The aim of this study was to produce recombinant porcine interferon gamma (rPoIFN-γ) by Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells expression system and to analyze its antiviral activity. Firstly, we constructed the recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1-PoIFN-γ and transfected into suspension cultured CHO cells for secretory expression of rPoIFN-γ. The rPoIFN-γ was purified by affinity chromatography and identified with SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Subsequently, the cytotoxicity of rPoIFN-γ was analyzed by CCK-8 test, and the antiviral activity of rPoIFN-γ was evaluated using standard procedures in VSV/PK-15 (virus/cell) test system. Finally the anti-Seneca virus A (SVA) of rPoIFN-γ activity and the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and cytokines were also analyzed. The results showed that rPoIFN-γ could successfully expressed in the supernatant of CHO cells. CCK-8 assays indicated that rPoIFN-γ did not show cytotoxicity on IBRS-2 cells. The biological activity of rPoIFN-γ was 5.59×10⁷ U/mg in VSV/PK-15 system. Moreover, rPoIFN-γ could induced the expression of ISGs and cytokines, and significantly inhibited the replication of SVA. In conclusion, the high activity of rPoIFN-γ was successfully prepared by CHO cells expression system, which showed strong antiviral activity on SVA. This study may facilitate the investigation of rPoIFN-γ function and the development of novel genetically engineered antiviral drugs.
Swine ; Animals ; Cricetinae ; Interferon-gamma/pharmacology* ; Cricetulus ; CHO Cells ; Sincalide ; Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology* ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology*

The aim of this study was to produce E^rns protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) by using suspensively cultured CHO cells expression system and to analyze the immunogenicity of the purified E^rns protein. In this study, the recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1-BVDV-E^rns was constructed based on the gene sequence of BVDV-1 NADL strain. The E^rns protein was secreted and expressed in cells supernatant after transfecting the recombinant expression plasmid pcDNA3.1-BVDV-E^rns into CHO cells. The expression and purification of the E^rns protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, the reactivity was determined with anti-His monoclonal antibodies and BVDV positive serum with Western blotting. Immunogenicity analysis of the E^rns protein was determined after immunizing New Zealand white rabbits, and the serum antibodies were tested by indirect ELISA (iELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFA). The serum neutralizing titer of the immunized rabbits was determined by virus neutralization test. The concentration of the purified E^rns protein was up to 0.886 mg/mL by BCA protein quantification kit. The results showed that the E^rns protein could be detected with anti-His monoclonal antibodies and anti-BVDV sera. Serum antibodies could be detected by iELISA on the 7th day post-prime immunization, and the antibody level was maintained at a high titer until the 28th day post-immunization. The antibody titer was 1:128 000. Furthermore, the expression of the E^rns protein in BVDV-infected MDBK cells could be detected with immunized rabbits sera by IFA. Moreover, antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies of 2.71 log₁₀ was induced in rabbits. In this study, purified BVDV E^rns protein was successfully produced using CHO suspension culture system, and the recombinant protein was proved to have a good immunogenicity, which may facilitate the development of BVD diagnosis method and novel subunit vaccine.
Rabbits ; Animals ; Cricetinae ; Cricetulus ; CHO Cells ; Antibodies, Viral ; Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/genetics* ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics* ; Diarrhea ; Viral Vaccines/genetics*

