Halitosis is a very common disease that affects the majority of the population and is characterized by unpleasant odor during expiration. Anaerobic bacteria produce a range of malodorous substances including volatile sulfur compounds. To reduce oral malodor, the amount of oral microorganisms should be managed through brushing, scraping, and use of antibacterial agents. In this study, a mouthwash containing 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride was tested on 22 candidates with oral malodor for two weeks to confirm oral malodor reduction through the use of antibacterial mouthwashes. Volatile sulfur compound measurements were significantly lower after using the mouthwash than before using it; thus, the mouthwash effectively reduced oral malodor.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacteria ; Bacteria, Anaerobic ; Cetylpyridinium ; Halitosis ; Mouth ; Mouthwashes ; Odors ; Sterilization ; Sulfur ; Sulfur Compounds

BACKGROUND: Oral diseases are caused by various systemic and local factors, the most closely related being the biofilm. However, the challenges involved in removing an established biofilm necessitate professional care for its removal. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of professional self and professional biofilm care in healthy patients to prevent the development of periodontal diseases. METHODS: Thirty-seven patients who visited the dental clinic between September 2018 and February 2019 were included in this study. Self-biofilm care was performed by routine tooth brushing and professional biofilm care was provided using the toothpick method (TPM) or the oral prophylaxis (OP) method using a rubber cup. Subgingival bacterial motility and halitosis (levels of hydrogen sulfide, H₂2S; methyl mercaptan, CH₃SH; and di-methyl sulfide, (CH₃)₂S) were measured before, immediately after, and 5 hours after the preventive treatment in the three groups. Repeated measures analysis of variance test was performed to determine significant differences among the groups. RESULTS: TPM was effective immediately after the prevention treatment, whereas OP was more effective after 5 hours (proximal surfaces, F=16.353, p<0.001; smooth surfaces, F=66.575, p<0.001). The three components responsible for halitosis were effectively reduced by professional biofilm care immediately after the preventive treatment; however, self-biofilm care was more effective after 5 hours (H₂S, F=3.564, p=0.011; CH₃SH, F=6.657, p<0.001; (CH₃)₂S, F=21.135, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: To prevent oral diseases, it is critical to monitor the biofilm. The dental hygienist should check the oral hygiene status and the ability of the patient to administer oral care. Professional biofilm care should be provided by assessing and treating each surface of the tooth. We hope to strengthen our professional in biofilm care through continuous clinical research.
Bacteria ; Biofilms ; Dental Care ; Dental Clinics ; Dental Hygienists ; Halitosis ; Hope ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Methods ; Oral Health ; Oral Hygiene ; Periodontal Diseases ; Rubber ; Tooth

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of oral care, perceived halitosis, halitosis, interpersonal relationships and oral health-related quality of life and to examine the relationships among these variables.METHODS: The participants were 94 elderly people. The questionnaire included questions on oral care, perceived halitosis, interpersonal relationships, and oral health-related quality of life. Halitosis was measured using odor breath tester.RESULTS: A total of 63.8% of the elderly did not receive regular oral care. The halitosis score was 1.59, thus indicating moderate halitosis. The current perceived halitosis figure was 1.54, participants responded that they feel slight. There was no significant correlation between halitosis and perceived halitosis. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in halitosis and perceived halitosis according to the oral care. Perceived halitosis was negatively correlated with oral health-related quality of life. Interpersonal relationships were correlated with oral health-related quality of life.CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to actively promote the need for oral care among the elderly. Moreover, older people need regular oral care to prevent halitosis and improve their oral health-related quality of life.
Aged ; Breath Tests ; Halitosis ; Humans ; Odors ; Oral Hygiene ; Quality of Life

