The leaves of sea buckthorn(Hippophae rhamnoides), considered as common food raw materials, have records of medicinal use and diverse pharmacological activities, showing a potential medicinal value. However, the active substances in the sea buckthorn leaves and their mechanisms of action remain unclear. In addition, due to the extensive source and large variety variations, the quality evaluation criteria of sea buckthorn leaves remain to be developed. To solve the problems, this study predicted the main active components, core targets, key pathways, and potential pharmacological effects of sea buckthorn leaves by network pharmacology and molecular docking. Furthermore, ultra-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection(UPLC-DAD) was employed to determine the content of active components and establish the chemical fingerprint, on the basis of which the quality markers of sea buckthorn leaves were predicted and then verified by the enzyme activity inhibition method. The results indicated that sea buckthorn leaves had potential therapeutic effects on a variety of digestive tract diseases, metabolic diseases, tumors, and autoimmune diseases, which were consistent with the ancient records and the results of modern pharmacological studies. The core targets of sea buckthorn leaves included PTPN11, AKT1, PIK3R1, ESR1, and SRC, which were mainly involved in the PI3K-AKT, MAPK, and HIF-1 signaling pathways. In conclusion, the active components of sea buckthorn leaves are associated with the rich flavonoids and tannins, among which quercitrin, narcissoside, and ellagic acid can be used as the quality markers of sea buckthorn leaves. The findings provide a reference for the quality control and further development and utilization of sea buckthorn leaves as medicinal materials.
Hippophae/chemistry* ; Network Pharmacology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism* ; Flavonoids/analysis* ; Fruit/chemistry*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of seabuckthorn berries extract (SBE) on pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability in the mice model of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). METHODS: Sixty Kunming mice were allocated into 6 groups by a random number table, including control, LPS, dexamethasone (Dex, 1 mg/kg), and 120, 240 and 480 mg/kg SBE groups, 10 mice in each group. Except the control group, mice were pre-treated with Dex and SBE, respectively, for 7 days before LPS was intraperitoneally injected to induce ALI. Pulmonary vascular hyperpermeability was evaluated by histopathologic observation and transvascular leakage determination. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in serum were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in lung cells was determined by immunofluorescence analysis. The contents of cytoplasmic inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB kinase (IKK) and nuclear p65, as well as downstream proteins of E-selectin (CD62E) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), were determined using Western blot analysis. RESULTS: Histopathological observation confirmed SBE treatment alleviated morphological lesion induced by LPS. Compared with the LPS group, 480 mg/kg SBE significantly decreased the water content of lung, Evans blue accumulation in lung tissue, and protein concentration and neutrophils count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.01); moreover, 480 mg/kg SBE significantly suppressed release of TNF-α and IL-6, and down-regulated expressions of IKK, nuclear p65, ICAM-1 and CD62E (P<0.01). CONCLUSION SBE maintained alveolar-capillary barrier integrity under endotoxin challenge in mice by suppressing the key factors in the pathogenesis of ALI.
Animals ; Mice ; Acute Lung Injury/drug therapy* ; Fruit/chemistry* ; Hippophae/chemistry* ; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Lipopolysaccharides ; Lung/pathology* ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Plant Extracts/therapeutic use*

Sea buckthorn berries and leaves are two medicinal parts derived from the same primitive plant,mostly used as ethnic medicine,which have a long history in Mongolian and Tibetan. This paper reviews the studies on the chemical composition and differences between sea buckthorn berries and leaves. They have the same or similar composition and content of flavonoids,triterpenes,steroids,organic acids and volatile oils,also have some differences. The main differences are as follows: the flavonoids content in the sea buckthorn leaves is greater than that of the sea buckthorn berries,but the species of flavonoids in the berries are higher than leaves. The species and content of steroids and organic acids in the berries are higher than that of the leaves. The berries contain abundant volatile oil,and the leaves contain many phenolic compounds. Finally,the main problems and the prospect of the next research are put forward.
Flavonoids ; analysis ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Oils, Volatile ; analysis ; Phenols ; analysis ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry

To establish an HPLC-MS/MS method for the analysis of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin in rats plasma and study its pharmamacokinetics after an intragastrical administration of Hippophae rhamnoides extracts. Five healthy male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were given single doses of H. rhamnoides extracts (quercetin 26.35 mg x kg(-1), kaempferid 4.040 mg x kg(-1), isorhamnetin 31.37 mg x kg(-1)), and then their orbital sinus blood samples were collected at different time points. The drug plasma concentration of the three flavonoids was determined by HPLC-MS/MS method. After that, the main pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated by using Kinetica 5. 0. 11 software. The methodological test showed that the linear concentration ranges of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin were 7.500-600.0 μg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 5), 1.000-80.00 μg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 5 ) and 10.00-800.0 μg x L(-1) (R2 = 0.998 0), respectively. The inner and inter-days precisions were both less than 14.0%. The plasma samples showed a good stability and consistency with the requirement of biological sample analysis after the samples were frozen once and placed at - 20 degrees C for 15 d and room temperature for 6 h and the treated analytes were placed at -20 degrees C for 24 h. For quercetin, the pharmacokinetic parameter t(½β), AUC(0-∞), MRT(0.∞), C.(max) and T(max) were (113.3 ± 19.37) min, (12 542.14 ± 3 504.05) μg x h x L(-1), (119.6 ± 13.29) h, (164.6 ± 27.33) μg x L(-1) and (5.199 ± 0.840 3) h, respectively. For kaempferid, the pharmacokinetic parameters t(½β), AUC(0-t), MRT(0-∞), C(max) and T(max) were (79.85 ± 17.15) min, (934.51 ± 94.59) μg x h x L(-1), (81.50 ± 13.75) h, (80.15 ± 14.24) μg x L(-1) and (3.827 ± 0.902 7) h, respectively. For isorhamnetin, the pharmacokinetic parameters t1,2,, AUC(0-t), MRT(0-∞), C(max) and T(max) were (118.3 ± 20.73) min, (26 067.77 ± 4 124.60) μg x h x L(-1), (129.0 ± 16.30) h, (269.6 ± 29.32) μg x L(-1) and (6.513 ± 1.450) h, respectively. The HPLC-MS/MS analysis method established in this study was proved to be sensitive and accurate and could be applied in the pharmacokinetic study of quercetin, kaempferid and isorhamnetin in rat plasma.
Animals ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; analysis ; pharmacokinetics ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Kaempferols ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Male ; Quercetin ; analogs & derivatives ; blood ; pharmacokinetics ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; methods

Hippophae rhamnoides is one of the most representative economy crops for its wide uses of biological diversity and abundance of resource. As the key healthy food development and ecology protection, H. rhamnoides has been developed widely. Meanwhile, the development of H. rhamnoides has obtained great achievements. Nowadays, H. rhamnoides is still a necessary economy crop, while it has great influence on ecology protection. This paper discussed the phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical application and product development, and propounded some suggestions for future research and economy development to get comprehensive benefit of H. rhamnoides and to serve for well-off society.
Biomedical Research ; methods ; trends ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Flavonoids ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Humans ; Molecular Structure ; Phytotherapy ; methods ; trends ; Polyphenols ; chemistry ; therapeutic use

The enzyme-inhibitor model and the sugar tolerance mouse model were used to evaluate the relationship between the inhibition rate of enzyme activity and concentration of Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. chinensis Rousi polysaccharide (HRP). The inhibitory patterns of enzyme and dose-dependent effects of HRP's effect on blood glucose using acarbose tablets as control were also examined. The mechanism underlying hypoglycemic effects of HRP was discussed. The results showed: in the enzyme-inhibitor model, the inhibitory activity of different concentrations of HRP (9.80, 19.60, 39.20, 78.40, 156.80 and 312.50 mg x L(-1)) on alpha-glucosaminidase (AG) inhibitory activity were 6.62%, 18.02%, 33.26%, 48.23%, 62.11%, 76.31%, 90.12%, IC50 was 31.59 mg x L(-1). The inhibitory rate of 25.00 x 10(3) mg x L(-1) acarbose tablets was only 64.87%, and IC50 was 10.75 x 10(3) mg x L(-1). In the sugar tolerance mouse model, different doses of HRP (240, 480, 960 mg x kg(-1)) tended to decrease levels of blood glucose compared with control group (acarbose tablets 375 mg x kg(-1)) at 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. It's further confirmed that HRP is a kind of competitive inhibitor of AG activity. Its inhibition rate increases with the increase of concentration in normal mice, and it subsequently improves the sugar tolerance showing the effect of reducing blood sugar.
Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Female ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Inhibitory Concentration 50 ; Male ; Mice ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Polysaccharides ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; alpha-Glucosidases ; metabolism

