ObjectiveGastroscopy combined with gastric mucosa biopsies is currently regarded as a gold standard for diagnosis of gastric cancer. However, its application is restricted in clinical practice due to its invasive property. A new noninvasive population screening process combining the assay of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody and serum pepsinogen (PG) (ABC method) is adopted to recognize the high-risk patients for further endoscopy examination, avoiding the unnecessary gastroscopy for most population and saving the cost consumption for mass screening annually. Nevertheless, controversies exist for the grouping of ABC method and the intervals of gastroscopy surveillance for each group. In this review, we summarized these popular concerned topics for providing useful references to the healthcare practitioner in clinical practice.

Data SourcesThe PubMed databases were systematically searched from the inception dates to November 22, 2017, using the keywords "Helicobacter pylori," "Pepsinogens," and "Stomach Neoplasms."

Study SelectionOriginal articles and reviews on the topics were selected.

ResultsAnti-H. pylori antibody and serum PG concentration showed significant changes under the different status of H. pylori infection and the progression of atrophic gastritis, which can be used for risk stratification of gastric cancer in clinic. In addition, anti-H. pylori antibody titer can be used for further risk stratification of gastric cancer contributing to determine better endoscopy surveillance interval.

ConclusionsThe early detection and diagnosis of gastric cancer benefit from the risk stratification, but the cutoff values for H. pylori antibody and serum PG concentration require further modification.

Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; immunology ; Gastroscopy ; Helicobacter Infections ; blood ; immunology ; Helicobacter pylori ; immunology ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; methods ; Stomach Neoplasms ; blood ; microbiology

We tested correlations between anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG and IgA levels and the urease test, anti-CagA protein antibody, degree of gastritis, and age. In total, 509 children (0-15 years) were enrolled. Subjects were stratified as 0-4 years (n = 132), 5-9 years (n = 274), and 10-15 years (n = 103) and subjected to the urease test, histopathology, ELISA, and western blot using whole-cell lysates of H. pylori strain 51. The positivity rate in the urease test (P = 0.003), the degree of chronic gastritis (P = 0.021), and H. pylori infiltration (P < 0.001) increased with age. The median titer for anti-H. pylori IgG was 732.5 IU/mL at 0-4 years, 689.0 IU/mL at 5-9 years, and 966.0 IU/mL at 10-15 years (P < 0.001); the median titer for anti-H. pylori IgA was 61.0 IU/mL at 0-4 years, 63.5 IU/mL at 5-9 years, and 75.0 IU/mL at 10-15 years (P < 0.001). The CagA-positivity rate was 26.5% at 0-4 years, 36.5% at 5-9 years, and 46.6% at 10-15 years for IgG (P = 0.036), and 11.3% at 0-4 years, 18.6% at 5-9 years, and 23.3% at 10-15 years for IgA (P < 0.001). Anti-H. pylori IgG and IgA titers increased with the urease test grade, chronic gastritis degree, active gastritis, and H. pylori infiltration. Presence of CagA-positivity is well correlated with a high urease test grade and high anti-H. pylori IgG/IgA levels.
Adolescent ; Antibodies, Bacterial/*blood ; Antigens, Bacterial/*analysis/immunology ; Bacterial Proteins/*analysis/immunology/metabolism ; Blotting, Western ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chronic Disease ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; Gastritis/pathology ; Helicobacter Infections/blood/microbiology/*pathology ; Helicobacter pylori/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin A/*blood ; Immunoglobulin G/*blood ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Severity of Illness Index ; Urease/metabolism

OBJECTIVETo determine serum pepsinogen levels in patients with liver cirrhosis and investigate the functions of the gastric mucosa in these patients with concurrent portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG).

METHODSFifty-one patients with liver cirrhosis and 22 healthy controls were studied by gastroscopy. The hepatic function of the patients with or without PHG were evaluated with Child-Pugh grade. Helicobacter pylori infection was detected using rapid urease test or exhalation of carbon 13. The serum pepsinogen I and II levels were tested by latex-enhanced immunoturbidimetry to calculate the PGI/PGII ratio (PGR).

