OBJECTIVES: To provide a guideline for genealogy inference and family lineage investigation through a study of the mismatch tolerance distribution of Y-STR loci in Chinese Han male lineage. METHODS: Three Han lineages with clear genetic relationships were selected. YFiler Platinum PCR amplification Kit was used to obtain the typing data of 35 Y-STR loci in male samples. The variation of Y-STR haplotypes in generation inheritance and the mismatch tolerance at 1-7 kinship levels were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Mutations in Y-STR were family-specific with different mutation loci and numbers of mutation in different lineages. Among all the mutations, 66.03% were observed on rapidly and fast mutating loci. At 1-7 kinship levels, the number of mismatch tolerance ranged from 0 to 5 on all 35 Y-STR loci, with a maximum step size of 6. On medium and slow mutant loci, the number of mismatch tolerance ranged from 0 to 2, with a maximum step size of 3; on rapidly and fast mutant loci, the number of mismatch tolerance ranged from 0 to 3, with a maximum step size of 6. CONCLUSIONS Combined use of SNP genealogy inference and Y-STR lineage investigation, both 0 and multiple mismatch tolerance need to be considered. Family lineage with 0-3 mismatch tolerance on all 35 Y-STR loci and 0-1 mismatch tolerance on medium and slow loci can be prioritized for screening. When the number of mismatch tolerance is eligible, family lineages with long steps should be carefully excluded. Meanwhile, adding fast mutant loci should also be handled with caution.
Male ; Humans ; Haplotypes ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics* ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Mutation ; Asian People/genetics* ; China ; Genetics, Population

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the recombinations within the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region in two families. METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood specimens of the different family members. HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1 and -DPB1 loci were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific oligonucleotide probing technique (PCR-SSO) and next-generation sequencing technique. HLA haplotype was determined by genetic analysis of the pedigree. RESULTS: The haplotypes of HLA-A*11:01~C*03:04~B*13:01~DRB1*12:02~DQB1*03:01~DPB1*05:01:01G and HLA-A*03:01~C*04:01~B*35:03~DRB1*12:01~DQB1*03:01~DPB1*04:01:01G in the family 1 were recombined between HLA-B and HLA-DRB1 loci, which formed the haplotype of HLA-A*11:01~C*03:04~B*13:01~DRB1* 12:01~DQB1*03:01~DPB1*04:01:01G. The haplotypes of HLA-A *02:06~C*03:03~B*35:01~DRB1*08:02~DQB1*04:02~ DPB1*13:01:01G and HLA-A *11:01~C*07:02~B*38:02~DRB1*15:02~DQB1*05:01~DPB1*05:01:01G in the family 2 were recombined between HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DPB1 loci, which formed the haplotype of HLA-A*02:06~C*03:03~B*35:01~ DRB1*08:02~DQB1*04:02~DPB1*05:01:01G. CONCLUSION The gene recombination events between HLA-B and -DRB1, HLA-DQB1 and -DPB1 loci were found respectively in two Chinese Han families.
Humans ; Gene Frequency ; HLA-DQ beta-Chains/genetics* ; HLA-B Antigens/genetics* ; Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics* ; Haplotypes ; HLA-A Antigens/genetics* ; HLA-DRB1 Chains/genetics* ; Recombination, Genetic ; Alleles

