Purpose: By utilizing both protein and mRNA expression patterns, we can identify more detailed and diverse immune cells, providing insights into understanding the complex immune landscape in cancer ecosystems. Materials and Methods: This study was performed by obtaining publicly available Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-seq) data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. A total of 94674 total cells were analyzed, of which 32412 were T cells. There were 228 protein features and 16262 mRNA features in the data.The Seurat package was used for quality control and preprocessing, principal component analysis was performed, and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection was used to visualize the clusters. Protein and mRNA levels in the CITE-seq were analyzed. Results: We observed that a subset of T cells in the clusters generated at the protein level divided better. By identifying mRNA markers that were highly correlated with the CD4 and CD8 proteins and cross-validating CD26 and CD99 markers using flow cytometry, we found that CD4 + and CD8+ T cells were better discriminated in PBMCs. Weighted Nearest Neighbor clustering results identified a previously unobserved T cell subset. Conclusion In this study, we used CITE-seq data to confirm that protein expression patterns could be used to identify cells more precisely. These findings will improve our understanding of the heterogeneity of immune cells in the future and provide valuable insights into the complexity of the immune response in health and disease.

Systemic amyloidosis is characterized by the accumulation of insoluble proteins in tissues including heart, kidney, liver and any other organs. Light chain amyloidosis is the most common type of primary amyloidosis. And it is generally considered to be the plasma cell dysfunction. Given its pathogenesis, it may affect any organ system. Thus, clinical presentation is variable and delayed diagnosis is common. Given these diagnostic difficulties, we presented a systemic amyloidosis presented as liver dysfunction.

Gallbladder tumors are rare but aggressive malignancies, often identified incidentally after cholecystectomy. Adenocarcinoma is the most common phenotype, though squamous cell carcinoma is rare, and it ranged as 1–4% of reported gallbladder cancer. Due to the rarity of the disease, early diagnosis is often challenging. One of the uncommon presentations of gallbladder cancer is hepatic abscess, with few cases reported in the literature. This report presents a rare case of an 82-year-old male referred with hepatic abscess. Multiple pathogens were isolated, indicating a superimposed bacterial infection. Upon further investigation, cytology confirmed the presence of a keratinizing squamous carcinoma of gallbladder cancer. This case presents a rare instance of squamous cell gallbladder carcinoma, which is difficult to diagnose, discovered in an elderly patient who presented with a liver abscess accompanied by bacterial infection. It highlights the challenges in diagnosis and treatment, as well as the poor prognosis associated with the condition.

Purpose: We aimed to comprehensively analyze the immune cell and stromal components of tumor microenvironment at the single-cell level and identify tumor heterogeneity among the major top-derived oncogene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Materials and Methods: The scRNA-seq dataset utilized in this study comprised 64369 primary tumor tissue cells from 21 NSCLC patients, focusing on mutations in EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, TP53, and the wild-type. Results: Tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) analysis revealed differential immune responses across NSCLC mutation subtypes. TIM analysis revealed different immune responses across the mutation subtypes. Two mutation clusters emerged: KRAS, TP53, and EGFR+TP53 mutations (MC1); and EGFR, BRAF, and ALK mutations (MC2). MC1 showed higher tertiary lymphoid structures signature scores and enriched populations of C2-T-IL7R, C3-T/NK-CXCL4, C9-T/NK-NKG, and C1-B-MS4A1 clusters than cluster 2. Conversely, MC2 cells exhibited higher expression levels of TNF, IL1B, and chemokines linked to alternative immune pathways. Remarkably, co-occurring EGFR and TP53 mutations were grouped as MC1. EGFR+TP53 mutations showed upregulation of peptide synthesis and higher synthetic processes, as well as differences in myeloid and T/NK cells compared to EGFR mutations. In T/NK cells, EGFR+TP53 mutations showed a higher expression of features related to cell activity and differentiation, whereas EGFR mutations showed the opposite. Conclusion Our research indicates a close association between mutation types and tumor microenvironment in NSCLC, offering insights into personalized approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Objectives: This paper provides evidence for the improvement of the local and national longterm psychiatric emergency response system by analyzing emergency response cases for psychiatric crisis intervention conducted over three years at the Jeonbuk State Mental Health Welfare Center. Methods: From August 1, 2020, to December 31, 2023, 314 cases of emergency response for psychiatric crisis intervention were analyzed. The analysis included factors such as gender, age, marital status, location, classification of psychiatric crises, referral pathways, intervention response time, counseling history, location of intervention, types of mental health issues, types of suicidal issues, psychiatric treatment history, suicide plans and attempts, outcomes of major interventions, levels of depression, alcohol consumption, and suicidal behavior. Results: The emergency response for psychiatric crisis intervention had a higher proportion of suicide counseling compared to general mental health emergencies, and most cases were referred through administrative agencies such as the police and fire department. The majority of intervention targets were first-time counselees, classified as high-risk individuals because of depression, alcohol consumption, and suicidal behavior, and either discontinued or were maintaining medication treatment. Conclusion This study illustrated the major role of emergency response in psychiatric crisis intervention and the need for strengthening networks with police, fire departments, and relevant agencies, and improving the treatment of care staff and public awareness. In addition, this study provides evidence for predicting risk factors and offering preventive and preemptive measures.