The goal of the study is to evaluate the self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) which enhances the oral bioavailability of the poorly water-soluble drug, total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides (TFH). It is orally administered for the protection of human cardiovascular system. Self-microemulsifying time, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), morphological characterization, in vitro dispersity, stability, in situ intestinal absorption and relative bioavailability were investigated in detail. The TFH-SMEDDS rapidly formed fine oil-in-water microemulsions with 0.1 mol x L(-1) hydrochloride solution, with average size of which was less than 40 nm, PDI was below 0.2, and the particles of which were observed round-shaped under transmission electron microscope. Almost 90% of TFH (expressed with quercetin) was released from SMEDDS within 20 min, which was remarkably higher than that from common capsules. The stability test showed the TFH-SMEDDS maintained stable in 6 months under accelerated condition. In situ absorption study demonstrated the absorption rate constant of TFH-SMEDDS (expressed with quercetin) was significantly higher than that of TFH in ethanolic solution (P < 0.05). The absorption of TFH from SMEDDS showed a 4.18-fold increase in relative bioavailability (expressed with quercetin) compared with that of the suspension. The results suggest that SMEDDS is a promising drug delivery system to increase the oral bioavailability of TFH.
Administration, Oral ; Animals ; Biological Availability ; Drug Carriers ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Emulsions ; Flavones ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; pharmacokinetics ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Intestinal Absorption ; Male ; Particle Size ; Plant Leaves ; chemistry ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

OBJECTIVETo develop self-microemulsifying preparations of total flavones of Hippophae Rhamnoides L. (TFH) and the determination method of dissolution.

METHODThe equilibrium solubility of TFH in different compositions of oils, emulsifier and assistant emulsifier was investigated. The self-microemulsion formula was optimized by constructing the pseudo-ternary phase diagrams of blank SMEDDS determining the self-microemulsifying efficiency and the stability of the SMEDDS. The 2 hours dissolution curve of TFH self-microemulsifying preparations was established. The optimal self-microemulsion formula was composed of MIGLYOL 812 N, Cremophor EL and 1,2-Propylene glycol.

RESULTThe ratio of them was 0.5:5.7:3.8. The average particle size was 12.1 nm. The dissolution rate at 10 minutes of TFH self-microemulsifying preparation was 131% higher than that of Xinda kang tablets.

CONCLUSIONThe acquired microemulsion with small particle size is stable. The dissolution rate is evidently improved compared with market dosage forms.

Calibration ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Drug Compounding ; methods ; Drug Stability ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; chemistry ; Emulsions ; Flavones ; chemistry ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Solubility ; Solvents ; chemistry ; Tablets

OBJECTIVETo study the mechanisms of the anti-myocardial ischemia of total flavones of Hippophae rhamnoides (TFH) at the level of proteome.

METHODSurface enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) mass spectrometry with protein chip IMAC3, SAX2 and NP20 was performed to compare the differentially expressed protein in myocardial ischemia in the TFH-treated groups with the 0.9% sodium chloride groups. Protein chips were examined in PBS II - C protein chip reader (ciphergen ciosystem inc) and the protein profiling was analyzed by Proteinchip Software 3. 0. 2.

RESULTThe revealed six peaks had significant difference between the TFH-treated groups and the control groups, one of which were up-regulated in the TFH-treated groups, and the other were down-regulated. And in these six distinct proteins, there were four proteins on the IMAC3 chips and one protein on the SAX2 chips.

CONCLUSIONThe TFH could prevent the myocardium from ischemia via regulating expression of different proteins.

Animals ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; Female ; Flavones ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Heart ; drug effects ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Male ; Myocardial Ischemia ; prevention & control ; Proteomics ; methods ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization

OBJECTIVETo observe the therapeutic effect of Xinnaoxin capsules in patients with chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency.

METHODPatients with chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency were divided randomly into two groups: a Xinnaoxin capsules group (n = 60, treated by Xinnaoxin capsules for four 4 weeks), a control group (n = 58, treated by Nimodiping for four weeks). The transcranial doppler (TCD) was used to determined mean velocity (Vm) and auto-viscometer measured hemorheological indices before and after being treated.

RESULTAfter 4 weeks treatment, the hemorheological indices and mean velocity were obviously improve in Xinnaoxin capsules group (P <0.05), there is significant difference between the effective rate of two groups (88.3%, 70.7%).

CONCLUSIONOur study suggest that Xinnaoxin capsules have therapeutic function on chronic cerebral circulatory insufficiency.

Blood Flow Velocity ; drug effects ; Capsules ; Cerebrovascular Circulation ; drug effects ; Cerebrovascular Disorders ; diagnostic imaging ; drug therapy ; Drug Combinations ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; isolation & purification ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Hippophae ; chemistry ; Humans ; Lycium ; chemistry ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Phytotherapy ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Rhodiola ; chemistry ; Treatment Outcome ; Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial