<b>Objective:b> To standardize the reporting system on hepatitis B in order to improve the quality of monitoring program in Henan province. <b>Methods:b> A total of 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance were selected in Xinzheng of Zhengzhou city, Linzhou of Anyang city, Shanyang district of Jiaozuo city, Shaoling district of Luohe city, Yongcheng of Shangqiu city, Pingqiao district of Xinyang city in Henan province. Subjects under study were those reported hepatitis B cases, from 2012 to 2016. Cases diagnosed in 2011 were chosen as controls. Data on classification of hepatitis B, time that HBsAg became positive and ALT value of the cases were analyzed annually. 5 ml venous blood was collected and anti-HBc IgM confirmed test was made for those suspected acute cases on hepatitis B. Based on the 2016 data from the monitoring system, the incidence of acute hepatitis B in Henan province was estimated. <b>Results:b> The number of reported hepatitis B cases had declined in 6 sites of Hepatitis B pilot surveillance substantially. A total of 17 436 hepatitis B reported in 2011 but only 2 632 cases were reported in 2016, with a reduction of 84.90%(14 804/17 436) in these six monitoring sites. The number of unclassified hepatitis B cases also dropped sharply. In 2011, 36.87% of the cases were unclassified, but the figure reduced to 0.08% in 2016, from the six sites. The rate on ALT detection also gradually improved. The rate of misdiagnosis on HBV carrier from hepatitis B almost disappeared. From 2013 to 2016, 777 blood samples were collected from six pilot sites. 29.34% (228/777) of the blood samples were tested positive for anti-HBc IgM after confirmed by the hepatitis laboratory of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention. <b>Conclusions:b> Since the development of the pilot surveillance program, the quality of reporting system on hepatitis B had been improved, as well as the accuracy of diagnosis. Rate on the accuracy of reporting on hepatitis B and the methods of testing should be improved at the monitoring sites.
China/epidemiology* ; Cities ; Disease Notification/statistics & numerical data* ; Hepatitis A/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B/epidemiology* ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Pilot Projects ; Population Surveillance ; Sentinel Surveillance

<b>Objective:b> To explore the relationship between the status of HBsAg-positive infection of mothers and the non/low-response to hepatitis B vaccine of their infants. <b>Methods:b> A total of 225 pairs of mothers and their infants were recruited in our cohort from June 2011 to July 2013. Infants were given three doses of hepatitis B vaccine at hour 24, first month and month 6(t)h respectively and were followed up for one year after birth. HBV serological markers and HBV DNA in the peripheral blood of both mothers and infants were detected by Electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay and fluorescence quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction. <b>Results:b> Six HBV infection models were detected in HBsAg-positive mothers, and "HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+), anti-HBc (+)" (model one) and "HBsAg (+), anti-HBe (+), anti-HBc (+)" (model two) accounted for 92.5%(208/225) of all the models. Rate of non/low-response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to mothers in model one was lower than those in model two, the differences are statistically significant (χ(2)=4.80, P=0.029). The rate of non/low-response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants showed a downward trend with the rising of HBeAg level in their mothers (χ(2)=4.86, P=0.028). Results from the unconditional logistic regression analysis showed that the HBeAg of the HBsAg-positive mothers was significantly correlated with the low risk of non/low-response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants (OR=0.598, 95%CI: 0.378-0.947). The positive rate of serum HBV DNA in HBsAg-positive mothers was 54.2%, while the rate of non/low-response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants born to HBV DNA positive mothers was similar to those infants born to HBV DNA negative mothers (χ(2)=0.22, P=0.640). <b>Conclusions:b> "HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+), anti-HBc (+)" and "HBsAg (+), anti-HBe(+), anti-HBc (+)" were the common models seen in HBsAg-positive mothers, and the rate of non/low-response to hepatitis B vaccine was different between the two models. HBeAg of HBsAg-positive mothers might have positive effects on the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants but the mechanisms remained not clear. HBV DNA of the HBsAg-positive mothers did not seem to be correlated with the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in infants.
Adult ; Biomarkers/blood* ; DNA, Viral/blood* ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Female ; Hepatitis B/prevention & control* ; Hepatitis B Antibodies/blood* ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/blood* ; Hepatitis B Vaccines/pharmacology* ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood* ; Hepatitis B virus/isolation & purification* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control* ; Mothers ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology*

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) often require immunosuppressive therapy and blood transfusions and therefore are at a high risk of contracting infections due to hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the present study, we assessed the prevalence of these infections in patients with IBD. METHODS: This retrospective study included 908 consecutive patients with IBD (ulcerative colitis [UC], n=581; Crohn's disease [CD], n=327) who were receiving care at a tertiary care center. Ninety-five patients with intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) were recruited as disease controls. Prospectively maintained patient databases were reviewed for the prevalence of HBV surface antigen, anti-HCV antibodies, and HIV (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method). HCV RNA was examined in patients who tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies. Prevalence data of the study were compared with that of the general Indian population (HBV, 3.7%; HCV, 1%; HIV, 0.3%). RESULTS: The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV was 2.4%, 1.4%, and 0.1%, respectively, in the 908 patients with IBD. Among the 581 patients with UC, 2.2% (12/541) had HBV, 1.7% (9/517) had HCV, and 0.2% (1/499) had HIV. Among the 327 patients with CD, 2.8% (8/288) had HBV, 0.7% (2/273) had HCV, and 0% (0/277) had HIV. One patient with CD had HBV and HCV coinfection. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV in patients with ITB was 5.9% (4/67), 1.8% (1/57), and 1.2% (1/84), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV in north Indian patients with IBD is similar to the prevalence of these viruses in the general community. Nonetheless, the high risk of flare after immunosuppressive therapy mandates routine screening of patients with IBD for viral markers.
Antigens, Surface ; Biomarkers ; Blood Transfusion ; Coinfection ; Colitis ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Crohn Disease ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis C Antibodies ; Hepatitis C* ; Hepatitis* ; HIV ; Humans* ; India* ; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases* ; Mass Screening ; Prevalence* ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; RNA ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Tuberculosis

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To analyze the characteristics of lymphocyte phenotypes in hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice and the effect of exogenous interferon-α on virological profiles and lymphocytes phenotypes of the mice.

<b>METHODSb>HBV transgenic mice and wild-type (WT) mice were examined for serum levels of HBsAg, HBcAb, IL-21, and IL-6 using ELISA. The frequencies of CD4(+)T and CD19(+)B cells separated from the liver, spleen, and peripheral blood were detected by flow cytometry. Nine HBV transgenic mice were injected subcutaneously with recombinant mouse interferon alpha (rmIFN-α) and another 9 transgenic mice were injected with PBS, and their HBsAg, HBV DNA, IL-6, and IL-21 levels and frequencies of peripheral blood CD4(+)T and CD19(+)B cells were detected.

<b>RESULTSb>HBV transgenic mice showed a high level of HBsAg with a detectable level of HBcAb and significantly increased serum levels of IL-21 and IL-6 as compared with WT mice (P<0.05). The transgenic mice had a significantly lower frequency of CD4(+) T cells in the peripheral blood, liver and spleen (P<0.05) but a significantly higher frequency of CD19(+) B cells in the liver (P<0.05). An inverse correlation between intrahepatic CD4(+) T cell frequency and serum HBsAg level while a positive correlation between intrahepatic CD19(+) B cell frequency and HBcAb level were found in HBV transgenic mice. Administration of rmIFN-α significantly increased the frequencies of CD4(+) T and CD19(+) B cells in the peripheral blood and the serum level of IL-6 in HBV transgenic mice (P<0.05).

<b>CONCLUSIONb>HBV transgenic mice have lymphocyte subset dysregulation and exogenous interferon-α can modulate the immune function of the mice by regulating the frequencies of lymphocyte subsets.

Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; pharmacology ; B-Lymphocytes ; drug effects ; DNA, Viral ; blood ; Hepatitis B ; drug therapy ; immunology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; blood ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B virus ; Interferon-alpha ; pharmacology ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Interleukins ; blood ; Liver ; immunology ; Lymphocyte Subsets ; cytology ; drug effects ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Phenotype ; T-Lymphocytes ; drug effects

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To analyze the effects of preexisting lamivudine (LAM) resistance and applying antiviral treatment (adefovir [ADV] add-on LAM combination treatment) on long-term treatment outcomes, and comparing the clinical outcomes of antiviral-naïve chronic hepatitis B patients receiving entecavir (ETV) monotherapy. METHODS: This study enrolled 73 antiviral-naïve patients who received 0.5-mg ETV as an initial therapy and 54 patients who received ADV add-on LAM combination treatment as a rescue therapy from July 2006 to July 2010. RESULTS: During 24-month treatments, the decreases in serum log10HBV-DNA values (copies/mL) were significantly greater in the antiviral-naïve patients treated with ETV than the patients receiving ADV add-on LAM combination treatment. The biochemical response rates for alanine aminotransferase normalization at 6 months (ETV) and 12 months (ADV add-on LAM) were 90.4% (66/73) and 77.8% (42/54), respectively (P=0.048). A Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that the rates of serologic response, viral breakthrough, and emergence of genotypic resistance did not differ significantly between the two patient groups. There were also no significant intergroup differences in the rates of disease progression (PD) and new development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). CONCLUSION: The long-term clinical outcomes of antiviral-naïve patients treated with ETV and LAM-resistant patients receiving ADV add-on LAM combination treatment were comparable in terms of the emergence of HCC and disease progression.
Adenine/*analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Adult ; Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Antiviral Agents/*therapeutic use ; DNA, Viral/blood ; Disease Progression ; Drug Resistance, Viral/drug effects ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Genotype ; Guanine/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B e Antigens/blood ; Hepatitis B virus/drug effects/genetics/isolation & purification ; Hepatitis B, Chronic/*drug therapy ; Humans ; Lamivudine/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organophosphonates/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Treatment Outcome

