Background Mitochondrial dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) regulates mitochondrial division and plays an important role in maintaining hepatocyte function. However, the role of DRP1 in cadmium exposure-induced maternal liver damage in pregnant mice remains unclear. Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of DRP1 in maternal liver damage induced by cadmium exposure during pregnancy. Methods This study consisted of animal experiments and cell experiments. (1) Animal experiments. Mice at 14 days of gestation were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, a low-dose cadmium group (LCd group: 2.5 mg·kg⁻¹), and a high-dose cadmium group (HCd group: 5 mg·kg⁻¹). The pregnant mice were intraperitoneally injected with cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) for 6 and 24 h in the next morning. The weights of pregnant mice, uterus, maternal liver, and fetal mice were recorded after sacrifice. Serum and liver of pregnant mice were collected, the levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum were detected, and liver tissues were stained with HE to observe changes in liver function and liver tissue structure. The expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins, hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and DRP1 proteins in liver of pregnant mice were detected by Western blotting. (2) Cell experiments. AML12 cells were treated with CdCl₂ (10 μmol·L⁻¹) for 0, 2, 6, 12, and 24 h. The expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins, DRP1, and hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) proteins were detected. AML12 cells were pretreated with DRP1 inhibitor Mdivi-1 for 1 h and then CdCl₂ (10 μmol·L⁻¹) for 12 h to detect the expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins and DRP1 protein. AML12 cells were treated with Hif-1α siRNA for 48 h and CdCl₂ (10 μmol·L⁻¹) for 6 h to detect the expression of HIF-1α and DRP1 proteins. Results The results of animal experiments showed that cadmium exposure in pregnant mice had no effects on maternal liver weight and liver coefficient. However, the histomorphological changes and necrosis in hepatocytes were observed. Compared with the control group, the serum ALT and AST levels of pregnant mice in the LCd group were significantly increased after 6 h (P＜0.05), and the levels in the HCd group were significantly increased after 6 and 24 h (P＜0.05). Cadmium exposure during pregnancy significantly up-regulated HIF-1α and DRP1 expressions and down-regulated the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins in maternal livers. In vitro cell experiments showed that the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins was significantly decreased and HIF-1α and DRP1 protein expressions were significantly increased in the AML12 cells treated with CdCl₂ for 6 h. Mdivi-1 pretreatment significantly antagonized the inhibitory effect of cadmium on the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins in AML12 cells, while Hif-1α siRNA pretreatment significantly antagonized the up-regulative effect of cadmium on DRP1 expression in AML12 cells. Conclusion Cadmium exposure in pregnant mice may up-regulate DRP1 expression by activating HIF-1α signaling, then inhibit oxidative phosphorylation level of hepatic cells, and ultimately lead to maternal liver damage.

Objective To systematically analyze the World Health Organization Rehabilitation Competency Framework (RCF) theoretical framework, methodology and its application in the field of rehabilitation.Methods We systematically analyzed RCF conceptual framework and key characteristics, and discussed how to apply the RCF in the fields of human resource planning, education program and curriculum system, and vocational competency standards and certification criteria for rehabilitation human resources.Results The RCF encompasses five domains, naming practice, professionalism, learning and development, management and leadership, and research. Rehabilitation professionals' performance is the result of the interaction of their core values and beliefs, competencies, activities, knowledge, and skills. The RCF can be used to plan rehabilitation human resources, establish competency-based rehabilitation education programs and curriculum systems, and develop competency certification standards and licensure accreditation standards.Conclusion This study analyzed background, content and implementation framework of RCF, and systematically discussed the theories and methods related to how to use the RCF to construct national rehabilitation human resources development plans, develop rehabilitation education programs and curriculum systems based on the RCF, and establish certification and assessment standards for rehabilitation human resources.

Objective To establish an intestinal organoid-based assay to investigate the radiation mitigation effect of epiregulin in vitro. Methods Intestinal crypts were released from tissue incubated with EDTA. Intestinal crypts seeded in 3D matrigel were irradiated at 24 h after plating. The radiation mitigation effect of epiregulin was evaluated by measuring the survival rate, size and budding numbers of the organoid after irradiation, and the basic FGF was used as a positive control of epiregulin. Results Radiation-induced lethality and dose-dependent survival curve of the intestinal organoid were consistent with in vivo data. Treatment with epiregulin (400 ng/ml) at 24 h post-radiation significantly increased survival rate of 8 Gy X-ray irradiated intestinal organoid in comparison with non-treated group [(12.56 ± 1.02)％vs. (4.73 ± 0.38)％, t=12.43,P<0.05]. Conclusions Epiregulin has radiation mitigation effect on intestinal organoid and could serve as a potential medical countermeasure to mitigate gastrointestinal toxicity.

Objective To determine the dose-response relationship of sufentanil blunting responses to double-lumen endotracheal intubation when combined with propofol given by target-controlled infusion (TCI) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Methods One hundred patients of both sexes with pulmonary tuberculosis,of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ,aged 24-58 yr,with body mass index ＜30 kg/m2,with Mallampati grade Ⅰ or Ⅱ,undergoing thoracic surgery under general anesthesia,were divided into Ⅰ-Ⅴ groups (n =20 each) using a random number table.Anesthesia was induced with iv sufentanil 0.35 μg/kg (group Ⅰ),0.40 μg/kg (group Ⅱ),0.45 μg/kg (group Ⅲ),0.50 μg/kg (group Ⅳ) and 0.55 μg/kg (group Ⅴ),and propofol TCI (target plasma concentration 3.5 μg/ml) and iv vecuronium 0.15 mg/kg.The patients were endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated.The response to double-lumen endotracheal intubation was defined as positive when mean arterial pressure increased by＞ 20％ of the baseline value and/or heart rate ＞ 90 bpm within 5 min after intubation.The median effective dose (ED50),ED95 and 95％ confidence interval (95％ CI) of sufentanil blunting the responses to double-lumen endotracheal intubation were calculated by Probit analysis.Results The ED50 (95％ CI) and ED95 (95％ CI) of sufentanil blunting the responses to intubation were 0.411 (0.370-0.441) μg/kg and 0.635 (0.556-0.888) μg/kg,respectively,when combined with propofol given by TCI.Conclusion When combined with propofol given by TCI (target plasma concentration 3.5 μg/ml),the ED50 and ED95 of sufentanil blunting the responses to double-lumen endotracheal intubation are 0.411 and 0.635 μg/kg,respectively,in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Objective To evaluate the effect of mild hypothermia on the expression of phosphorylated eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (p-eIf2αt) in the hippocampus in a mouse model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).Methods Sixty pathogen-free healthy male C57BL6 mice,aged 8-12 weeks,weighing 20-30 g,were divided into 3 groups (n =20 each) using a random number table:sham operation group (group S),group I/R and mild hypothermia group (group H).Cerebral I/R was induced by 15-min occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries followed by reperfusion in chloral hydrate-anesthetized mice.Surface cooling was started immediately after reperfusion to maintain the rectal temperature at 32-34 ℃ for 3 h in group H.The neurologic deficit score was evaluated at 24 h of reperfusion.The mice were then sacrificed,brains were immediately removed,and hippocampi were isolated for examination of pathologic changes of hippocampal CA1 region and for determination of neuroapoptosis (by TUNEL) and expression of peIf2α (by Western blot).The apoptosis rate was calculated.Results Compared with group S,the neurologic deficit scores at 24 h of reperfusion and apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons were significantly increased,and the expression of p-eIf2α was up-regulated in I/R and H groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group I/R,the neurologic deficit scores at 24 h of reperfusion and apoptosis rate of hippocampal neurons were significantly decreased,and the expression of p-eIf2α was down-regulated in group H (P＜ 0.05).Conclusion Mild hypothermia reduces endoplasmic reticulum stress and inhibits neuroapoptosis through inhibiting the expression of p-eIf2α in the hippocampus in a mouse model of cerebral I/R.

This paper discussed the gap between the unmet needs and services of rehabilitation at global level and advocated implementation of "WHO Global Disability Action Plan 2014-2021". The following recommendations had been made: expanding coverage, improving quality, enhancing monitoring, and integrating data of functioning and disability, and rehabilitation into national health information system. It is important to develop rehabilitation to meet clients' rehabilitation needs to promote realization of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDGs).

Objective Measure the variation trend and the problems of bed allocation and its equity at primary medical institutions and provide theoretical basis for optimizing the policy of health resources allocation for the government.Methods Analysis of the distribution and equity of the inpatient beds at primary medical institutions in terms of geographical area by means of the survey of regular overall statistics forms and the methods of Gini coefficient and Theil index.Results From 2009 to 2012,the number increase of beds at such institutions geographically was 7.72%,while that in eastern,central and western regions of China were respectively 5.35%, 3.97% and 27.88%.The number increase at community healthcare centers was 46.58%,while that in eastern,central and western regions of the country were respectively 18.09%,29.57%和 81.53%.The number increase at township hospitals was 2.33%,while that in eastern,central and western regions were respectively - 3.83%,- 0.43% and 22%.The Gini coefficient of bed allocation at such institutions was beyond 0.6,while that in eastern, central and western regions were respectively under 0.3,0.3-0.4 and 0.6 above.The Gini coefficient of bed allocation at community healthcare centers fell from above 0.4 to under 0.4.The Gini coefficient in the western regions increased from 0.3-0.4 to over 0.4.The variation trend of township hospitals was similar with the overall conditions at such institutions.The intra-regional Theil indexes and their contribution rates of bed allocation at such institutions were higher than those of inter-regional. Conclusions The overall variation trend of bed allocation at such institutions was on the rise,yet its variation trend of equity remains unchanged.The bed allocation and its equity at such institutions were higher than those at township hospitals.The growth rate in western regions was the highest,but the absolute number was the lowest.Moreover,the equity of bed allocation in such regions was not only the lowest,but also was found rising.The influence of bed allocation in intra-region terms was large,while its equity was not only lower but falling as well.

Objective To study the clinicopathologic features and differential diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor ( SFT) in the urogenital system.Methods The clinical data and pathologic characteristics of eight cases of SFT in the urogenital system were analyzed, and the relevant literature was reviewed.Results The cohort included six male and two female patients, with age of onset ranging from 25 to 80 years.Five occurred in the kidney ( three in the right kidney) , one case each occurred in the bladder, the prostate and the spermatic cord.Most patients showed no obvious clinical symptoms or only had low back pain and swelling.The diameter of the tumor was ranged from 2.5 to 11.8 cm (median 5.2 cm).Microscopy showed at low magnification, the tumor cells were spindle-shaped and arranged in bundles or helicoid pattern.The regional mesenchymal fibroblasts showed hyperplasia, with obvious collagenization and formed hemangiopericytoma-like structure.One case showed increased mitotic figures ( >5 cells/10 HPF) and focal necrosis.By immunohistochemistry, the tumor cells were positive for CD34 and STAT6 in all eight cases, CD99 and vimentin in six cases, bcl-2 in four cases and SMA in one case.All seven cases with follow-up did not show any tumor recurrence or metastasis.Conclusions SFT is rare in the urogenital system and most patients show good prognosis.SFT expresses CD34 and STAT6 and needs to be distinguished from other spindle cell tumors.

Objective:To study the morphology of middle cerebral artery ( MCA ) M1 segment .Me-thods:We selected the MRA data of 794 MCA (400 of the left side and 394 of the right side ) from Ja-nuary 1, 2011 to June 30, 2011 consecutively and analyzed the morphology of the MCA M 1 segment in axial, anteroposterior and lateral view , measured the length of the M1 segment, and analyzed the simila-rity of the left and right side M1 segment morphology .Results:In axial, anteroposterior and lateral view , the MCA M1 segment showed C-shape >L-shape >S-shape .In axial view , it was about 373 ( 47%) M1 segment performance for the C-shape, of which 340 (42.8%) M1 segments showed bowing to the dorsal side, only 33 (4.2%) M1 segments showed bowing to the ventral side .In anteroposterior view, it was about 322 (40.6%) M1 segments of the performance of the C-shape, of which 262(33.0%) M1 segments showed a bowing to the superior , 60 (7.6%) showed bowing to the inferior .The similarity of the left and right MCA M1 segments was 27.2% (114/419) in axial view and 42.7% (179/419) in anteroposterior view.It was more similar in anteroposterior view than in axial view .Along with the increase of age, in the axial view, L-shape converted to C-shape very obviously, but only mildly elevated in S-shape .In anteroposterior view , the L-shape converted to the C-shape or S-shape along with the increase of age.Conclusion:The different morphology of MCA M1 segment in axial and anteroposterior view may be involved in the development of intracranial atherosclerosis .

Objective:To analyze correlation factors of hemodynamic damage after carotid artery stenting.Methods:In this study, 66 cases (71 lesions) who undertook carotid artery stenting were col-lected and the correlation factors of hemodynamic damage were analyzed .Results:Hemodynamic damage emerged in 23 cases (32.4%), of which, 11.3%developed hypotension.The distance between bifurca-tion and lesions (P=0.002 0), plaque distribution (P=0.000 2), plaque character (P=0.001 9), post-dilation ( P =0.002 6 ) were associated with hemodynamic damage by single factor analysis . However, only eccentric plaque (P=0.015 3) and calcified plaque (P=0.009 7) were associated with hemodynamic damage by multiple factors analysis .All the patients could reach stable circulation by drugs during operation , and no cerebral ischemic events ( transient ischemic attack or stroke ) and cardiovascu-lar ischemic events happened .Conclusion: The distance between bifurcation and lesions , eccentric plaques, calcified plaques are correlation factors of hemodynamic damage .