models and linear regression models were employed to examine the association between sleeprelated factors and myopia, as well as the strength of this association. Results: The baseline survey indicated a myopia prevalence of 18.58%, with 17.18% at followup. The average CSHQ total score was (51.58±4.44), and the average daily sleep duration was (9.43±4.84)h/d, with only 11.6% of participants meeting the recommended sleep sufficiency. Multivariable regression models indicated that insufficient sleep showed positive association with myopia (OR=1.64, 95%CI=1.05-2.56), while bedtime duration was significantly negative associated with myopia (OR=0.74, 95%CI=0.63-0.91, P＜0.05), adjusting for confounding factors. Inconsistency in bed rest time was a risk factor for myopia (OR=1.07, P<0.05), and the consistency of bed rest time, and wakeup time showed statistically significant correlations with SE (P<0.05). There was also statistically significant correlations between consistency in sleep time, bed rest time, and wakeup time with AL (P<0.05). Conclusions Insufficient sleep and bedtime duration are correlated with the onset and progression of myopia. It is critical to ensure sufficient sleep duration and regular sleep habits for children to reduce the occurrence of myopia in the primary school students.

ObjectiveTo analyze the surveillance results of foodborne diseases in Wuhan to investigate the temporal, spatial, and demographic distribution of foodborne disease in Wuhan, so as to provide an evidence for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases. MethodsData were collected through the foodborne disease surveillance network system and analyzed statistically. Stool, blood, rectal swabs, and vomitus samples from some diarrhea cases were collected for pathogens detection, including Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and norovirus. ResultsA total of 14 733 cases of foodborne diseases were reported in Wuhan from 2019 to 2022, with a male-to-female ratio of 1∶0.92. The highest incidence was 3.58 per 10 000 person-years in 2019 and the lowest was 2.19 per 10 000 person-years in 2020. The peak incidence occurred from June to October. Higher incidence rates were observed in central districts such as Jiang’an District, Wuchang District, and Caidian District. The age group with the highest incidence was 20‒29 years, while the age group with the highest total pathogen detection rate was 0‒9 years old. The affected population primarily included middle school students, household workers, and unemployed individuals, and children living at home. Suspected food sources were mainly vegetarian, other miscellaneous foods, and animal-based food. Of the 3 499 biological samples collected, 1 820 of them was conducted a detection for norovirus, the overall detection rate of pathogenic bacteria was 22.89% (801/3 499), with detection rates of Salmonella and Escherichia coli at 19.23% (673/3 499) and 3.03% (106/3 499), respectively. The detection rate of norovirus was 4.12% (75/1 820). The detection rate of pathogenic bacteria in biological samples of the patients who consumed infant food, milk, and egg-based foods was higher, at 53.33% and 42.93%, respectively. In terms of detected pathogens, the highest detection rate of Salmonella was found in the biological samples of patients who consumed infant food, milk, and egg-based foods, the highest detection rate of Escherichia coli was found in the biological samples of patients who consumed milk, egg, and animal-based foods, while Vibrio parahaemolyticus and norovirus had higher detection rates in patients who consumed beverages and alcoholic drinks. Suspected food sources were often found in food services, retail or farmer products markets, and homemade food. Salmonella, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli were detected more frequently from June to September, while norovirus was detected more frequently in winter and spring. ConclusionThe population aged between 0‒29 years in Wuhan is the key high-risk group for foodborne diseases. Salmonella, diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and norovirus are the main pathogens causing foodborne diseases in Wuhan. Market supervision departments should focus on strengthening the regulation of infant food.

Objective To observe the effect of preoperative enteral nutritional support combined with modified Ivor-Lewis surgery for esophageal cancer on lung function and mRNA expression of GATA-binding protein 3(GATA3)and forkhead protein P3(Foxp3)in peripheral blood.Methods Sixty esophageal cancer patients who underwent modified Ivor-Lewis surgery in our hospital from January 2022 to October 2023 were selected and divided into two groups by simple random method.The control group was given conventional diet before operation,and the observation group was given enteral nutrition support before operation.The two groups were compared in terms of nutritional support.Results Both groups showed significantly decreases in one-second exertion expiratory volume/exertion lung volume(FEV1/FVC)(P<0.05),FVC(P<0.05),FEV1(P<0.05)and the levels of peripheral blood GATA3(P<0.05),Foxp3 mRNA(P<0.05)expression compared with those at admission(P<0.05),but no significant differences in pulmonary function(P>0.05),peripheral blood GATA3(P>0.05),and Foxp3 mRNA(P>0.05)expression between them at 1 week postoperatively.Both groups exhibited significantly lower levels of albumin,prealbumin,haemoglobin,transferrin,PNI and body mass and body mass index at admis-sion as compared to those at one week after surgery(P<0.05).The observation group showed significantly higher levels of albumin,prealbumin,haemoglobin,transferrin,and PNI at 1 week postoperatively(P<0.05),but no significant differences in ventilation time,defecation time,drain retention time,hospitalisation time,and compli-cation rate as compared to the control group(P>0.05).Conclusion Preoperative enteral nutritional support combined with modified Ivor-Lewis surgery for esophageal cancer improves postoperative nutritional status,and ren-ders less effect on postoperative lung function and peripheral blood GATA3 and Foxp3 mRNA expression.

Objective To analyze the survival time and influencing factors of HIV Infectors/AIDS patients in Wuhan from 1994-2022 and provide evidence for future prevention and control strategies.Methods Data on HIV/AIDS epidemiology and antiviral treatment were collected from 1994 to 2022 by the national HIV/AIDS Comprehensive Prevention and Control Data In-formation System.The life table method and Cox proportional hazard regression model were used to analyze survival time and its influencing factors.Results A total of 8954 patients with HIV/AIDS were followed up for 47245.4 person-years,with 1078 deaths from all causes,and the median survival time was 22.3 years.The survival rates at 1,5,10,15,and 20 years were 92.9％,88.5％,83.5％,78.7％,and 73.8％,respectively.The results of the Cox proportional hazard regression model analysis revealed that untreated,older age,unemployed,male,low literacy,native,heterosexual and injection drug transmission,being founcl by medical institution examination,and lower CD4 baseline levels were risk factors for HIV/AIDS patient survival time(untreated vs.treated,HR=13.979,95％CI:11.883-16.446;without stable occupations vs.stable occupations:HR=1.140,95％CI:1.004-1.295;locally registered residence vs.mobile patients:HR=1.682,95％CI:1.415-2.000;medical institution testing findings vs.VCT:HR=1.823,95％CI:1.421-2.339).Conclusion For risk factors such as being 50 years old and a-bove,being unemployed,having a low level of literacy,being detected by medical institutions and having a low CD4 baseline lev-el,we should improve the public's scientific understanding of HIV/AIDS through publicity and education and promote early de-tection and treatment through medical and prevention cooperation and social organization participation.Making full use of healthy big data of HIV/AIDS patients,forming multi-dimensional full-life cycle health files,providing accurate medical care for different individuals,including psychological intervention,and extending life time and improving quality of life are directions for future efforts.

Objective:To investigate the value of serum gastrin 17 (G-17), pepsinogen I (PG I), pepsinogen II (PG II), and programmed cell death protein 5 (PDCD5) in the identification of gastric precancerous state and the diagnosis of early gastric cancer.Methods:A total of 86 patients with early gastric cancer who received treatment at the Marine Police Corps Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Force from July 2018 to June 2022 were included in the gastric cancer group. Eighty patients with gastric precancerous states who concurrently received treatment in the same hospital were included in the precancerous state group. An additional 80 partiapants who concurrently received physical examination in the same hospital were included in the healthy group.The value of G-17, PG I, PG II, and PDCD5 in the diagnosis of early gastric cancer was analyzed.Results:The levels of G-17 and PG II in the precancerous state group [(10.87 ± 3.23) pmol/L, (15.78 ± 3.33) μg/L] and gastric cancer group [(18.78 ± 4.10) pmol/L, (21.25 ± 4.48) μg/L] were significantly higher compared with the healthy group [(5.56 ± 1.43) pmol/L, (13.52 ± 3.02) μg/L, F = 362.65, 94.12, all P < 0.05]. The levels of PG I and PDCD5 in the precancerous state group [(79.52 ± 16.62) μg/L, (1.35 ± 0.15) μg/L] and gastric cancer group [(50.06 ± 15.58) μg/L, (0.85 ± 0.13) μg/L] were significantly lower than those in the healthy group [(110.12 ± 30.23) μg/L, (1.60 ± 0.12) μg/L, F = 151.07, 650.56, all P < 0.05)].There were significant differences between the precancerous state and the gastric cancer groups in terms of family history of gastric cancer, consumption of high salt fried foods, alcohol consumption history, and Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection ( χ2 = 10.39, 4.68, 11.47, 36.49, all P < 0.05). Family history of gastric cancer ( OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.03-1.96) and Hp infection ( OR = 3.76, 95% CI = 1.30-10.85) were identified as risk factors for gastric cancer ( P < 0.05). The combination of G-17, PG I, PG II, and PDCD5 had the highest predictive efficiency for early gastric cancer ( P < 0.05), with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve being 0.982, sensitivity and specificity of 98.84% and 90.00%, respectively. Conclusion:Family history of gastric cancer and Hp infection are risk factors for gastric cancer. Patients with precancerous state and early gastric cancer have elevated serum levels of G-17 and PG II and reduced serum levels of PG I and PDCD5 protein. Combined detection of these four indicators has a high diagnostic value for early gastric cancer.

Objective:To compare the clinical efficacy between bone transport technique combined with bone grafting plus internal fixation and simple bone transport technique in the treatment of large segmental bone defects at lower limbs after trauma.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted to analyze the clinical data of 42 patients with large segmental bone defects at lower limbs after trauma who had been treated at Department of Trauma Orthopaedics, Honghui Hospital Affiliated to Medicine College, Xi'an Jiaotong University from September 2015 to September 2019. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the different methods of repairing bone defects. In group A of 18 patients subjected to bone transport combined with bone grafting plus internal fixation, there were 11 males and 7 females with an age of (35.2±10.3) years, and 12 tibial defects and 6 femoral defects; in group B of 24 patients subjected to simple bone transport, there were 15 males and 9 females with an age of (37.3±9.4) years, and 17 tibial defects and 7 femoral defects. The external fixation time (EFT), external fixation index (EFI), total cure time and complications were recorded and compared between the 2 groups. At the last follow-up, the Ennecking score for limb functional recovery (score/total score 30) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) were used to evaluate respectively the functional recovery of the limbs and postoperative anxiety.Results:The 2 groups were comparable because there was no significant difference between them in preoperative general data or follow-up time ( P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the number of surgeries between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). The EFT [(5.9±1.5) months], EFI [(0.45±0.09) months/cm], total treatment time [(16.2±2.4) months], Ennecking score for limb functional recovery (87.0%±8.6%), SAS score [(43.2±9.0) points], and complications per capita [(0.4±0.2) times/case] in group A were significantly better than those in group B [(15.3±4.2) months, (1.19±0.28) months/cm, (19.7±3.5) months, (77.3%±9.2%), (58.2±9.3) points, and (1.2±0.5) times/case] (all P<0.05). Conclusion:In the treatment of large segmental bone defects at lower limbs, compared with simple bone transport technique, bone transport technique combined with bone grafting plus internal fixation has advantages of shorter external fixation time and overall cure time, a lower rate of complications, and better functional recovery of the limbs.