OBJECTIVES.: To study the volatile sulfur compound (VSC) concentration profile in chronic tonsillitis patients before and after tonsillectomy, and to evaluate the difference between adult and pediatric (children and adolescents) patients. METHODS.: Thirty adult patients (older than 20 years old) and 30 pediatric patients (younger than 20 years old) who were assigned to get tonsillectomy due to chronic tonsillitis were enrolled in this prospective nonrandomized clinical study. The concentrations of the three main VSCs related to halitosis (hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide) were assessed in each patient using a portable chromatograph (Oral ChromaTM) at 1 day before operation, postoperative 1 day, 1 week, and 2 weeks. RESULTS.: Average concentration of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide preoperatively were 99.5 ppb, 24.6 ppb, and 9.45 ppb in adult patients, and 97.4 ppb, 26 ppb, and 10.5 ppb in pediatric patients, respectively. The concentrations of the three VSCs in both groups were highest in first day after surgery, and decreased signigicantly after 2 weeks compared to preoperative values (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference of the concentration of the three VSCs between adult and pediatric patients in any time point. CONCLUSION.: The concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulfide decreased significantly after tonsillectomy in chronic tonsillitis patients. The concentrations of the three VSCs were not significantly different between pediatric and adult patients before and after tonsillectomy.
Adult* ; Chromatography ; Clinical Study ; Halitosis ; Humans ; Hydrogen Sulfide ; Palatine Tonsil* ; Prospective Studies ; Sulfur Compounds* ; Sulfur* ; Tonsillectomy* ; Tonsillitis*

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine oral health literacy in a sample of Korean of 5th and 6th grade elementary school children. METHODS: Data were obtained from a convenience sample of 274 5(th) and 6(th) grade children from two elementary schools located in Seoul and Uijeongbu. The oral health literacy assessment tool for children of Korea (OHLC-K) takes approximately 11 minutes to complete, and consists of 20 self-report questions with a score range of 0 to 20. Item analysis, descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple linear regression were performed using SPSS 23.0 and testAn 1.0. RESULTS: The lowest and highest percentage of correct answers were found in “Definition of periodontal disease (19.3%)” and “Definition of halitosis (92.7%),” respectively. The mean score for oral health literacy was found to be 14.95 ± 2.83, corresponding to a score of approximately 75% correct answers. The correlation coefficient for Korean and OHLC-K scores was high (r=.73, P < .01). In the multiple linear regression, oral health literacy was associated with grade and gender. CONCLUSION: The present findings revealed that a quarter of the subjects were likely to misunderstand oral health information. Oral health education is indispensable to all children and, therefore, it is necessary to pay greater attention to children who exhibit poor oral health literacy.
Child ; Education ; Halitosis ; Humans ; Korea ; Linear Models ; Literacy ; Oral Health ; Periodontal Diseases ; Seoul

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to determine intra-oral factors that affect halitosis in young women. METHODS: This study was performed between March 2014 to May 2014, and included 35 women in their 20s with good oral health. Correlation and logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the change in halitosis immediately, and 1 hour after scaling. RESULTS: In both oral gas (OG) and extraoral gas (EG) groups, halitosis was reduced after scaling compared to before scaling. The logistic regression analysis of oral state factors in OG showed that as oral fluid [odds ratio (OR) = 0.792, p = 0.045] and dental plaque (OR = 0.940, p = 0.016) decreased by 1 unit, the OR in the OG group decreased (> 50). In addition, as glucose levels in the oral cavity (OR = 1.245, p = 0.075) and tongue coating index (OR = 2.912, p = 0.064) increased by 1 unit, the OR in the OG group increased (> 50). Furthermore, in the EG group, as oral fluid (OR = 0.66, p = 0.01) and dental plaque (OR = 0.95, p = 0.04) decreased, the OR in the EG group decreased (> 50) significantly. CONCLUSION: To control halitosis, it is necessary to increase oral fluid and decrease the amount of tongue plaque. Furthermore, maintaining a healthy oral environment, aided by regular scaling and removal of dental plaque, may significantly control halitosis.
Dental Plaque ; Female ; Glucose ; Halitosis* ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Mouth ; Oral Health ; Tongue