Background: The 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet aims to present an updated overview of obesity prevalence across all age groups, including children and adolescents. Methods: This study included individuals aged ≥20 years (n=16,941,423 in 2021) who underwent health checkups provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service between 2012 and 2021. The prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity was standardized by age and sex using data from the 2010 population and housing census. For children and adolescents (6 to 18 years) (n= 884 in 2021), we used the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2012 to 2021), and obesity was defined by the corresponding sex- and agespecific body mass index percentile of 95th or greater based on the 2017 Korean National Growth Chart for Children and Adolescents. Results: The overall prevalence of obesity in 2021 is 38.4% (49.2% in men and 27.8% in women), which is a 1.27-fold increase from 30.2% in 2012. The prevalence of obesity has increased across all age groups, particularly among those aged 20, 30, and 80 years. The prevalence of class III obesity substantially increased from 0.35% (men) and 0.42% (women) in 2012 to 1.21% and 0.97% in 2021, with 3.46- and 2.31-fold increases, respectively.This increase was particularly pronounced in young adults. The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has surged from 9.7% in 2012 to 19.3% in 2021, with a greater increase among boys. Conclusion Our study provides information on the current status of obesity prevalence based on the 2023 Obesity Fact Sheet, emphasizing the urgency of implementing timely strategies to reverse this increasing trend.

Purpose: We aimed to comprehensively analyze the immune cell and stromal components of tumor microenvironment at the single-cell level and identify tumor heterogeneity among the major top-derived oncogene mutations in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Materials and Methods: The scRNA-seq dataset utilized in this study comprised 64369 primary tumor tissue cells from 21 NSCLC patients, focusing on mutations in EGFR, ALK, BRAF, KRAS, TP53, and the wild-type. Results: Tumor immune microenvironment (TIM) analysis revealed differential immune responses across NSCLC mutation subtypes. TIM analysis revealed different immune responses across the mutation subtypes. Two mutation clusters emerged: KRAS, TP53, and EGFR+TP53 mutations (MC1); and EGFR, BRAF, and ALK mutations (MC2). MC1 showed higher tertiary lymphoid structures signature scores and enriched populations of C2-T-IL7R, C3-T/NK-CXCL4, C9-T/NK-NKG, and C1-B-MS4A1 clusters than cluster 2. Conversely, MC2 cells exhibited higher expression levels of TNF, IL1B, and chemokines linked to alternative immune pathways. Remarkably, co-occurring EGFR and TP53 mutations were grouped as MC1. EGFR+TP53 mutations showed upregulation of peptide synthesis and higher synthetic processes, as well as differences in myeloid and T/NK cells compared to EGFR mutations. In T/NK cells, EGFR+TP53 mutations showed a higher expression of features related to cell activity and differentiation, whereas EGFR mutations showed the opposite. Conclusion Our research indicates a close association between mutation types and tumor microenvironment in NSCLC, offering insights into personalized approaches for cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Objectives: This paper provides evidence for the improvement of the local and national longterm psychiatric emergency response system by analyzing emergency response cases for psychiatric crisis intervention conducted over three years at the Jeonbuk State Mental Health Welfare Center. Methods: From August 1, 2020, to December 31, 2023, 314 cases of emergency response for psychiatric crisis intervention were analyzed. The analysis included factors such as gender, age, marital status, location, classification of psychiatric crises, referral pathways, intervention response time, counseling history, location of intervention, types of mental health issues, types of suicidal issues, psychiatric treatment history, suicide plans and attempts, outcomes of major interventions, levels of depression, alcohol consumption, and suicidal behavior. Results: The emergency response for psychiatric crisis intervention had a higher proportion of suicide counseling compared to general mental health emergencies, and most cases were referred through administrative agencies such as the police and fire department. The majority of intervention targets were first-time counselees, classified as high-risk individuals because of depression, alcohol consumption, and suicidal behavior, and either discontinued or were maintaining medication treatment. Conclusion This study illustrated the major role of emergency response in psychiatric crisis intervention and the need for strengthening networks with police, fire departments, and relevant agencies, and improving the treatment of care staff and public awareness. In addition, this study provides evidence for predicting risk factors and offering preventive and preemptive measures.

Objectives: This paper provides evidence for the improvement of the local and national longterm psychiatric emergency response system by analyzing emergency response cases for psychiatric crisis intervention conducted over three years at the Jeonbuk State Mental Health Welfare Center. Methods: From August 1, 2020, to December 31, 2023, 314 cases of emergency response for psychiatric crisis intervention were analyzed. The analysis included factors such as gender, age, marital status, location, classification of psychiatric crises, referral pathways, intervention response time, counseling history, location of intervention, types of mental health issues, types of suicidal issues, psychiatric treatment history, suicide plans and attempts, outcomes of major interventions, levels of depression, alcohol consumption, and suicidal behavior. Results: The emergency response for psychiatric crisis intervention had a higher proportion of suicide counseling compared to general mental health emergencies, and most cases were referred through administrative agencies such as the police and fire department. The majority of intervention targets were first-time counselees, classified as high-risk individuals because of depression, alcohol consumption, and suicidal behavior, and either discontinued or were maintaining medication treatment. Conclusion This study illustrated the major role of emergency response in psychiatric crisis intervention and the need for strengthening networks with police, fire departments, and relevant agencies, and improving the treatment of care staff and public awareness. In addition, this study provides evidence for predicting risk factors and offering preventive and preemptive measures.