OBJECTIVE To establish H PLC fingerprint of Rheum palmatum before and after steaming with wine ，and to determine the contents of 3 differential components. METHODS HPLC method was used to establish the fingerprints of 15 batches of R. palmatum （before wine-steaming ）and prepared rhubarb （after wine-steaming ）and the similarity evaluation was conducted. The chemical pattern recognition analysis was carried out by principal component analysis ，cluster analysis ，partial least squares- discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis. The contents of gallic acid ，resveratrol-4′-O- glucoside and resveratrol- 4′-O-（6″-galloyl）-glucoside in 30 batches of samples were determined. RESULTS In the fingerprint study，48 common peaks were demarcated for R. palmatum and 47 for prepared rhubarb as well as 17 common peaks were identified by reference substance. Cluster analysis and principal component analysis showed that R. palmatum derived from Qinghai before and after steaming with wine could be distinguished from those from Sichuan and Gansu. The results of content determination showed that the contents of 3 differential components in R. palmatum derived from Qinghai before and after steaming with wine were higher than those from other two production areas ；the contents of gallic acid in prepared rhubarb derived from those production areas were higher than R. palmatum ；the contents of resveratrol- 4′-O-glucoside and resveratrol- 4′-O- （6″-galloyl）-glucoside in R. palmatum derived from those production areas were higher than prepared rhubarb. CONCLUSIONS Fingerprint and content determination method established in this study can quickly ，scientifically and accurately evaluate the quality of R. palmatum from different producing areas before and after wine steaming ，which provide a basis for the processing specification and quality control of R. palmatum .

We researched the mechanism of African swine fever virus (ASFV) protein E248R in regulating the cGAS-STING pathway. First, we verified via the dual-luciferase reporter assay system that E248R protein inhibited the secretion of IFN-β induced by cGAS-STING or HT-DNA in a dose-dependent manner. The relative quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the overexpression of E248R inhibited HT-DNA-induced transcription of IFN-b1, RANTES, IL-6, and TNF-α in PK-15 cells. Next, we found that E248R interacted with STING by co-immunoprecipitation assay and laser confocal microscopy. Finally, we demonstrated that E248R inhibited the expression of STING protein by using Western blotting. We demonstrated for the first time that the E248R protein of ASFV suppressed the host innate immune response via inhibiting STING expression. The results are pivotal in extending the understanding of the ASFV immune escape and can guide the design of vaccines against ASFV.
African Swine Fever Virus/genetics* ; Animals ; DNA ; Immunity, Innate ; Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Swine

ObjectiveTo explore the meridian tropism of components in Bupleuri Radix （Chaihu， CH） based on the model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH） and clarify the substance basis of the meridian tropism of CH in Xiaoyaosan （XYS） by means of principal component analysis. MethodEighty SPF male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 8 groups， with 10 mice in each group. Except that the blank group was fed with the methionine choline-sufficient （MCS） diet， the other mice were fed with methionine choline-deficient （MCD） diet for 4 weeks to establish the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH） model. After the established model was confirmed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， the mice were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage once a day for 4 weeks. Specifically， the 8 groups were XYS group （2.874 g·kg^-1）， XYS-CH group （2.445 g·kg^-1）， XYS-CH+volatile oils （Vol， 0.163 mg·kg^-1） group， XYS-CH+polysaccharides （Pol， 24.067 mg·kg^-1） group， XYS-CH+flavones （Fla， 2.241 mg·kg^-1） group， and XYS-CH+saponins （Sap， 2.746 mg·kg^-1） group. The model group and the blank group were administrated with the same volume of normal saline. After the last administration， the mice were sacrificed for the collection of blood and liver tissue. The pathological changes of liver were observed by HE staining and oil red O staining. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） kits were used to determine the levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT）， aspartate aminotransferase （AST）， triglyceride （TG）， total cholesterol （TC）， high-density lipoprotein （HDL）， and low-density lipoprotein （LDL） in serum as well as malondialdehyde （MDA）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， catalase （CAT）， and glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px） in liver. SPSS Statistics 23 was used for principal component analysis and comprehensive evaluation to determine the substance basis of the meridian tropism of CH in NASH mice. ResultCompared with the blank control group， the modeling led to hepatocyte swelling， increased fat vacuoles， and appearance of inflammatory cells. Further， the modeling elevated the levels of ALT， AST， TG， TC， and LDL and lowered the HDL level in serum， and it increased the MDA level and decreased the SOD， CAT， and GSH-Px levels in liver. Compared with the model group， the administration of XYS and XYS-CH in combination with the components of CH alleviated the oxidative damage in liver （P<0.05）. The comprehensive score of the pharmacological efficacy was in a descending order as follows： XYS > XYS-CH+Sap > XYS-CH+Fla > XYS-CH+Pol > XYS-CH+Vol > XYS-CH. Among the chemical components of CH， Sap had the best effect. ConclusionSap lowers the blood lipid level， regulates the abnormal lipid metabolism， and alleviates the oxidative damage of liver， which is the substance basis for CH to exert the meridian tropism in liver.

To develop Senecavirus A (SVA) virus-like particles (VLPs), a recombinant prokaryotic expression plasmid pET28a-SVA-VP031 was constructed to co-express SVA structural proteins VP0, VP3 and VP1, according to the genomic sequence of the field isolate CH-FJ-2017 after the recombinant proteins were expressed in E .coli system, and purified by Ni+ ion chromatographic method. The SVA VLPs self-assemble with a high yield in vitro buffer. A typical VLPs with an average diameter of 25-30 nm which is similar to native virions by using TEM detection. Animals immunized by SVA VLPs shown that the VLPs induced high titers neutralizing antibodies in Guinea pigs. This study indicated that the VLPs produced with co-expressing SVA structural proteins VP0, VP3 and VP1 in prokaryotic system is a promising candidate and laid an important foundation for the development of a novel SVA VLPs vaccine.
Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Genomics ; Guinea Pigs ; Picornaviridae/genetics*

Objective:To explore the latest progress of oncology drug clinical trials in China under COVID-19, as well as to provide decision-making evidence for related stakeholders. Research progress of oncology drug trials and approved cancer drugs in China in 2020 were systematically summarized and compared with 2019.Methods:Information Disclosure Platform for Drug Clinical Studies and China Food and Drug Administration Query System for Domestic and Imported Drug were searched for registered clinical trials and approved oncology drugs, respectively. The trial scope, stage, drug type, effect and mechanism of domestic and global pharmaceutical enterprises were compared between 2019 and 2020.Results:A total of 722 cancer drug trials registered in China in 2020, with an annual growth rate of 52.3%, accounting for 28.3% of all registered trials. Among them, 603 (83.5%) trials were initiated by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises, and 105 (14.5%) were international multicenter trials, phase I trials accounted for 44.5%. For all those trials, there were 458 cancer drug varieties, with an annual growth rate of 36.7%, and 361 (85.8%) were developed by domestic enterprises. Most of the investigational products were therapeutic innovative drugs (77.1%), major in tumor treatment (92.8%). In terms of mechanism, targeted drugs were the most popular, accounting for 76.6%, and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) were the most common targets. In addition, there were 19 anticancer drugs from 17 companies approved in China in 2019, with 10 drugs from domestic companies. Lung cancer and breast cancer are the most common indications for both registered trials and marketed drugs. No statistically significant differences were found between 2020 and 2019 in terms of the distribution of trial sponsor, scope and stage, as well as the distribution of drug type, effect and mechanism ( P>0.05). Conclusions:During the Covid-19 epidemic period, clinical trials of oncology drugs in China progress smoothly and maintain a high growth rate. Series of innovative products obtained by domestic enterprises in 2020 is the main driving force of development of oncology drug clinical trials in China.

Objective:To explore the latest progress of oncology drug clinical trials in China under COVID-19, as well as to provide decision-making evidence for related stakeholders. Research progress of oncology drug trials and approved cancer drugs in China in 2020 were systematically summarized and compared with 2019.Methods:Information Disclosure Platform for Drug Clinical Studies and China Food and Drug Administration Query System for Domestic and Imported Drug were searched for registered clinical trials and approved oncology drugs, respectively. The trial scope, stage, drug type, effect and mechanism of domestic and global pharmaceutical enterprises were compared between 2019 and 2020.Results:A total of 722 cancer drug trials registered in China in 2020, with an annual growth rate of 52.3%, accounting for 28.3% of all registered trials. Among them, 603 (83.5%) trials were initiated by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises, and 105 (14.5%) were international multicenter trials, phase I trials accounted for 44.5%. For all those trials, there were 458 cancer drug varieties, with an annual growth rate of 36.7%, and 361 (85.8%) were developed by domestic enterprises. Most of the investigational products were therapeutic innovative drugs (77.1%), major in tumor treatment (92.8%). In terms of mechanism, targeted drugs were the most popular, accounting for 76.6%, and programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) and epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) were the most common targets. In addition, there were 19 anticancer drugs from 17 companies approved in China in 2019, with 10 drugs from domestic companies. Lung cancer and breast cancer are the most common indications for both registered trials and marketed drugs. No statistically significant differences were found between 2020 and 2019 in terms of the distribution of trial sponsor, scope and stage, as well as the distribution of drug type, effect and mechanism ( P>0.05). Conclusions:During the Covid-19 epidemic period, clinical trials of oncology drugs in China progress smoothly and maintain a high growth rate. Series of innovative products obtained by domestic enterprises in 2020 is the main driving force of development of oncology drug clinical trials in China.

Objective:To explore effects of the specialist nurse training program of based on the context, input, process, product (CIPP) evaluation model in the training of junior nurses in the Department of Otolaryngology.Methods:From April 2018 to May 2020, convenience sampling method was used to select 80 specialist nurses who received training in the Shandong ENT Hospital as research objects. A total of 40 nurses who received traditional training from April 2018 to March 2019 were divided into a control group. From April 2019 to May 2020, 40 nurses who were trained in a specialist nurse training program based on the CIPP evaluation model were divided into observation groups. This study compared nurses' core competence and training qualification rate.Results:After training, the core competence score of observation group was higher than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05) . The training qualification rate of observation group and control group was 92.50% (37/40) and 70.00% (28/40) respectively, also with a statistical difference ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The training program for specialist nurses based on the CIPP evaluation model can improve the theoretical knowledge and practical ability of nurses, and then improve the quality of clinical care, and promote the long-term development of the hospital, which is worthy of promotion.

Objective: To deliver macro understanding of the latest research progress on clinical trials and approved products of cancer drugs in China in 2019. Methods: The number of clinical trials and related investigational products by domestic and foreign enterprises in 2019 were acquired in the China Food and Drug Administration Registration and Information Disclosure Platform for Drug Clinical Studies, while listed drugs were obtained in the China Food and Drug Administration Query System for Domestic and Imported Drug. Characteristics on stage, scope, indication of those trials, classification and mechanism of involved products, as well as listed anticancer drugs were summarized and depicted. Results: There were 474 cancer drug trials registered in China in 2019, accounting for 21.8% of the total, and 397 (83.8%) were initiated by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises. Overall, international multicenter trials accounted for 13.1%, and phase I trials accounted for 47.3%. Compared with global enterprises, the proportion of international multi-center trials initiated by domestic companies is lower (4.8% vs. 55.8%, P<0.001), and the proportion of phase I clinical trials and bioequivalence trials is higher (51.9% vs. 23.4%, 19.4% vs. 1.3%, P<0.001). An accumulative of 27 cancer types were involved for all the cancer drug trials, and lung cancer, solid tumor, and breast cancer were the most common cancer types, with 103, 95 and 49 trials, respectively. For the three cancer types unique to Chinese population, gastric, liver and esophageal cancer, the total number of initiated trials was 47. For all those trials, there were 335 cancer drug varieties, with 86.0% developed by domestic pharmaceutical enterprises, including 300 therapeutic drugs, 30 adjunctive drugs and 5 preventive drugs. In terms of mechanism, targeted drugs and immune drugs were the most popular, accounting for 74.6% and 20.3%, respectively. In addition, 17 anticancer drugs targeting on 11 cancer types were approved in China in 2019. Conclusions Clinical trials on cancer drugs in China have ushered a booming era, with large number of innovative agents represented by targeted drugs and immune drugs under clinical development or putting into clinical practice. Those local enterprises are playing more and more critical roles. Strengthening clinical research and development on Chinese unique cancer types is the key direction of future work.