With the development of artificial intelligence， machine learning has shown great potential in the field of medical health. Machine learning conducts a comprehensive analysis of patient data including clinical features， blood tests， and imaging examinations and establishes corresponding mathematical models to achieve the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and the prediction of disease conditions， thereby guiding disease management. With reference to the latest research findings， this article reviews the application of machine learning in chronic hepatitis C and related research advances.

BACKGROUND:Bone defects can directly affect the success rate and long-term stability of dental implants.Studies have shown that salidroside has the ability to promote the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts,but less is reported on its pathways related to osteogenic differentiation. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of salidroside on the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells and the expression of related genes and proteins through in vitro cell experiments. METHODS:Cell counting kit-8 test and alkaline phosphatase test were used to determine the optimal concentration of salidroside(0.5,1,5,10,and 50 μmol/L)in promoting the proliferation and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells.There were four groups in the experiment:control group,salidroside group,salidroside+LY294002 group,and LY294002 group,which were cultured with osteogenic induction solution,osteogenic induction solution containing 10 μmol/L salidroside,osteogenic induction solution containing 10 μmol/L salidroside+10 μmol/L LY294002,and osteogenic induction solution containing 10 μmol/L LY294002,respectively.The effects of salidroside and LY294002,an inhibitor of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway,on the expressions of genes and proteins related to osteogenesis were observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Cell counting kit-8 assay and alkaline phosphatase assay showed that salidroside promoted the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells most significantly at 10 μmol/L.Compared with the control group,salidroside could promote mineralization,promote cell adhesion,reduce cell death,increase mRNA expression of Runx-2,osteocalcin and osteopontin(P<0.01),and increase protein expression of Runx-2 and p-Akt(P<0.01).However,the addition of LY294002 reversed the above results.These findings indicate that salidroside can promote the mineralization of MC3T3-E1 cells and the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins,which may be related to the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

In 2025， Severe Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Group and Nutrition and Regeneration in End-Stage Liver Disease Group of Chinese Society of Hepatology， Chinese Medical Association， convened a panel of national experts to jointly develop China’s first guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of acute-on-chronic liver failure （ACLF）. Based on the latest research findings and clinical practice in China and globally， this guideline establishes a standardized definition of ACLF and provide recommendations for its diagnosis， treatment， and clinical management. This article gives an interpretation of the key points in the guideline， in order to provide a reference for standardized diagnosis and treatment of ACLF.

Objective lo analyze the difference of peri-coronary tat attenuation index(pr Al)on different grades of hypertension(HT),and to explore the value of pFAI in evaluating the risk of HT patients.Methods Retrospective data on hospitalized patients who underwent coronary computed tomography angiography(CCTA)examination for chest pain were collected.A total of 415 clini-cally confirmed HT patients were selected as observation group(including 132 patients in grade 1 HT group,137 patients in grade 2 HT group,146 patients in grade 3 HT group),and 187 non-hypertension patients during the same period as control group.The differ-ence of fat attenuation index(FAI)in three main coronary arteries[left anterior descending artery(LAD),left circumflex artery(LCX),right coronary artery(RCA)]was compared,and the correlation between pF AI and HT patients was analyzed.Results RCA-FAI(-78.86 HU±7.66 HU)and LAD-FAI(-80.62 HU±7.50 HU)were higher in HT group than those in control group(-84.46 HU± 8.00 HU,-83.43 HU±7.51 HU,P＜0.05).pFAI value was higher in grade 3 HT group than that in grade 1 HT group and grade 2 HT group(P＜0.05),while there were no differences between grade 1 HT group and grade 2 HT group(P＞0.05).After adjusting the influence of traditional risk factors and coronaryartery disease,RCA-FAI had relatively closer relationship with HT grades(r=0.47,P＜0.001).Conclusion LAD-FAI,RCA-FAI in the HT group are higher than those in control group and RCA-FAI has relatively closer relationship with HT grades,suggesting that RCA-FAI may be an imaging indicator to evaluate the pro-gression of HT and predict the risk of HT.