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To examine the influence of three-booster-doses hepatitis B vaccines on children with normal and high antibody response to primary vaccination.

<b>METHODSb>Antibody against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were detected after primary vaccination and children with normal or high response to hepatitis B primary vaccination at infancy, were identified. Children who were given three booster doses were selected to form the booster group and who were given no booster dose were 1∶1 matched with the same gender and residence to form the control group. Blood samples were obtained from all the participants and tested for anti-HBs and anti-HBc, 5 years after the primary vaccination.

<b>RESULTSb>The positive rates of anti-HBs response to primary vaccination were 97.39% (224/230, 95% CI: 94.41%-99.04%) in the booster group and 53.91% (124/230, 95% CI: 47.24%-60.48%) in the control group (P<0.05), 5 years after the primary vaccination. Geometric mean concentration (GMC) of anti-HBs were 1 140.02 (887.46-1 464.46) mIU/ml in the booster group and 11.53 (8.73-15.23) mIU/ml in the control group (P<0.05). The prevalence rates of breakthrough HBV infection were 0.87% (2/230) in the booster group and 2.17%(5/230) in the control group (P>0.05). RESULTS from the multivariable analysis showed that the booster doses (OR=38.75, 95%CI: 16.23-92.54) and the level of anti-HBs after the primary vaccination (OR =3.06, 95%CI:1.51-6.17) were independently associated with the positive rates of anti-HBs, 5 years after the primary vaccination (P<0.05).

<b>CONCLUSIONb>Programs with three booster doses to children that showing normal and high antibody response to primary vaccination could improve the persistence of anti-HBs but possibly would not be able to prevent the HBV infection.

Antibody Formation ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; blood ; immunology ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; immunology ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Immunization, Secondary ; Infant ; Prevalence ; Treatment Outcome ; Vaccination

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To analyze the characteristics of health-seeking behaviors and related influencing factors of the community-based hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive adults, in China.

<b>METHODSb>Based on the cohort formed by the HBsAg positive patients, in the national sero-survey project in 2006, we conducted a follow-up programs in 2010 and 2014. In the latest follow-up project, we carried out a cross-sectional study to collect information on health-seeking behaviors of the patients. Questionnaires would include information on clinic visits, diagnosis, regular physical examination and treatments,etc. We used the SPSS 18.0 software for data analysis.

<b>RESULTSb>Totally, 2 478 HBsAg positive adults (≥18 years old) were followed through, with 34.4% (853/2 478) of them had visited the doctors and diagnosed after they were informed the status of HBsAg positivity, in the 2006-sero-survey program. Among patients who ever visiting the clinic, 51.2% (372/727) of them underwent at least medical examination once a year, with 31.5% (229/727) of them received treatment. Furthermore, 34.5% (79/229) of the treated patients adopted the traditional Chinese medicine or medicine for ' liver protection'. 56.8% (130/229) of the treated patients received antiviral drugs. Data from the binary logistic regression showed that the major influencing factors on clinic visits would include: age, level of education received and residencial areas (rural/urban).

<b>CONCLUSIONSb>Consciousness on health was low in those community-based HBsAg positive people. Standerdized management and clinical treatment programs should be set up accordingly.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; psychology ; China ; epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Delivery of Health Care ; Hepatitis B ; blood ; diagnosis ; ethnology ; psychology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; blood ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Residence Characteristics ; Rural Population ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To evaluate the long-term protection efficacy of neonatal hepatitis B vaccination on chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in adults.

<b>METHODSb>From January to October, 2013, a cross-sectional study was conducted among the participants from Qidong Hepatitis B Intervention Study (QHBIS), who were selected through stratified random sampling. The detections of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg, and anti-HBe were conducted and ultrasonography on liver, gallbladder and spleen was performed for them. The positive rates of each serologic markers, the prevalence of active CHB and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were calculated, the gender specific differences between vaccination group and control group were compared with Chi-square test.

<b>RESULTSb>A total of 4 421 participants aged (25.59±1.84) years in vaccination group and 3 880 participants aged (26.61±2.24) years in control group were surveyed. The positive rates of HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg and anti-HBe were 2.38%, 37.73%, 3.78%, 0.57% and 2.15% in vaccination group, and 9.02%, 29.41%, 16.83%, 2.73% and 8.87% in control group, respectively, the differences between two groups were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The prevalence of active CHB and liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were 0.45% and 0.16% in vaccination group, 1.29% and 0.39% in control group, the differences between two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). The active CHB prevalence was lower in females than in males in both vaccination group and control group (P<0.05). The liver fibrosis and cirrhosis prevalence was lower in females than in males in control group (P<0.05); whereas, no statistical significant difference in liver fibrosis & cirrhosis prevalence between males and females was found in vaccination group (P>0.05).

<b>CONCLUSIONSb>Protection conferred by neonatal hepatitis B vaccination could last to marrying age. The gender specific difference in protection efficacy needs further study.

Adult ; China ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; blood ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; therapeutic use ; Hepatitis B virus ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Liver Cirrhosis ; Male ; Prevalence ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data

<b>OBJECTIVEb>To understand the distribution of both HBsAg and HBsAb negative adults in Mianyang, Sichuan province, and provide evidences for the development of adult immunization policy.

<b>METHODSb>From June 2013 to April 2014, a total of 200 929 people aged ≥15 years were selected in Mianyang through stratified cluster random sampling to conduct an interview with standard questionnaire. The blood samples were collected from them for the detection of HBsAg and HBsAb with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

<b>RESULTSb>Among the people surveyed, 13 903 were HBsAg positive (7.0%), 93 763 were HBsAb positive (46.6%), and 93 122 were both HBsAg and HBsAb negative (46.3%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb in females (47.1%) was higher than that in males (45.4%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb increased with age. The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb was highest in people aged ≥65 years (50.3%) and lowest in people aged 15-24 years (42.9%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb was highest in farmers (51.1%) and lowest in medical workers (24.1%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb was highest in the widowed (51.1%) and lowest in the unmarried (41.6%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb was lower in people with family history of hepatitis B (36.5%) than in people without family history of hepatitis B (46.6%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb in Han ethnic group was lower (46.3%) than that in Qiang ethnic group (53.1%), but higher than that in other ethnic groups (43.9%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb was higher in rural area (48.9%) than in urban area (43.0%). The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb was lower in people who had received hepatitis B immunization (43.7%) than in people who had received no hepatitis B immunization (47.3%). The differences were all statistical significant (P<0.01).

<b>CONCLUSIONb>The negative rate of both HBsAg and HBsAb was 46.3% in people aged ≥15 years in Mianyang. General population are susceptible to hepatitis B virus infection. It is necessary to develop and implement appropriate hepatitis B immunization strategy for local adult population.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; epidemiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Ethnic Groups ; Female ; Health Personnel ; Hepatitis B ; epidemiology ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; blood ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; blood ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; administration & dosage ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Vaccination ; statistics & numerical data ; Young Adult

To examine levels of M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) and its antibody in the patients with hepatitis B virus-associated membranous nephropathy (HBV-MN), and to explore the correlation of PLA2R with laboratory parameters and pathological characteristics.
 Methods: A total of 49 adult patients with biopsy-proved HBV-MN were enrolled in this study. Levels of anti-PLA2R antibody in serum and PLA2R in renal tissue were detected. Patients were assigned into two groups: a positive PLA2R group and a negative PLA2R group. Differences in laboratory parameters and pathological characteristics were compared between the two groups.
 Results: Of 49 patients with HBV-MN, 17 had positive PLA2R expression in renal tissues. In the positive PLA2R group, 10 patients were positive for serum anti-PLA2R antibody. Patients with positive PLA2R expression in renal tissues showed higher levels of 24 hour urinary protein [(4.6±3.9) g/d], serum HbsAg (70.5%) and renal HbsAg expression (71%), while lower level of serum albumin [(24.1±7.5) g/L] than those of the negative group.
 Conclusion: PLA2R is expressed in the renal tissues and serum anti-PLA2R antibody can be detected in some HBV-MN patients. Positive PLA2R expression in renal tissue might be related to HbsAg deposition in serum and renal tissues. Patients with positive PLA2R expression in renal tissue have more severe glomerular sclerosis.
Adult ; Antibodies ; Autoantibodies ; genetics ; physiology ; Biopsy ; Glomerulonephritis, Membranous ; complications ; etiology ; genetics ; Hepatitis B ; complications ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; adverse effects ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Kidney ; blood supply ; chemistry ; physiopathology ; Kidney Diseases ; etiology ; genetics ; physiopathology ; Male ; Prognosis ; Proteinuria ; epidemiology ; genetics ; Receptors, Phospholipase A2 ; blood ; physiology ; Serum Albumin ; genetics