Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: This study aimed to examine general nurses' nursing leadership in patient care using focus group interviews. Methods: This study was conducted after obtaining approval from the ethics committee of a university.After completing a focus group interview with 13 general nurses working at a general hospital, we performed qualitative content analysis according to Kreuger's guidelines. Results: A total of 170 meaningful statement units of nursing leadership that appeared in the clinical experience of general nurses were extracted, and 10 final sub-themes and the three themes connecting them were derived. The themes derived were “leading patients into nursing,” “experiencing the power of growth,” and “facilitating situations that allow focus on patient care.” Conclusion This study helps in understanding the nursing leadership of general nurses in patient care. To encourage general nurses to exert their nursing leadership and grow as autonomous nurses, nursing educators must appropriately present the learning outcomes and content of nursing leadership. Additionally, in the clinical setting, organizational support is necessary to foster understanding and the demonstration of general nurses' nursing leadership.

Purpose: The aim was to develop guidelines for delegating nursing tasks among nurses in integrated nursing care wards. Methods: This was a methodological approach. Literature reviews were conducted on delegation policies and practices for nurses in Korea and other countries to explore the area of nursing delegation. Focus group interviews were performed with nurses to identify the strength and weakness of the delegation of nursing tasks in clinical practice, and qualitative content analysis was conducted based on the interview. Ten areas and 115 items were derived through these steps, and their validity was confirmed using the Delphi technique. Results: The delegation guidelines of nursing tasks consisted of nine domains, 21 sub-categories, and 101 items, including Nurses and nursing assistants' duties, the necessity of delegation, definition of terms, scope of delegation, considerations for delegation, procedure, characteristics, and principles of delegation, and educational content for delegation. Conclusion These guidelines can help nurses to make decisions about delegating nursing tasks according to the delegation procedure.Education on the delegation of nursing tasks is necessary for both nurses and nursing assistants. The guidelines developed in this study can serve as a standard for delegating nursing tasks to ensure patient safety.

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the job characteristics of the integrated nursing care wards. Methods: For 388 nurses working in the integrated nursing wards of 30 hospitals, the importance, performance frequency, and difficulty of nursing tasks were analyzed using 31 job categories (678 items). Nursing tasks were analyzed using ImportancePerformance Analysis by hospital type. Results: Tertiary hospitals and general hospitals were analyzed using Importance-Performance Analysis, and the categories of general nursing intervention, spiritual and end of life nursing, and nursing during examination differed by hospital type. Other tasks into the same categories. 'Keep up the Good Work' includes 12 tasks: nursing assessment, medication and blood transfusion, admission or discharge management, and cooperation and coordination. 'Concentrate Here' had three tasks: emergency care, education to nurses, self-development. 'Possible Overkill' included supportive contact, environmental management, and product management. 'Low Priority' has ten tasks, including administration and organization management, facility management. Conclusion Nurses had different perceptions of importance and difficulty according to the tasks.Nursing during the examination, general nursing intervention, spiritual nursing, and end-of-life nursing were placed in different domains according to hospital type. Therefore, it is necessary to establish the nursing tasks and plan to improve workforce management, reflecting these differences.

Pruritus (itching) is classically defined as an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that leads to scratching behavior. Although the scientific criteria of classification for pruritic diseases are not clear, it can be divided as acute or chronic by duration of symptoms. In this study, we investigated whether skin injury caused by chemical (contact hypersensitivity, CHS) or physical (skin-scratching stimulation, SSS) stimuli causes initial pruritus and analyzed gene expression profiles systemically to determine how changes in skin gene expression in the affected area are related to itching. In both CHS and SSS, we ranked the Gene Ontology Biological Process terms that are generally associated with changes. The factors associated with upregulation were keratinization, inflammatory response and neutrophil chemotaxis. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway shows the difference of immune system, cell growth and death, signaling molecules and interactions, and signal transduction pathways. Il1a , Il1b and Il22 were upregulated in the CHS, and Tnf, Tnfrsf1b, Il1b, Il1r1 and Il6 were upregulated in the SSS. Trpc1 channel genes were observed in representative itching-related candidate genes. By comparing and analyzing RNA-sequencing data obtained from the skin tissue of each animal model in these characteristic stages, it is possible to find useful diagnostic markers for the treatment of itching, to diagnose itching causes and to apply customized treatment.
Animals ; Biological Processes ; Chemotaxis ; Classification ; Cytokines ; Dermatitis, Contact* ; Gene Expression ; Gene Ontology ; Genome ; Hypersensitivity ; Immune System ; Interleukin-6 ; Mice* ; Models, Animal ; Neutrophils ; Pruritus* ; RNA* ; Sensation ; Sequence Analysis, RNA* ; Signal Transduction ; Skin* ; Transcriptome ; Transient Receptor Potential Channels ; Up-Regulation ; Wound Healing