Objective To explore the role of long non-coding RNA smad7(Linc-smad7)in invasion and migration of pancreatic cancer(PC)cells and its mechanisms.Methods The expression level of Linc-smad7 in PC tissues and cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR assays.Transwell assays were performed to observe the effect of Linc-smad7 overexpression on the migration and invasion abilities of PaCa-2 cells.Luciferase reporter analysis was made to detect the direct binding effect of Linc-smad7 on miR-125b and miR-125b on Sirtuin1(SIRT1).qRT-PCR assays were used to detect the regulatory effect of Linc-smad7 on miR-125b expression in PaCa-2 cells.qRT-PCR and Western blotting assays were used to detect the regulatory effect of miR-125b on SIRT1 expression.Results Linc-smad7 was significantly increased in PC tissues and cell lines.Paca-2 cells with overexpressed Linc-smad7 showed higher migration and invasion abilities,while miR-125b expression was decreased.After the expression of miR-125b was increased,the expression of SIRT1 was decreased significantly.Luciferase reporter assays results suggested that Linc-smad7 directly targeted with miR-125b,and miR-125b directly bound with SIRT1.Increased Linc-Smad7 or decreased miR-125b could reverse the effect of SIRT1 inhibition on invasion and migration of PaCa-2 cells.Conclusion Linc-smad7 promotes invasion and migration of PaCa-2 cells through miR-125b/SIRT1 axis.

With the continuous development of experimental biology, the limitations of commonly utilized model organisms are becoming increasingly apparent. Discrepancies between research conducted on laboratory animals and humans significantly impede the translational application of findings derived from animal experiments. This review introduces ascidian Ciona intestinalis as a novel model organism, an invertebrate that is evolutionarily closest to vertebrates and is a sister group to vertebrates. The review summarizes recent research progress on Ciona intestinalis in various fields to illustrate the significant advantages and promising application prospects of it as a model organism. The research progress outlined in the review mainly encompasses: (1) The whole-genome sequencing of Ciona intestinalis has been determined and numerous related databases have been established. Various embryonic gene editing technologies have been successfully applied, making it an animal model easy to manipulate genetically and study the functions and interactions of target genes visually. (2) In the field of neurobiology, Ciona intestinalis boasts a central nervous system structure similar to that of vertebrates and possesses numerous homologous neuropeptides and hormone molecules. These features grant it an edge in exploring the mechanisms and functional evolution of endocrine and neuroendocrine-related molecules. Additionally, the sensitivity and habituation of its larvae to light stimulation provide an avenue for exploring mechanisms related to behavioral plasticity. (3) In the field of immunology, Ciona intestinalis possesses a mature innate immune system and has evolved precursor genes to the adaptive immune system, with a relatively simple coding of immune-related genes. These features make it an exemplary model organism for immunological studies. (4) In the field of developmental biology, many studies have focused on the notochord development process in Ciona intestinalis and the regulatory mechanisms of gene expression within it, indicating common evolutionary developmental strategies among chordates. Additionally, insights into its heart development also significantly enhance our comprehension on the genetic network of human heart development. (5) In medical research, the ability of Ciona intestinalis to regenerate its neural complex and siphon, as well as the resilience of its heart to recover contractile function from substantial damage, renders it a valuable animal model for the study of regeneration and heart injury. It also has unique advantages as a research model for Alzheimer's disease and new drug development. Furthermore, its brief five-month lifespan facilitates the observation and recording of the entire aging process and the exploration of the effects of various factors on aging. In summary, this review aims to demonstrate that Ciona intestinalis stands out as a model organism with unique attributes and is expected to play a significant role in a wider range of scientific research areas.

Objective To explore the efficacy and safety of recombinant human anti-severe acute respiratory syn-drome coronavirus 2(anti-SARS-CoV-2)monoclonal antibody injection(F61 injection)in the treatment of patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)combined with renal damage.Methods Patients with COVID-19 and renal damage who visited the PLA General Hospital from January to February 2023 were selected.Subjects were randomly divided into two groups.Control group was treated with conventional anti-COVID-19 therapy,while trial group was treated with conventional anti-COVID-19 therapy combined with F61 injection.A 15-day follow-up was conducted after drug administration.Clinical symptoms,laboratory tests,electrocardiogram,and chest CT of pa-tients were performed to analyze the efficacy and safety of F61 injection.Results Twelve subjects(7 in trial group and 5 in control group)were included in study.Neither group had any clinical progression or death cases.The ave-rage time for negative conversion of nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in control group and trial group were 3.2 days and 1.57 days(P=0.046),respectively.The scores of COVID-19 related target symptom in the trial group on the 3rd and 5th day after medication were both lower than those of the control group(both P＜0.05).According to the clinical staging and World Health Organization 10-point graded disease progression scale,both groups of subjects improved but didn't show statistical differences(P＞0.05).For safety,trial group didn't present any infusion-re-lated adverse event.Subjects in both groups demonstrated varying degrees of elevated blood glucose,elevated urine glucose,elevated urobilinogen,positive urine casts,and cardiac arrhythmia,but the differences were not statistica-lly significant(all P＞0.05).Conclusion F61 injection has initially demonstrated safety and clinical benefit in trea-ting patients with COVID-19 combined with renal damage.As the domestically produced drug,it has good clinical accessibility and may provide more options for clinical practice.

