Osteoporosis leads to an imbalance in bone remodelling, where bone resorption is greater than bone formation and osteoclast degradation increases, resulting in severe bone loss. Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that regulates the proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis of various bone cells (including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoclasts), and is deeply involved in the bone remodelling process. In recent years, the role of autophagy in the progression of osteoporosis and related bone metabolic diseases has received more and more attention, and it has become a research hotspot in this field. Summarising the existing studies, it is found that senile osteoporosis is the result of a combination of factors. On the one hand, it is the imbalance of bone remodelling and the increase of bone resorption/bone formation ratio with ageing, which causes progressive bone loss. On the other hand, aging leads to a general decrease in the level of autophagy, a decrease in the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, and an inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. The lack of oestrogen leads to the immune system being in a low activation state, and the antioxidant capacity is weakened and inflammatory response is increased, inducing autophagy-related proteins to participate in the transmission of inflammatory signals, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the skeleton, and negatively regulating bone formation. In addition, with aging and the occurrence of related diseases, glucocorticoid treatments also mediate autophagy in bone tissue cells, contributing to the decline in bone strength. Exercise, as an effective means of combating osteoporosis, improves bone biomechanical properties and increases bone density. It has been found that exercise induces oxidative stress, energy imbalance, protein defolding and increased intracellular calcium ions in the organism, which in turn activates autophagy. In bone, exercise of different intensities activates messengers such as ROS, PI3K, and AMP. These messengers signal downstream cascades, which in turn induce autophagy to restore dynamic homeostasis in vivo. During exercise, increased production of AMP, PI3K, and ROS activate their downstream effectors, AMPK, Akt, and p38MAPK, respectively, and these molecules in turn lead to activation of the autophagy pathway. Activation of AMPK inhibits mTOR activity and phosphorylates ULK1 at different sites, inducing autophagy. AMPK and p38 up-regulate per-PGC-1α activity and activate transcription factors in the nucleus, resulting in increased autophagy and lysosomal genes. Together, they activate FoxOs, whose transcriptional activity controls cellular processes including autophagy and can act on autophagy key proteins, while FoxOs proteins are expressed in osteoblasts. Exercise also regulates the expression of mTORC1, FoxO1, and PGC-1 through the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, which ultimately plays a role in the differentiation and proliferation of osteoblasts and regulates bone metabolism. In addition, BMPs signaling pathway and long chain non-coding RNAs also play a role in the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts and autophagy process under exercise stimulation. Therefore, exercise may become a new molecular regulatory mechanism to improve osteoporosis through the bone autophagy pathway, but the specific mechanism needs to be further investigated. How exercise affects bone autophagy and thus prevents and treats bone-related diseases will become a future research hotspot in the fields of biology, sports medicine and sports science, and it is believed that future studies will further reveal its mechanism and provide new theoretical basis and ideas.

Baihe Dihuang Decoction is a classic formula recorded in Jin Gui Yao Lve(Synopsis of the Golden Chamber),which has the actions of nourishing yin and clearing heat,tonifying heart and lung.Baihe Dihuang Decoction and its associated formulas are widely used for the treatment of depression,insomnia,women's menopausal syndrome and other psychiatric disorders.This article retrieved the relevant literature about Baihe Dihuang Decoction and its associated formulas such as Baihe Zhimu Decoction and Baihe Jizi Decoction for the treatment of depression in recent years,and analyzed the clinical application and the possible pharmacological mechanisms of Baihe Dihuang Decoction and its associated formulas for the treatment of depression.The analysis showed that Baihe Dihuang Decoction and its associated formulas were indicated for the patients with internal heat due to yin deficiency syndrome,and their antidepressive mechanism is related to up-regulating the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters and the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors,inhibiting inflammatory responses,protecting neurons and regulating energy metabolism.The analysis results for the clinical application and possible therapeutic mechanism of Baihe Dihuang Decoction and its associated formulas in counteracting depression will provide reference for the clinical treatment and basic research of depression.

COVID-19 has been prevalent for three years. The virulence of SARS-CoV-2 is weaken as it mutates continuously. However, elderly patients, especially those with underlying diseases, are still at high risk of developing severe infections. With the continuous study of the molecular structure and pathogenic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2, antiviral drugs for COVID-19 have been successively marketed, and these anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs can effectively reduce the severe rate and mortality of elderly patients. This article reviews the mechanism, clinical medication regimens, drug interactions and adverse reactions of five small molecule antiviral drugs currently approved for marketing in China, so as to provide advice for the clinical rational use of anti-SARS-CoV-2 in the elderly.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of interference of P2X4 receptor expression in tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) on invasion and migration of glioma cells. METHODS: C57BL/6 mouse models bearing gliomas in the caudate nucleus were examined for glioma pathology with HE staining and expressions of Iba-1 and P2X4 receptor with immunofluorescence assay. RAW264.7 cells were induced into TAMs using conditioned medium from GL261 cells, and the changes in mRNA expressions of macrophage polarization-related markers and the mRNA and protein expressions of P2X4 receptor were detected with RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The effect of siRNA-mediated P2X4 interference on IL-1β and IL-18 mRNA and protein expressions in the TAMs was detected with RT-qPCR and Western blotting. GL261 cells were cultured in the conditioned medium from the transfected TAMs, and the invasion and migration abilities of the cells were assessed with Transwell invasion and migration experiment. RESULTS: The glioma tissues from the tumor-bearing mice showed a significantly greater number of Iba-1-positive cells, where an obviously increased P2X4 receptor expression was detected (P=0.001), than the brain tissues of the control mice (P < 0.001). The M2 macrophage markers (Arg-1 and IL-10) and M1 macrophage markers (iNOS and TNF-α) were both significantly up-regulated in the TAMs derived from RAW264.7 cells (all P < 0.01), but the up-regulation of the M2 macrophage markers was more prominent; the expression levels of P2X4 receptor protein and mRNA were both increased in the TAMs (P < 0.05). Interference of P2X4 receptor expression significantly lowered the mRNA(P < 0.01)and protein (P < 0.01, P < 0.05)expression levels of IL-1β and IL-18 in the TAMs and obviously inhibited the ability of the TAMs to promote invasion and migration of the glioma cells (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Interference of P2X4 receptor in the TAMs suppresses the migration and invasion of glioma cells possibly by lowering the expressions of IL-1β and IL-18.
Animals ; Culture Media, Conditioned ; Glioma ; Interleukin-18 ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; RNA, Messenger ; Receptors, Purinergic P2X4/metabolism* ; Tumor-Associated Macrophages