RESULTSIn cirrhotic patients, the levels of serum PGI and PGR were lower than those in the healthy controls. The patients without PHG had a serum PGI level of 49.48+23.86 µg/L, significantly lower than that in PHG patients (74.85+30.27 µg/L, P=0.000). The levels of serum PG II in patients with H.pylori infection was significantly higher that in patients free of H.pylori infection (P=0.003).

CONCLUSIONThe serum level of PGI decreases obviously in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and PHG, who can have damages of the gastric mucosa lamina propria and reduced secretory function of the gastric mucosa. H.pylori infection may affect the level of PGII. There is no significant correlation between serum PG level and liver function, but to a certain extent, serum PG level especially PGI can reflect the function of gastric mucosa in patients of liver cirrhosis.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Gastric Mucosa ; pathology ; Helicobacter Infections ; Humans ; Hypertension, Portal ; complications ; Liver Cirrhosis ; complications ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pepsinogen A ; blood ; Stomach Diseases ; blood ; etiology ; microbiology

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes in serum pepsinogen (PG) I/II ratio induced by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection and assess the value of PG I/II test in evaluating organ damages in hypertensive patients.

METHODSThe serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and PG I/II ratio were tested in 288 hypertensive patients with or without Hp infection. The PG I/II ratio between the patients with different grade of hypertension, patients with and without hypertensive nephropathy, patients with and without hypertensive retinopathy. The relationship of PG I/II ratio with serum total cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL was analyzed with Pearson's correlation analysis and the effectiveness of PG I/II ratio in the the diagnosis of nephropathy and retinopathy was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis.

RESULTSCompared with patients without Hp infection, the Hp-infected patients showed significantly decreased PG I/II ratio and increased total cholesterol and triglycerides (P<0.05), but their HDL levels, systolic pressure and diastolic pressure were comparable (P>0.05). PG I/II ratio was significantly decreased in patients with nephropathy and retinopathy compared with the patients without nephropathy and retinopathy (P<0.05), and was similar between patients with different grades of hypertension (P>0.05). PG I/II ratio was negatively correlated with serum total cholesterol and triglycerides in the hypertensive patients (P<0.05), and its area under curve (AUC) of ROC was 0.79 and 0.82 in the diagnosis of nephropathy and retinopathy, respectively.

CONCLUSIONSHypertensive patients with nephropathy and retinopathy have obviously decreased PG I/II ratio, which can be used for screening organ damages in hypertensive patients.

Helicobacter Infections ; blood ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Hypertension ; blood ; microbiology ; Pepsinogen A ; blood ; Pepsinogen C ; blood

Korea and Japan show the highest incidence of gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection. New 2013 guidelines on H. pylori infection differ between the two countries with regard to the indications for H. pylori eradication, diagnostic methods, and treatment regimens. Indications for eradication in Korean guideline focus on specific diseases such as peptic ulcer disease, low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and after resection of early gastric cancer, while Japanese guideline includes all H. pylori-associated gastritis for the prevention of dissemination. With regard to the diagnosis, either noninvasive or invasive method (except for bacterial culture) is recommended in Korea, while two noninvasive tests including serum anti-H. pylori IgG antibody level are preferred in Japan. As for the treatment regimens, second-line treatment (quadruple bismuth-containing regimen) is recommended without first-line triple therapy in areas of high clarithromycin resistance in Korea. However, there is no bismuth-based second-line treatment in Japan, and the Japanese regimen consists of a lower dose of antibiotics for a shorter duration (7 days). Such discrepancies between the two countries are based not only on the differences in the literature search and interpretation, but also on the different approvals granted by the national health insurance system, manufacturing process of the antibiotics, and diagnostic techniques in each country. Collaborations are required to minimize the discrepancies between the two countries based on cost-effectiveness.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Antibodies/blood ; Bismuth/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Disease Eradication/trends ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Guidelines as Topic ; Helicobacter Infections/complications/diagnosis/*drug therapy ; *Helicobacter pylori/drug effects/immunology ; Humans ; Japan ; Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone/complications/surgery ; Republic of Korea ; Stomach Neoplasms/complications/surgery

OBJECTIVES: In Fujian Province, China, gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among all malignant tumors. Nanjing county and Minqing county are located in inland Fujian and have similar general demographics. However, the adjusted mortality rate of gastric cancer in Minqing was found to be much higher than that in Nanjing. We sought to explore factors associated with this increased risk of gastric cancer between the two counties. METHODS: We recruited 231 and 224 residents from Nanjing and Minqing, respectively, and analyzed differences between their dietary habits, Helicobacter pylori infection rates, and concentrations of serum pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin-17, and ratio of pepsinogen I:II. RESULTS: Subjects in Minqing had more first-degree relatives who had been diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal tumor, more unhealthy dietary habits, a higher Helicobacter pylori positive rate, and greater proportion of abnormal serum gastrin-17 than those in Nanjing did. CONCLUSIONS: The factors that differed between these two counties might indicate that residents in Minqing have a higher risk for developing gastric cancer than those in Nanjing do.
Adult ; Aged ; China/epidemiology ; Female ; Food Habits ; Gastrins/blood ; Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/pathology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pepsinogen A/blood ; Pepsinogen C/blood ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms/*diagnosis

OBJECTIVES: In Fujian Province, China, gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality among all malignant tumors. Nanjing county and Minqing county are located in inland Fujian and have similar general demographics. However, the adjusted mortality rate of gastric cancer in Minqing was found to be much higher than that in Nanjing. We sought to explore factors associated with this increased risk of gastric cancer between the two counties. METHODS: We recruited 231 and 224 residents from Nanjing and Minqing, respectively, and analyzed differences between their dietary habits, Helicobacter pylori infection rates, and concentrations of serum pepsinogen I, pepsinogen II, gastrin-17, and ratio of pepsinogen I:II. RESULTS: Subjects in Minqing had more first-degree relatives who had been diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal tumor, more unhealthy dietary habits, a higher Helicobacter pylori positive rate, and greater proportion of abnormal serum gastrin-17 than those in Nanjing did. CONCLUSIONS: The factors that differed between these two counties might indicate that residents in Minqing have a higher risk for developing gastric cancer than those in Nanjing do.
Adult ; Aged ; China/epidemiology ; Female ; Food Habits ; Gastrins/blood ; Helicobacter Infections/epidemiology/microbiology/pathology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pepsinogen A/blood ; Pepsinogen C/blood ; Risk Factors ; Stomach Neoplasms/*diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: To explore the relationship between the Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) infection and gastric mucosa change and blood-lipid in people undergoing the physical examination in Changsha. METHODS: A total of 2 264 people undergoing physical examination were divided into an H. pyloripositive group (n=1 068) and an H. pylori-negative group (n=1 196). Gastric mucosa change was diagnosed by gastroscopy, blood-lipid and blood sugar were detected, and the statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: The incidence rate of H.pylori infection was 47.2%. The incidence rate of gastric mucosal erosion, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric mucosal atrophy, gastric polyp, dyslipidemia, increase of triglyceride were (TG) and decrease of the high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the H.pylori-positive group were all higher than those in the H.pylori-negative group (P<0.01 or P<0.05). In the H. pylori-positive group, the level of TG in people with gastric mucosal erosion, gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer was higher than that in people with normal gastric mucosa or mild gastritis, and HDL-C was lower than that in people with normal gastric mucosa or mild gastritis. CONCLUSION H. pylori infection can induce the gastric mucosa injury and dyslipidemia, which may result in the occurrence and development of coronary heart disease by increasing TG and decreasing HDL-C, thus increasing the risk of atherosclerosis.
Adenomatous Polyps ; Cholesterol, HDL ; blood ; Duodenal Ulcer ; microbiology ; physiopathology ; Dyslipidemias ; microbiology ; Gastric Mucosa ; microbiology ; pathology ; Gastritis ; microbiology ; physiopathology ; Helicobacter Infections ; physiopathology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Lipids ; blood ; Physical Examination ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Stomach Ulcer ; microbiology ; physiopathology ; Triglycerides ; blood

OBJECTIVETo determine the distributions of six Helicobacter pylori (Hp)-specific antibodies in a high-risk population of gastric cancer (GC) and explore the relationship between Hp virulence factors and precancerous gastric lesions.

METHODSBased on the two intervention trials conducted in Linqu County, the seropositivities for CagA, VacA, GroEL, UreA, HcpC and GGT were assessed by recombinant immunoassay (recomLine) in 623 participants with H. pylori infection determined by (13)C-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT) and/or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULTSIn a total of 623 participants were detected by recomLine analysis, of which 594 were Hp-positive. The seropositivities rates of CagA, VacA, GroEL, UreA, HcpC and GGT were 84.0%, 38.2%, 66.7%, 17.7%, 58.8% and 42.8%, respectively. A total of 523 participants were determined as type I infection of Hp, accounting for 88.1%. Compared with superficial gastritis (SG), the infection rate of Hp type I was higher in the chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSThe results of this population-based study suggest that the virulence factors of Hp may be related to the development of GC in a Chinese high-risk population. The recomLine analysis may serve as a tool for identification of Hp strains and prediction of high-risk population of GC.

Adult ; Antibodies, Bacterial ; blood ; Female ; Gastritis ; blood ; immunology ; microbiology ; Gastritis, Atrophic ; blood ; immunology ; microbiology ; Helicobacter Infections ; blood ; immunology ; Helicobacter pylori ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Precancerous Conditions ; blood ; immunology ; microbiology ; Stomach Neoplasms ; blood ; immunology ; microbiology

INTRODUCTIONHelicobacter (H.) hepaticus infection causes chronic active hepatitis and induces hepatocellular tumours in A/JCr mice, but evidence of this in humans is scarce. This study aimed to demonstrate the correlation between H. hepaticus and human primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

METHODSThe sera of 50 patients with primary HCC were tested for the presence of anti-H. pylori and anti-H. hepaticus immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies. The liver tissues of patients who tested positive for serum antibody were analysed for H. hepaticus-specific 16S rRNA, H. hepaticus cdtB, H. pylori cagA, H. pylori vacA and H. pylori ureC genes using polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTSAfter the anti-H. pylori antibodies in the serum samples were absorbed by H. pylori antigen, the anti-H. hepaticus IgG serum antibody detection rate was 50.0% in patients with primary HCC. This was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the detection rate in the benign liver tumour (7.7%) and normal liver tissue (6.3%) groups. Of the 25 primary HCC samples that tested positive for anti-H. hepaticus IgG serum antibody, the H. hepaticus-specific 16S rRNA gene was detected in nine (36.0%) samples. Sequencing showed that the polymerase chain reaction-amplified product exhibited 95.5%-100% homology to the H. hepaticus-specific 16S rRNA gene. Among these nine primary HCC tissue samples, the H. hepaticus cdtB gene was detected in four (44.4%) samples, while no such expression was observed in the benign liver tumour or normal liver tissue groups.

CONCLUSIONThe present study identified the presence of H. hepaticus infection in patients with primary HCC using serological and molecular biological detection, suggesting that H. hepaticus infection may be involved in the progression of HCC.

Adult ; Aged ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular ; microbiology ; DNA, Bacterial ; genetics ; Female ; Helicobacter Infections ; genetics ; microbiology ; Helicobacter hepaticus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Helicobacter pylori ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; blood ; Liver Neoplasms ; microbiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction