PURPOSE: The first aim of this study was to retrospectively survey sports injuries among 608 athletes participating in 26 sport events. The second aim was to compare the characteristics of sports injuries depending on the occurrences during the high school and university periods.METHODS: The data were collected based on the daily injury report form proposed by the International Olympic Committee from March to June 2019.RESULTS: Four hundred and thirty-nine athletes (313 men) of 608 participated athletes experienced a total of 747 sports injuries, indicating 0.7 injuries per 1,000 athlete exposures (AEs). The incidence rate during the university period was 6.1 injuries/1,000 AEs, which was approximately two-fold higher than that during the high school period (2.8 injuries/1,000 AEs). The reported frequency of injuries was the highest among long distance athletics (n=60, 8.0%), and in each subgroup as well.CONCLUSION: Many more injuries were incurred during practice wherein injuries in long-distance athletics were the most common than in competition athletics; handball injuries and taekwondo injuries were the most common during high school and university, respectively. The most contact injuries occurred in taekwondo and most noncontact injuries occurred in gymnastics during high school and in badminton during university. The most commonly affected body parts were the knee, shoulder, and ankle. Severe injuries were the most frequent in long distance athletics, and emergent situations were the most common in taekwondo.
Ankle ; Athletes ; Athletic Injuries ; Gymnastics ; Human Body ; Humans ; Incidence ; Knee ; Racquet Sports ; Retrospective Studies ; Shoulder ; Sports

Gymnastics ; physiology ; Humans ; Workload

BACKGROUND: To compare bone density accrual and markers of bone geometry and formation between female adolescents engaged and not engaged in artistic gymnastics (AGs). METHODS: This was a 12-month longitudinal study involving 20 female adolescents, including 10 controls and 10 gymnasts (AGs) aged 11 to 16 years. At baseline, the gymnasts had a minimum of 12 months of practice, and the controls reported no participation in any organized sport. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the lower limbs, upper limbs, spine, and whole body. In addition, BMD and geometrical properties of the femur were assessed. As a bone formation marker, osteocalcin level was measured. RESULTS: Femoral aspects were increased in the gymnasts by 19% (P=0.009), 14% (P=0.047), and 10% (P=0.046) in the Ward's triangle, trochanter, and the overall bone, respectively, than in the control girls. Geometrical parameters, bone accrual, and osteocalcin levels were similar in both groups. The weekly training load explained 30.8% of all bone gains on the lower limbs and affected the density on parts of the femur. CONCLUSIONS: The gymnasts, after a 12-month follow-up, demonstrated a higher BMD in the Ward's triangle and whole femur than the controls, as well as an improvement in femur density. These changes were mainly due to the weekly training load. Lastly, the gymnasts had significant bone accrual (after 12 months) in the upper limbs, lower limbs, and whole body.
Adolescent ; Bone and Bones ; Bone Density ; Female ; Femur ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gymnastics ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Lower Extremity ; Osteocalcin ; Osteogenesis ; Spine ; Sports ; Upper Extremity

This research mainly dealt with sanitation and hygiene related editorials quoted from educational magazines published in Chosun until the Manchurian Incident during the Japanese colonial period. The study revealed that modern Japan became aware of the importance of public sanitation from the late nineteenth century and established modern programs so that schools can comprehensively teach students about sanitation and hygiene so as to enter modern imperial society. Japan particularly introduced and carried out modern physical(gymnastics) education as a means of "complete sanitation and hygiene" to improve students' health. As a result of having two times of war, the Japanese Empire reaffirmed the significance of modern sanitation and hygiene. After colonization of Chosun, Japan organized official educational groups and enlightened the public about sanitation and hygiene through editorials on the educational magazines which the groups had published. In order for schools to promote complete sanitation and hygiene based on modern medicine, Japan actively engaged in suggesting the necessity of physical(gymnastics) education which was critical to human's growth and development. After Japanese Government-General of Korea legislated on school hygiene in 1913, Japanese governments school started hiring school doctors and nurses. They stressed the need of providing sanitation and hygiene education in school to prepare for war in 1910's in advance; highlighted that physical (gymnastics) education should be enforced to help students grow and improve their physical strength from a modern medical point of view. In April, 1919, the Japanese Empire implemented the same instruction to the schools where Chosun people attended. But it was found that the law was not applied well to those schools in effect. The Japanese Empire was seen to proclaim the second educational decree in 1922; proposed international hygienic achievement of the time and comments; enlightened the public by connecting "Fletcherism" of the USA with rice crisis, which was a big social issue back then. In an attempt to complement modern sanitation and hygiene, Japan strongly recommended students appropriate physical gymnastics as the most desirable and complete sanitation method, saying it would help them correct their imbalanced condition-which was found from physical examination - and grow up. They even claimed such an absurd logic that ones whose body did not develop normally tend to become criminals, reflecting the then atmosphere of the society, and considered military gymnastics as one of the most important sanitation and hygiene factors that positively influence growth and development. All the fact that Japan tried hard to apply the practice to students cannot be ignored.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group* ; Atmosphere ; Colon ; Complement System Proteins ; Criminals ; Education ; Growth and Development ; Gymnastics ; History, Modern 1601- ; Humans ; Hygiene* ; Japan ; Jurisprudence ; Korea ; Logic ; Military Personnel ; Periodicals as Topic* ; Physical Education and Training* ; Physical Examination ; Sanitation

OBJECTIVES: This study was to identify the changes of body fat, blood pressure, blood glucose and serum lipid of middle and old aged women after participation in exercise program which includes aerobic(dance sports) and anaerobic(dumbbell gymnastics) exercises. METHODS: One hundred women aged from 55 to 72 were surveyed before and after an exercise program. The exercise program was provided to the subjects performed during 6 months from July, 2007 to December, 2007 at a public health subcenter in Gumi City. Questionnaire survey for general characteristics, anthropometric measurement and blood test were taken before starting the program and anthropometric measurement and blood test after completing the program. RESULTS: Body Weight, body fat and blood pressure showed significant change after the exercise program(p<0.05). Additionally in total glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride significant change was observed(p>0.05). Waite circumference decreased, however did not show statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: It was effective to participate in dance sports and dumbbell gymnastics exercise regularly. All of the positive changes through the study showed that there should be the program for middle and old aged women to exercise actively and also the middle and old aged women need have a active exercise habits as regular as possible. Additional studies confirming the results of this study are needed to compare the effects of the dance sports and dumbbell gymnastics exercise on the other age groups.
Adipose Tissue ; Aged ; Blood Glucose ; Blood Pressure ; Body Weight ; Cholesterol ; Female ; Glucose ; Gymnastics ; Hematologic Tests ; Humans ; Public Health ; Sports ; Surveys and Questionnaires

OBJECTIVETo probe into eliminating action of mild moxibustion combined with cupping therapy on athletic fatigue.

METHODSObserve changes of serum creatine kinase activity in gym-athletes with once great intensity training or periodic great intensity training, and the interfering effect of mild moxibustion combined with cupping therapy.

RESULTSThe mild moxibustion combined with cupping therapy has a significant promoting action on recovery of the increased serum creatine kinase activity induced by once great intensity training or periodic great intensity training in gym-athletes.

CONCLUSIONThe method has a better action of eliminating athletic fatigue.

Acupuncture Points ; Adolescent ; Child ; Creatine Kinase ; blood ; Female ; Gymnastics ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Moxibustion

To become a national player and after becoming one, athletes usually overtrain themselves. Also they often get injured during their competition. There are many kinds of sports injuries, which are rather specific to each sport. In this study, the author analyzed the sports injuries of athletes who had visited the medical clinic in the Taereung National Training Center from January to July in 2005. There were 5 events and 7 groups of sports including men judo, men wrestling, men and women weight lifting, men and women hockey, and men gymnastics. The results showed that low back problems were the most common injury among all these sports. Besides low back problems, athletes from each sport had different patterns of injuries. Men judo players frequently had medial collateral ligament injuries of the knee. Men wrestling players commonly had neck problems. Many men and women weight lifters had wrist injuries and rotator cuff impingement, respectively, and many of them also had patellar ligament injuries. Hockey players commonly had ankle problems, and especially many women hockey players had hamstring strains. Remarkable injuries in men gymnastics were wrist and finger injuries. These results can be of help to optimize the strategies to prevent injuries and to rehabilitate the injured athletes.
Ankle ; Athletes ; Athletic Injuries* ; Collateral Ligaments ; Female ; Finger Injuries ; Gymnastics ; Hockey ; Humans ; Knee ; Korea* ; Male ; Martial Arts ; Neck ; Patellar Ligament ; Rotator Cuff ; Sports* ; Weight Lifting ; Wrestling ; Wrist ; Wrist Injuries

The polar sports tester made in Finland as one of the most widespread instruments in physical training is of importance for sports training. In this paper, we have developed a set of system for analysis of physical training workload using the measured data of the Polar Sports Tester, and have established a set of analysis indices and reports of the physical training workload, including five categories and 127 quantitative indices. It can reflect the distribution of physical workload and provide a series of parameters for coaches to direct scientific training and raise sport level.
Adaptation, Physiological ; physiology ; Gymnastics ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Physical Endurance ; physiology ; Software ; Sports ; physiology

Massage and acupressure in gymnastics and sports are parts of the exercise procedure leading to high performance. Massage promotes the capacity of all functional organ, improves gradually the activity of central nervous system, of internal organs and visceral mechanisms, prepairs physically and mentally to prevent overloading and traumas. Massage and acupressure are also combined approaches to treat sportive injuries, aiding the rehabilitation of sportive capacity and achivities
Massage ; Acupressure ; Gymnastics

OBJECTIVES: Though AIDS is one of the most serious and world-wide health problem, there have been developed no effective control measure but individually oriented prevention. This study was performed to help preparing the efficient control program for college student who are sexually active, considered as a risk group for HIV infection. METHODS: Subjects were 852 college students of one university in Gyungsangnam-do. From September to October 2001, questionnaire survey on the students' knowledge and attitude, and status of health education about AIDS (HEAIDS) was done. Collected data was analyzed using SAS (ver 6.21) program. RESULTS: The subjects were freshman (52.1%) and enrollment (47.9%), with department of medicine (19.1%), nursing (25.8%), health administration (9.1%), business (11.4%), chemical (16.2%), food (8.8%), gymnastics (9.5%). Though about 90% of them agreed with the necessity of HEAIDS, half of them (54.7%) had no experience of HEAIDS and most (88.1%) of them considered it had been insufficient. The informations about AIDS was acquired mainly from TV newspaper (73.0%), but partly from specified health education (16.1%). They have no experience of unsafe sexual contact (96.1%), however, they considered that they can have accidental sexual contact (22.7%) in the future. Response for intention to use of preventative condom use was certainly (66.7%) and questionable (33.3%). About the knowledges on HIV infection and transmission, most of them knew relatively well about no curative medicine (94.8%), infected by sexual contact (85.7%), common use of needle (96.4%), transfusion (95.2%), transplantation (89.8%), longitudinal infection (88.7%). However, the correct answer rate was relatively low in clinical spectrum; can maintain normal life with medical care (31.0%), and some transmission route; kiss (46.9%), cough sneezing (45.8%), common use of bowl towl (49.1%) and bath (43.4%), insect like mosquitos (49.1%), razor (35.4%). The mean level of the knowledges on HIV infection and transmission was 67.5 and 71.6 out of a possible 100, respectively. The knowledge level (p=0.003) and certainty to use of preventable condom use (p=0.001) was higher in HEAIDS experienced group. Experiences to HEAIDS was more in enrollment (50.5%) than freshman (40.5%) (p=0.004), medicine (51.4%) than health (32.1%) and general (41.9%) by department group (p=0.001). With regard to the attitudes on HIV infection, they didn't agreed with 'had intention to check themselves for HIV infection (94.2%)', 'case or suspected case can attend to same school with my children (71.8%)', 'had intention to join in clinical trial of new regimen for AIDS (74.4%)'. CONCLUSIONS: This result showed that present status of HEAIDS for college students is still insufficient. Because the knowledges and attitudes about AIDS are influenced by HEAIDS, professional and efficient education program would be emphasized on the practical level for health protection, eg, preventative condom use. This study has also another meanings to reveal the positive effect and to recall the motive for individual-based prevention
Baths ; Child ; Commerce ; Condoms ; Cough ; Culicidae ; Education ; Gymnastics ; Health Education ; HIV Infections ; Humans ; Insects ; Intention ; Needles ; Periodicals ; Nursing ; Sneezing