Objective: To investigate whether haplotype hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (haplo-HSCT) is effective in the treatment of pre transplant minimal residual disease (Pre-MRD) positive acute B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) compared with HLA- matched sibling donor transplantation (MSDT) . Methods: A total of 998 patients with B-ALL in complete remission pre-HSCT who either received haplo-HSCT (n=788) or underwent MSDT (n=210) were retrospectively analyzed. The pre-transplantation leukemia burden was evaluated according to Pre-MRD determinedusing multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) . Results: Of these patients, 997 (99.9% ) achieved sustained, full donor chimerism. The 100-day cumulative incidences of neutrophil engraftment, platelet engraftment, and grades Ⅱ-Ⅳ acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were 99.9% (997/998) , 95.3% (951/998) , and 26.6% (95% CI 23.8% -29.4% ) , respectively. The 3-year cumulative incidence of total chronic GVHD was 49.1% (95% CI 45.7% -52.4% ) . The 3-year cumulative incidence of relapse (CIR) and non-relapse mortality (NRM) of the 998 cases were 17.3% (95% CI 15.0% -19.7% ) and 13.8% (95% CI 11.6% -16.0% ) , respectively. The 3-year probabilities of leukemia-free survival (LFS) and overall survival (OS) were 69.1% (95% CI 66.1% -72.1% ) and 73.0% (95% CI 70.2% -75.8% ) , respectively. In the total patient group, cases with positive Pre-MRD (n=282) experienced significantly higher CIR than that of subjects with negative Pre-MRD [n=716, 31.6% (95% CI 25.8% -37.5% ) vs 14.3% (95% CI 11.4% -17.2% ) , P<0.001]. For patients in the positive Pre-MRD subgroup, cases treated with haplo-HSCT (n=219) had a lower 3-year CIR than that of cases who underwent MSDT [n=63, 27.2% (95% CI 21.0% -33.4% ) vs 47.0% (95% CI 33.8% -60.2% ) , P=0.002]. The total 998 cases were classified as five subgroups, including cases with negative Pre-MRD group (n=716) , cases with Pre-MRD<0.01% group (n=46) , cases with Pre-MRD 0.01% -<0.1% group (n=117) , cases with Pre-MRD 0.1% -<1% group (n=87) , and cases with Pre-MRD≥1% group (n=32) . For subjects in the Pre-MRD<0.01% group, haplo-HSCT (n=40) had a lower CIR than that of MSDT [n=6, 10.0% (95% CI 0.4% -19.6% ) vs 32.3% (95% CI 0% -69.9% ) , P=0.017]. For patients in the Pre-MRD 0.01% -<0.1% group, haplo-HSCT (n=81) also had a lower 3-year CIR than that of MSDT [n=36, 20.4% (95% CI 10.4% -30.4% ) vs 47.0% (95% CI 29.2% -64.8% ) , P=0.004]. In the other three subgroups, the 3-year CIR was comparable between patients who underwent haplo-HSCT and those received MSDT. A subgroup analysis of patients with Pre-MRD<0.1% (n=163) was performed, the results showed that cases received haplo-HSCT (n=121) experienced lower 3-year CIR [16.0% (95% CI 9.4% -22.7% ) vs 40.5% (95% CI 25.2% -55.8% ) , P<0.001], better 3-year LFS [78.2% (95% CI 70.6% -85.8% ) vs 47.6% (95% CI 32.2% -63.0% ) , P<0.001] and OS [80.5% (95% CI 73.1% -87.9% ) vs 54.6% (95% CI 39.2% -70.0% ) , P<0.001] than those of MSDT (n=42) , but comparable in 3-year NRM [5.8% (95% CI 1.6% -10.0% ) vs 11.9% (95% CI 2.0% -21.8% ) , P=0.188]. Multivariate analysis showed that haplo-HSCT was associated with lower CIR (HR=0.248, 95% CI 0.131-0.472, P<0.001) , and superior LFS (HR=0.275, 95% CI 0.157-0.483, P<0.001) and OS (HR=0.286, 95% CI 0.159-0.513, P<0.001) . Conclusion: Haplo HSCT has a survival advantage over MSDT in the treatment of B-ALL patients with pre MRD<0.1% .
B-Lymphocytes ; Graft vs Host Disease ; HLA Antigens/genetics* ; Haplotypes ; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation/adverse effects* ; Humans ; Leukemia, B-Cell/complications* ; Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/complications* ; Neoplasm, Residual ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy* ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Siblings

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether WNT signaling pathway genes were associated with non-syndromic oral clefts (NSOC) based on haplotypes analyses among 1 008 Chinese NSOC case-parent trios. METHODS: The genome-wide association study (GWAS) data of 806 Chinese non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) trios and 202 Chinese non-syndromic cleft palate (NSCP) case-parent trios were drawn from the International Consortium to Identify Genes and Interactions Controlling Oral Clefts (ICOCs) study GWAS data set, whose Chinese study population were recruited from four provinces in China, namely Taiwan, Shandong, Hubei, and Sichuan provinces. The process of DNA genotyping was conducted by the Center for Inherited Disease Research in the Johns Hopkins University, using Illumina Human610-Quad v.1_B Bead Chip. The method of sliding windows was used to determine the haplotypes for analyses, including 2 SNPs haplotypes and 3 SNPs haplotypes. Haplotypes with a frequency lower than 1% were excluded for further analyses. To further assess the association between haplotypes and NSOC risks, and the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) was performed. The Bonferroni method was adopted to correct multiple tests in the study, with which the threshold of statistical significance level was set as P < 0.05 divided by the number of tests, e.g P < 3.47×10^-4 in the current stu-dy. All the statistical analyses were performed by using plink (v1.07). RESULTS: After quality control, a total of 144 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) mapped in seven genes in WNT signaling pathway were included for the analyses among the 806 Chinese NSCL/P trios and 202 Chinese NSCP trios. A total of 1 042 haplotypes with frequency higher than 1% were included for NSCL/P analyses and another 1 057 haplotypes with frequency higher than 1% were included for NSCP analyses. Results from the TDT analyses showed that a total of 69 haplotypes were nominally associated with the NSCL/P risk among Chinese (P < 0.05). Another 34 haplotypes showed nominal significant association with the NSCP risk among Chinese (P < 0.05). However, none of these haplotypes reached pre-defined statistical significance level after Bonferroni correction (P>3.47×10^-4). CONCLUSION This study failed to observe any statistically significant associations between haplotypes of seven WNT signaling pathway genes and the risk of NSOC among Chinese. Further studies are warranted to replicate the findings here.
Cleft Lip/genetics* ; Cleft Palate/genetics* ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Wnt Signaling Pathway/genetics*