Objective:To explore the predictive value of lipoproteins on the progression of critically ill patients to chronic critical illness (CCI).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyze clinical data of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from January 1, 2020, to December 31, 2022. The levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and apolipoproteins (ApoA-Ⅰ, ApoB) at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after admission to ICU were collected. The progression to CCI was recorded. CCI was defined as the length of ICU stay ≥14 days with sustained organ dysfunction [sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ≥2]. Differences in lipoprotein levels between the patients with and without CCI were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze risk factors for critically ill patients progressing to CCI. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of lipoproteins on critically ill patients progressing to CCI.Results:A total of 200 patients were enrolled in the final analysis. 137 patients (68.5%) progressed to CCI, and 63 patients (31.5%) did not. The lipoprotein indicators in the CCI group showed a decrease after the acute phase, while the lipoprotein indicators in the non-CCI group showed an increase. The levels of HDL, LDL, ApoA-Ⅰ, and ApoB at various time points in the CCI group were significantly lower than those in the non-CCI group. HDL at 7 days in the CCI group was significantly lower than that in the non-CCI group [mmol/L: 0.44 (0.31, 0.61) vs. 0.67 (0.49, 0.75), P < 0.01]. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that 7-day HDL was an independent risk factor for critically ill patients progressing to CCI [odds ratio ( OR) = 0.033, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 0.004-0.282, P = 0.002]. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 7-day HDL for predicting critically ill patients progressing to CCI was 0.702, with a 95% CI of 0.625-0.779, P < 0.001. When the optimal cut-off value was 0.59 mmol/L, the sensitivity was 69.8%, and the specificity was 72.4%. Conclusions:The low level of lipoproteins is closely related to the progression of critically ill patients, and 7-day HDL has a certain predictive value for critically ill patients progressing to CCI. Continuously observation of the change trend of lipoprotein level is helpful to judge the progression of CCI in critically ill patients.

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) is one of the leading causes of death among young adults worldwide. Multiple organ dysfunction in HS is caused by an imbalance between tissue oxygen supply and demand, which is closely related to the poor prognosis of patient. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the key mechanisms contributing to multiple organ dysfunction in HS, while mitochondrial quality control regulates mitochondrial function through a series of processes, including mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, mitochondrial-derived vesicles, and mitochondrial protein homeostasis. Modulating mitochondrial quality control can improve organ dysfunction. This review aims to summarize the effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on organ function in HS and discuss the potential mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control, providing insights into the injury mechanisms underlying HS and guiding clinical management.

Objective To observe the effects of Xixin Decoction on the blood-brain barrier permeability and the expressions of P-glycoprotein(P-gp),cannabinoid receptor 1(CB1)and cannabinoid receptor 2(CB2)in hippocampal tissue of rapidly aging mice(SAMP8);To explore the possible mechanism of Xixin Decoction in the treatment of Alzheimer disease(AD).Methods Totally 60 SAMP8 mice were randomly divided into model group,probiotics group,and Xixin Decoction high-,medium-and low-dosage groups,with 12 mice in each group,another 12 SAMR1 mice were set as control group.The medicated groups received corresponding drugs by gavage for 10 weeks respectively,while the control group and model group were gavaged with equal volume of distilled water.Morris water maze test was used to detect the learning and memory ability of mice,the blood-brain barrier permeability was detected by Evans blue method,the contents of matrix metalloproteinase 9(MMP9),nuclear factor(NF)-κB and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α)in serum were determined by ELISA,the expressions of P-gp,CB1 and CB2 in hippocampal tissue were detected by Western blot,P-gp expression in hippocampal tissue was detected by immunofluorescence staining.Results Compared with the control group,the learning and memory ability of mice in model group significantly decreased,Evans blue exudation in brain tissue significantly increased,the contents of MMP9,TNF-α and NF-κB in serum significantly increased,the expressions of P-gp and CB2 protein significantly decreased,the expression of CB1 protein significantly increased,with statistical significance(P<0.01,P<0.05).Compared with the model group,the learning and memory ability of mice in Xixin Decoction high-dosage group significantly increased,the Evans blue exudation in brain tissue significantly decreased,the contents of MMP9,TNF-α and NF-κB in serum significantly decreased,the protein expressions of P-gp and CB2 significantly increased,and the protein expression of CB1 significantly decreased,with statistical significance(P<0.01,P<0.05).Conclusion Xixin Decoction can improve the spatial learning and memory ability of AD model mice,and its mechanism is related to regulating the permeability of the blood-brain barrier and related protein expression,and inhibiting neuroinflammation.