Benign prostatic hyperplasia （BPH）， a common disease in urology and andrology， is mainly manifested as enlarged prostate glands， bladder outlet obstruction， and lower urinary tract symptoms（LUTS）， which seriously affects the quality of life of middle-aged and elderly men. This disease falls into the categories of "retention of urine" and "prostatic hypertrophy" in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. In recent years，many doctors have put forward their understandings of BPH based on academic classics and their clinical experience. Clinical research on the treatment of BPH with TCM has become increasingly abundant. The basic pathogenesis of BPH lies in the disturbance of Qi transformation in the bladder and poor blood circulation due to kidney Qi deficiency in the aged. The disease is located in the kidney and the bladder and is related to the dysfunction of the lung and the kidney. It is basically characterized by deficiency in origin and excess in superficiality. A large number of clinical research reports have proved that TCM is efficient in alleviating the clinical symptoms of BPH patients， improving their quality of life， reducing the volume of the prostate， and decreasing postoperative complications. In addition， the external treatment methods of TCM， such as acupuncture therapy， moxibustion， hot water bathing， acupoint application， anal suppository， and enema therapy， are also widely used in clinical practice， demonstrating the diverse ways of TCM in treating BPH. TCM and western medicine complement each other's advantages in the treatment of BPH， thus enhancing the clinical efficacy and reducing the occurrence of long-term complications. This study reviewed the etiology， pathogenesis， and treatment progress of BPH with TCM in recent years， and summarized the current research status. From three aspects of producing high-quality clinical research， standardizing the clinical diagnosis and treatment of TCM， and combining cutting-edge research to explore the mechanism of TCM， it provided suggestions for clinical research on the treatment of BPH with TCM to promote the development and application of TCM in the treatment of this disease.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and comfort of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy （HAIC） via distal transradial access （dTRA） in patients with liver cancer. MethodsPatients with advanced liver cancer who received HAIC via dTRA or transfemoral access （TFA） at the Department of Interventional Radiology， the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University， were enrolled. The patients underwent dTRA or TFA for onetime and crossed-over subsequently. The patients received HAIC using FOLFOX4 regimen. Postcatheterization questionaire was used to compare the effects of the two vessel accesses on patients’ quality of life. Procedure-related adverse events were also recorded. ResultsAmong the 18 cases enrolled for HAIC， 9 underwent crossover from dTRA to TFA and the the remaining 9 from TFA to dTRA. During HAIC via dTRA， we only found grade 1 or grade 2 procedure-related adverse events such as 2 access site hematoma， 3 persistent pain at access site and 1 left palm numbness. No grade 3 or grade 4 procedure-related adverse event was found. Post dTRA ultrasound revealed no proximal radial artery occlusion. Significant difference in catheterization time between dTRA and TFA accesses was found （4 min vs. 3 min， P < 0.05）. All comfort scores were higher with dTRA as compared to TFA and patients preferred dTRA （7.89 vs. 2.72， P < 0.001）. The compression time for dTRA access was significantly shorter than TFA access （2 h vs. 7 h， P < 0.05）. ConclusionsdTRA approach is safe and tolerable， which is beneficial to improve the quality of life and comfort of patients with liver cancer when undergoing HAIC.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a common sports injury that has a significant impact on knee function and patients′ mobility. With the popularity of national fitness campaign in China, the incidence of ACL injury is increasing year by year. Currently, there still lacks clinical standards or guidelines on how to choose appropriate treatment methods, surgical plans and rehabilitation protocols for ACL injury. In order to timely reflect the new treatment concept of ACL injury, standardize its diagnosis and treatment and improve the curative effect, the Sports Medicine Society of Chinese Research Hospital Association and the Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Trauma organized domestic orthopedic and sports medicine experts to formulate the "clinical evidence-based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injury (2022 version)" based on the level of evidence-based medicine and in compliance with the principle of scientificity, practicability and advancement. The present guideline includes 12 recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of ACL injury in order to provide guidance and assistance for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of ACL injury in China.

Objective:To understand the risk of dietary lead exposure among adults in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City. Methods:During 2013-2018， commercial foods were randomly collected in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City for lead content testing. In combination with lead test result and dietary consumption data， the margin of exposure （MOE） method was used to assess the exposure risk of dietary lead. Results:A total of 827 samples from 14 kinds of commercial foods were collected， and the median of lead content was between 0.002 5 mg/kg and 0.100 0 mg/kg. The detection rate was 53.20%， and the over-standard rate was 1.09%. The median of daily dietary lead exposure among adults was 0.174 2 μg/kg BW， and the MOE value was 7.46. Vegetables and fruits were the dominant contributor to dietary intake of lead， accounting for 39.18% and 12.18%， respectively. Conclusion:The exposure of dietary lead among adults in Xiacheng District of Hangzhou City is at an acceptable level. The contribution of vegetables and fruits to dietary lead is higher than other foods， and needs more attention.