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nelumbo leaves have been used in traditional medicine to treat bleeding, gastritis, hemorrhoids, and halitosis. However, their mechanisms have not been elucidated. MATERIALS/METHODS: The present study prepared two Nelumbo leaf extracts (NLEs) using water or 50% ethanol. Inflammatory response was induced with LPS treatment, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) productions were assessed. To determine the anti-inflammatory mechanism of NLEs, we measured nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity. Major metabolites of NLEs were also analyzed and quantified. RESULTS: NLEs effectively reduced the expression and productions of pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, PGE₂, and NO. NLEs also reduced NF-κB activity by inhibiting inhibitor of NF-κB phosphorylation. Both extracts contained catechin and quercetin, bioactive compounds of NLEs. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we showed that NLEs could be used to inhibit NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses. In addition, our data support the idea that NLEs can ameliorate disease conditions involving chronic inflammation.
Catechin ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Dinoprostone ; Ethanol ; Gastritis ; Halitosis ; Hemorrhage ; Hemorrhoids ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-6 ; Interleukins ; Macrophages ; Medicine, Traditional ; Metabolomics ; Necrosis ; Nelumbo* ; Nitric Oxide ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; Phosphorylation ; Quercetin ; Water

From March 1, 2016 to August 31, 2016, 375 dental implant patients between the ages of 30 and 70 years to evaluate their subjective symptoms and satisfaction according to prosthesis methods. The collected data were analyzed using the chi-square distribution test, t-test, one-way analysis of variance, and multiple logistic regression. Of the patients with subjective symptoms of peri-implantitis, 40.5% reported food impaction, 49.1% reported bleeding, 61.1% reported pain, 61.9% reported halitosis, and the overall satisfaction level with the implants was 3.95 points. In the prosthesis methods, implant-teeth connective group showed the lowest level of the food impaction (21.3%), the pain (35.5%), and the halitosis (36.6%) (p<0.001), and the lowest bleeding was the implant single (33.8%) (p<0.05). Patient satisfaction was higher in the implant-teeth connective group (4.06 points) and the group without bone grafting (4.03 points) (p<0.01). Factor analysis showed that implant satisfaction was 0.43 times lower in the single implant group and 0.44 times lower in the implant-implant connective group than in the implant-teeth connective group. As a result of the study, it is expected that the method of extending the life of adjacent teeth and restoring the function of the tooth defect region is an implant-teeth connection method, so that it can be utilized positively through various clinical studies.
Bone Transplantation ; Dental Implants ; Halitosis ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Methods* ; Patient Satisfaction ; Peri-Implantitis* ; Prostheses and Implants* ; Tooth

We selected a patient with physiological bad breath from among the outpatients with bad breath that have visited the halitosis control clinic in KUMC. We identified the factors that were associated with the development of bad breath and assessed the occurrence of discomfort in the mouth; thereafter, we were able to prescribe a treatment method for the patient. We determined the daily routine of the patient through a questionnaire and a diary of dietary life. From these analyses, we deduced the factors associated with her physiologic halitosis. We combined this information with the results of analysis of her oral and exhaled gas measurements, nasal gas measurements by oral malodor measuring devices, and salivary measurements to develop a treatment method that we prescribed to the patient. We conclude that oral health education, including correction of the patient's mismanaged oral-care methods and routines, could act as an alternative treatment method for patients with physiologic halitosis in Korea.
Diagnosis* ; Education ; Halitosis* ; Humans ; Korea ; Methods ; Mouth ; Oral Health ; Outpatients

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of subglottic foreign body (FB) impaction in a 50-year-old woman diagnosed with bronchial asthma for 15 years.
METHODS:
Design: Case Report
Setting: Tertiary Public Hospital
Patient: One
RESULTS: A 50-year-old woman with recurrent cough and dyspnea for 15 years that had been managed as a bronchial asthma developed stridor and halitosis in the last 5 years. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed a subglottic mass and CT scan confirmed a suspicious foreign body in the lumen of the subglottis. Signs and symptoms resolved after peroral endoscopic removal of the foreign body from the larynx. Histopathology of the extracted material from the airway confirmed it to be "bone tissue".
CONCLUSION: Foreign body aspiration can occur in adults without predisposing factors. Its diagnosis can be challenging as it can mimic respiratory disorders such as bronchial asthma. Endoscopy and computed tomography are valuable for correct diagnosis and management. An incorrect initial diagnosis should be considered in the light of unresolved symptoms and prompt referral to an appropriate specialist may prevent undue suffering and dangerous complications.