OBJECTIVES: To study the association of β2-drenergic receptor ( METHODS: A total of 143 children with asthma who attended the hospital from October 2016 to October 2020 were enrolled as the asthma group, among whom 61 children had mild symptoms (mild group) and 82 children had moderate-to-severe symptoms (moderate-to-severe group). A total of 137 healthy children were enrolled as the control group. Peripheral venous blood samples were collected from the two groups. The SNaPshot SNP technique was used to analyze the SNP and haplotypes of the RESULTS: Polymorphisms were observed in the CONCLUSIONS SNP/haplotype of the
Asthma/genetics* ; Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics* ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid

Objective To study the genetic polymorphism of whole mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA） genomes in She population in Zhejiang and to explore the maternal genetic structure of the She population. Methods Whole mtDNA genomes of 231 unrelated individuals from She population in Zhejiang Province were sequenced. The number of mutations and population genetics parameters such as, the haplotype diversity （HD）, discrimination power （DP）, and random match probabilities （RMP） were analyzed. The mtDNA haplogroups of Zhejiang She population were classified, and the maternal genetic relationships between She and nine other Chinese populations were estimated. Results In 231 Zhejiang She samples, 8 507 mutations （702 types） were observed and the samples were classified into 94 haplogroups. The HD, DP and RMP values were 0.998 6, 0.994 2 and 0.005 8, respectively. The lowest genetic differentiation degree （F_st=0.006 89） was detected between Zhejiang She population and southern Han population. Principal component analysis （PCA） and median-joining network analysis showed that the genetic distance of Zhejiang She population with Guangxi Yao, Yunnan Dai and Southern Han populations was relatively close, but the population still had some unique genetic characteristics. Conclusion The whole mtDNA genomes are highly polymorphic in Zhejiang She population. The Zhejiang She population contains complex and diverse genetic components and has a relatively close maternal genetic relationship with Guangxi Yao, Yunnan Dai and Southern Han populations. Meanwhile, Zhejiang She population has kept its unique maternal genetic components.
Asian People/genetics* ; China ; DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics* ; Ethnicity/genetics* ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Polymorphism, Genetic

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of allelic and haplotypic polymorphisms of human leukocyte antigens at HLA-A, -B, -C, DRB1 and DQB1 loci in Guangxi Zhuang population. METHODS: Polymerase chain reaction-sequence based typing (PCR-SBT) was used to detect. The five loci (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, -DQB1) in 350 unrelated Zhuang ethnic individual from Guangxi region. Allelic and haplotypic frequencies were calculated by using Arlequin software 3.5.2.2. Phylogeny tree were constructed by using MEGA software 6.0, and SPSS software was used for principal component analysis. RESULTS: Among the five loci in the population, only HLA-A and DRB1 loci were observed as departures from Hardy-Weinberg expectations. A total of 19 HLA-A, 42 HLA-B, 22 HLA-C, 25 HLA-DRB1 and 15 HLA-DQB1 alleles were found in 350 samples. The most highest frequent alleles were A*11: 01(28.57%), B*46: 01(14.00%), C*01: 02(18.43%), DRB1*16: 02 (15.71%）and DQB1*05: 02 (35.00%) . The most common five loci haplotype was A*33: 03-C*03: 02-B*58: 01-DRB1*03: 01-DQB1*02: 01（6.86%）. The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that Guangxi Zhuang population had a relative close genetic relationship with southern Han Chinese populations. CONCLUSION This reaserch found that the HLA-A, B, C, DRB1 and DQB1 loci are highly polymorphic in Guangxi Zhuang population.
Alleles ; China ; Gene Frequency ; HLA-A Antigens ; genetics ; HLA-B Antigens ; genetics ; HLA-DRB1 Chains ; genetics ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Phylogeny

