The complex hemodynamic environment within the aortic lumen plays a crucial role in the progression of aortic diseases such as aneurysms and dissections. Traditional imaging modalities often fail to provide comprehensive flow dynamics that are essential for precise risk assessment and timely intervention. The advent of time-resolved, three-dimensional (3D) phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) has revolutionized the evaluation of aortic diseases by allowing a detailed visualizations of flow patterns and quantification of hemodynamic parameters. This review explores the utility of 4D flow MRI in the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases, highlighting the key hemodynamic parameters, including flow velocity, wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time, vortex, turbulent kinetic energy, flow displacement, pulse wave velocity, aortic distensibility, energy loss, and stasis. We elucidate the significant findings of studies utilizing 4D flow MRI in the context of aortic aneurysms and dissections, highlighting its role in enhancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes. This review underscores the potential of 4D flow MRI to refine risk stratification and guide therapeutic decisions, ultimately contributing to better management of aortic diseases.

Lecanemab (product name Leqembi ® ) is an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody treatment approved for use in Korea for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. The Korean Dementia Association has created recommendations for the appropriate use of lecanemab to assist clinicians. These recommendations include selecting patients for administration, necessary pre-administration tests and preparations,administration methods, monitoring for amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), and communication with patients and caregivers. Lecanemab is recommended for patients with MCI or mild dementia who confirmed positive amyloid biomarkers, and should not be administered to patients with severe hypersensitivity to lecanemab or those unable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. To predict the risk of ARIA before administration, apolipoprotein E genotyping is conducted, and regular brain MRI evaluations are recommended to monitor for ARIA during treatment. The most common adverse reactions are infusion-related reactions, which require appropriate management upon occurrence. Additional caution is needed when co-administering with anticoagulants or tissue plasminogen activator due to the risk of macrohemorrhage. Clinicians should consider the efficacy and necessary conditions for administration, as well as the safety of lecanemab, to make a comprehensive decision regarding its use.

The complex hemodynamic environment within the aortic lumen plays a crucial role in the progression of aortic diseases such as aneurysms and dissections. Traditional imaging modalities often fail to provide comprehensive flow dynamics that are essential for precise risk assessment and timely intervention. The advent of time-resolved, three-dimensional (3D) phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) has revolutionized the evaluation of aortic diseases by allowing a detailed visualizations of flow patterns and quantification of hemodynamic parameters. This review explores the utility of 4D flow MRI in the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases, highlighting the key hemodynamic parameters, including flow velocity, wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time, vortex, turbulent kinetic energy, flow displacement, pulse wave velocity, aortic distensibility, energy loss, and stasis. We elucidate the significant findings of studies utilizing 4D flow MRI in the context of aortic aneurysms and dissections, highlighting its role in enhancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes. This review underscores the potential of 4D flow MRI to refine risk stratification and guide therapeutic decisions, ultimately contributing to better management of aortic diseases.

The complex hemodynamic environment within the aortic lumen plays a crucial role in the progression of aortic diseases such as aneurysms and dissections. Traditional imaging modalities often fail to provide comprehensive flow dynamics that are essential for precise risk assessment and timely intervention. The advent of time-resolved, three-dimensional (3D) phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) has revolutionized the evaluation of aortic diseases by allowing a detailed visualizations of flow patterns and quantification of hemodynamic parameters. This review explores the utility of 4D flow MRI in the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases, highlighting the key hemodynamic parameters, including flow velocity, wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time, vortex, turbulent kinetic energy, flow displacement, pulse wave velocity, aortic distensibility, energy loss, and stasis. We elucidate the significant findings of studies utilizing 4D flow MRI in the context of aortic aneurysms and dissections, highlighting its role in enhancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes. This review underscores the potential of 4D flow MRI to refine risk stratification and guide therapeutic decisions, ultimately contributing to better management of aortic diseases.

Lecanemab (product name Leqembi ® ) is an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody treatment approved for use in Korea for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. The Korean Dementia Association has created recommendations for the appropriate use of lecanemab to assist clinicians. These recommendations include selecting patients for administration, necessary pre-administration tests and preparations,administration methods, monitoring for amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), and communication with patients and caregivers. Lecanemab is recommended for patients with MCI or mild dementia who confirmed positive amyloid biomarkers, and should not be administered to patients with severe hypersensitivity to lecanemab or those unable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. To predict the risk of ARIA before administration, apolipoprotein E genotyping is conducted, and regular brain MRI evaluations are recommended to monitor for ARIA during treatment. The most common adverse reactions are infusion-related reactions, which require appropriate management upon occurrence. Additional caution is needed when co-administering with anticoagulants or tissue plasminogen activator due to the risk of macrohemorrhage. Clinicians should consider the efficacy and necessary conditions for administration, as well as the safety of lecanemab, to make a comprehensive decision regarding its use.

Lecanemab (product name Leqembi ® ) is an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody treatment approved for use in Korea for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. The Korean Dementia Association has created recommendations for the appropriate use of lecanemab to assist clinicians. These recommendations include selecting patients for administration, necessary pre-administration tests and preparations,administration methods, monitoring for amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), and communication with patients and caregivers. Lecanemab is recommended for patients with MCI or mild dementia who confirmed positive amyloid biomarkers, and should not be administered to patients with severe hypersensitivity to lecanemab or those unable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. To predict the risk of ARIA before administration, apolipoprotein E genotyping is conducted, and regular brain MRI evaluations are recommended to monitor for ARIA during treatment. The most common adverse reactions are infusion-related reactions, which require appropriate management upon occurrence. Additional caution is needed when co-administering with anticoagulants or tissue plasminogen activator due to the risk of macrohemorrhage. Clinicians should consider the efficacy and necessary conditions for administration, as well as the safety of lecanemab, to make a comprehensive decision regarding its use.

The complex hemodynamic environment within the aortic lumen plays a crucial role in the progression of aortic diseases such as aneurysms and dissections. Traditional imaging modalities often fail to provide comprehensive flow dynamics that are essential for precise risk assessment and timely intervention. The advent of time-resolved, three-dimensional (3D) phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) has revolutionized the evaluation of aortic diseases by allowing a detailed visualizations of flow patterns and quantification of hemodynamic parameters. This review explores the utility of 4D flow MRI in the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases, highlighting the key hemodynamic parameters, including flow velocity, wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time, vortex, turbulent kinetic energy, flow displacement, pulse wave velocity, aortic distensibility, energy loss, and stasis. We elucidate the significant findings of studies utilizing 4D flow MRI in the context of aortic aneurysms and dissections, highlighting its role in enhancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes. This review underscores the potential of 4D flow MRI to refine risk stratification and guide therapeutic decisions, ultimately contributing to better management of aortic diseases.

Lecanemab (product name Leqembi ® ) is an anti-amyloid monoclonal antibody treatment approved for use in Korea for patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or mild dementia due to Alzheimer's disease. The Korean Dementia Association has created recommendations for the appropriate use of lecanemab to assist clinicians. These recommendations include selecting patients for administration, necessary pre-administration tests and preparations,administration methods, monitoring for amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), and communication with patients and caregivers. Lecanemab is recommended for patients with MCI or mild dementia who confirmed positive amyloid biomarkers, and should not be administered to patients with severe hypersensitivity to lecanemab or those unable to undergo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation. To predict the risk of ARIA before administration, apolipoprotein E genotyping is conducted, and regular brain MRI evaluations are recommended to monitor for ARIA during treatment. The most common adverse reactions are infusion-related reactions, which require appropriate management upon occurrence. Additional caution is needed when co-administering with anticoagulants or tissue plasminogen activator due to the risk of macrohemorrhage. Clinicians should consider the efficacy and necessary conditions for administration, as well as the safety of lecanemab, to make a comprehensive decision regarding its use.

The complex hemodynamic environment within the aortic lumen plays a crucial role in the progression of aortic diseases such as aneurysms and dissections. Traditional imaging modalities often fail to provide comprehensive flow dynamics that are essential for precise risk assessment and timely intervention. The advent of time-resolved, three-dimensional (3D) phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (4D flow MRI) has revolutionized the evaluation of aortic diseases by allowing a detailed visualizations of flow patterns and quantification of hemodynamic parameters. This review explores the utility of 4D flow MRI in the assessment of thoracic aortic diseases, highlighting the key hemodynamic parameters, including flow velocity, wall shear stress, oscillatory shear index, relative residence time, vortex, turbulent kinetic energy, flow displacement, pulse wave velocity, aortic distensibility, energy loss, and stasis. We elucidate the significant findings of studies utilizing 4D flow MRI in the context of aortic aneurysms and dissections, highlighting its role in enhancing our understanding of disease mechanisms and improving clinical outcomes. This review underscores the potential of 4D flow MRI to refine risk stratification and guide therapeutic decisions, ultimately contributing to better management of aortic diseases.

Purpose: This study used the Analytic Hierarchy Process to evaluate the relative importance of the factors that school nutrition teachers and dietitians consider during menu planning for school foodservices across various educational levels. Methods: An online survey was conducted from December 2023 to January 2024. The hierarchical structure for school foodservice menu management was developed through content analysis, consisting of five high-level categories and 3–4 low-level factors.Questionnaires were distributed to 395 nutrition teachers and dietitians from kindergarten, elementary, middle, and high schools nationwide. One hundred and sixty-six responses were received, resulting in a 42.0% return rate. These responses were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS Statistics. Results: The most commonly referenced sources for school foodservice menu planning were ‘menus obtained from websites’ (19.4%). The most significant challenge encountered was ‘incorporating students’ preferences’ (18.6%). In the hierarchy of categories considered for school foodservice menu management, ‘employees and facilities’ ranked highest (0.2347), followed by ‘preference’ (0.2312), ‘nutrition balance’ (0.2027), ‘cooking process’ (0.1726), and ‘food materials’ (0.1588). Within each category, the top-ranked factors were ‘employees’ cooking skills’ (0.3759), ‘students’ preferences’ (0.4310), ‘dietary reference intakes’ (0.4968), ‘foodservice hygiene’ (0.4374), and ‘food costs’ (0.4213). The study also compared the relative importance of factors according to the educational levels, and the top-ranked factors were the same across all educational levels. In particular, ‘students’ preferences’, ‘dietary reference intake’, and ‘food costs’ aligned with the top three challenges in school foodservice menu planning. Conclusion Enhancing working conditions for school foodservice employees and developing menu planning methods that accommodate students’ preferences are necessary. These findings will provide foundational data for future school foodservice menu management strategies.