OBJECTIVE: Haplotype amplification on germline variants is suggested to imply potential selective advantages and clonal expansion susceptibility and has become an important signature for seeking cancer susceptibility gene.Here we propose an improved association method that fully considers the haplotype amplification status. METHODS: The haplotype amplification status was estimated by the variant allelic frequencies.We adopted a permutation test on variant allelic frequencies to divide the candidate variants into multiple groups.A likelihood clustering method was then applied to establish the neighborhood system of the hidden Markov random field framework.A filtering pipeline was introduced into the proposed method to further refine the candidate variants, including a Wilson's interval filter and a false discovery rate controller.The final candidate set along with the haplotype amplification status was collapsed into the weighted virtual sites for association tests. RESULTS: Through simulated tests on a series of datasets, we compared the type Ⅰ error rates of different minor allele frequencies, which stably fell within 2%, suggesting good robustness of the algorithm.In addition, we compared another 5 published association approaches for Type-Ⅰ and Type-Ⅱ error rates with the proposed method, which resulted in the error rates all within 2%, demonstrating significant advantages and a good statistical ability of the proposed method. CONCLUSIONS The proposed method can accurately identify tumor susceptibility variants in haplotype amplification area with good robustness and stability.
Algorithms ; Cluster Analysis ; Gene Amplification ; Gene Frequency ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Neoplasms/genetics* ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

Objective To provide a theoretical basis for building a Y chromosome database in specific regions by analyzing the pedigree specific core haplogroup and region specific genetic structure in Changshu. Methods One thousand seven hundred and two samples from unrelated Han male individuals in Changshu were collected. Then 27 Y-STR were genotyped through YfilerTM Plus PCR Amplification Kit, Y-SNP haplogroup of each sample was speculated using Y-Predictor software and some samples were verified by amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction （ARMS-PCR）. Results A total of 1 556 haplotypes were found on the 27 Y-STR genetic markers of the 1 702 samples. The haplotype diversity （HD） value was 0.999 827. DYS385 （0.933） had the highest gene diversity （GD） value while DYS438 （0.409） had the lowest. By the Y-Predictor software, all samples were confirmed to be from 162 sub-haplogroups of C, D, N, O, Q and R. Samples were randomly selected to verify the prediction results by the software and the prediction accuracy of Y-Predictor software was as high as 95.74%. Conclusion This study found that 27 Y-STR genetic markers have relatively high polymorphisms in the Changshu population, and have good forensic individual identification and paternity testing ability.
Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics* ; Gene Frequency ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic

Objective To investigate the frequency distribution features of 11 Y-SNP of Guizhou Shui ethnic group, explore its genetic relationship with other ethnic groups and evaluate its forensic application value. Methods Multiplex amplification of the 11 Y-SNP of samples of 180 unrelated male individuals from Guizhou Shui ethnic group was performed with microsequencing technique. The frequency of haplogroup was calculated by direct counting method, and principal component analysis （PCA） of Guizhou Shui ethnic group and reference ethnic groups was performed by using Multi-variate statistical package （MVSP）. The F_st genetic distance between Guizhou Shui ethnic group and other ethnic groups was calculated with Arlequin v3.5. The phylogenetic tree was established with MEGA 4.0 software according to the F_st value. Results Six types of Y chromosome haplogroups were observed in total. Among which, the distribution frequency of O-M175 haplogroup was the highest （71.11%）, followed by C-M130 （25.00%）, and D-M174 （3.89%）. O1b-M268 （31.11%） and O2a2-IMS-JST021354 （28.33%） had a relatively high distribution frequency in O haplogroup. The paternal relationship between Guizhou Shui ethnic group and Guizhou Gelao ethnic group in the same language group was the closest. Conclusion The distribution of Y-SNP haplogroup of the Shui ethnic group in Guizhou has certain specificity, which can provide basic data for forensic biogeographic inference.
Asian People/genetics* ; China ; Chromosomes, Human, Y/genetics* ; Ethnicity/genetics* ; Genetics, Population ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Phylogeny ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide