Background and purpose:Breast cancer is a major global public health problem.Bone is the most common site of distant metastasis of breast cancer,accounting for about 70%of all metastatic cases.Bone metastasis of breast cancer can cause a series of complications,including severe pain,pathological fracture,hypercalcemia,spinal cord compression,etc.,which bring great inconvenience to patients'physical activities and affect their quality of life.Metastatic recurrence is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients.Therefore,there is an urgent need to build a diagnostic model of bone metastasis in breast cancer to identify patients with a high risk of bone metastasis.The aim of this study was to develop a predictive model based on machine learning to predict the probability of breast cancer developing bone metastasis.Methods:Data of breast cancer patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2015 were extracted from The Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)database.The variables were screened by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)regression,univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis,and statistically significant risk factors were included to build a prediction model.In this study,nine machine learning algorithms,including decision tree,elastic network,K-nearest neighbor,lightweight gradient elevator,logistic regression,neural network,random forest,support vector machine and limit gradient lifting,were used to adjust the model hyperparameters through random search and 5x cross-validation to build a breast cancer bone metastasis prediction model.The area under the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve,calibration curve and decision curve were used to evaluate the model,the optimal model was obtained,and the importance of variables was analyzed based on the optimal model.Finally,a network calculator for predicting the risk of bone metastasis of breast cancer was established using the optimal model.Results:The study included 10 106 patients with breast cancer,7 073 patients in the training set,and 3 033 patients in the validation set.We found that 4 494(63.5%)patients in the training set and 1 927(63.5%)patients in the validation set developed bone metastases,respectively.Race,pathologic grade,estrogen receptor(ER)status,progesterone receptor(PR)status,human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)status,N stage,lung metastasis,radiotherapy,chemotherapy and surgery were independent predictors of bone metastasis.The training set and verification set were used to verify the model,and the limit gradient lifting algorithm was superior to other machine learning algorithms by integrating the evaluation indexes such as the area under the ROC curve,calibration curve and decision curve.Finally,we used limit gradient algorithm to build network calculator for prediction of breast cancer bone metastases(https://bcbm.shinyapps.io/DynNomapp/).Conclusion:This study developed a predictive model based on machine learning to predict the probability of bone metastases in breast cancer patients,hoping to help clinicians make more rational treatment decisions.

Objective To investigate the effect of laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer by reserving the left colon artery and root lymph node accurately according to different types of inferior mesenteric artery.Methods In this study,80 cases of rectal cancer patients diagnosed and treated from January 2019 to January 2022 were selected as the research objects.According to the envelope random grouping method,the above patients were randomly divided into observation group and control group,with 40 cases in each group.According to the intestinal mesenteric classification of patients,the observation group carried out precise low ligation operation,while the control group adopted traditional high ligation operation.The perioperative indexes,complications,gastrointestinal function,gastrin and motilin were compared between the two groups.Result There was no significant difference in operation time,intraoperative blood loss,exhaust time and lymph node positive rate between the two groups(P＞0.05),and the number of lymph node dissection in the observation group(24.27±5.92)was significantly higher than that in the control group(16.12±5.99),there was significant difference(P＜0.05).There was no significant difference in dysuria,anastomotic bleeding and anastomotic leakage between the two groups(P＞0.05).There was no significant difference between the recovery time of bowel sounds and the time of eating(P＞0.05).After operation,the gastrin and motilin water in the two groups decreased significantly,but the gastrin[(133.33±16.14)pg/ml]and motilin(318.33±24.11)pg/ml]in the observation group were significantly higher than that of the control group[(114.78±15.97)pg/ml,(287.44±23.09)pg/ml],the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Conclusion Laparoscopic radical resection of rectal cancer according to the different types of inferior mesenteric artery accurately retain the left colon artery and root lymph node dissection,postoperative gastrointestinal function and lymph node dissection significantly improved,for the prognosis of patients with positive significance.

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics of fulminant type 1 diabetes (FT1DM) in China.Methods:Clinical data of 279 cases related to FT1DM in Chinese Database from January 2005 to December 2018 were collected, and other 20 patients from our hospital were included in the present study.Results:(1) There has been a progressive increasing in the number of reported cases every year in China, and the number in the southern region were significantly more than that in the northern region. (2) The median age of the onset of FT1DM patients in China was 32.5 years old, without significant gender difference. Moreover, 36.5% (54/148) of the female patients caught the disease during their prenatal period, most of them were onset in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy and 2 weeks after delivery (37/40), and the prognosis of the fetus was extremely poor. (3) Compared with new-onset type 1 diabetes, FT1DM patients were younger, and with higher blood glucose [(39.7±15.3) vs (21.2 ± 9.9) mmol/L], higher serum creatinine [(188.4±115.9) vs (51.8 ±23.1) μmol/L], and higher amylase levels [245.5 (26.0-5 137.0) vs 54.7 (14.0-404.9) U/L]. FT1DM patients were with more severe acidosis, and lower HbA 1C level [(6.6 ±0.8)% vs (12.9 ± 2.5)%, P<0.01]. (4) FT1DM patients may combine with multiple organ dysfunction or severe metabolic disorders, electrolyte disorders, as well as liver and kidney dysfunctions, and elevation of amylase and muscle enzymes. Conclusion:FT1DM are with some clinical characteristics different from classic new-onset type 1 diabetes, including adult-onset, frequent in the southern China. Pregnancy may be a predisposing factor for female patients. Significant metabolic disorders and multiple organ involvements are common in the patients with FT1DM.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of long-term low-level lead load on the immune function of occupationally exposed workers. METHODS: The convenient sampling method was used to select 57 lead-exposed workers as the observation group.These workers had the blood lead level of ≥300 μg/L and <400 μg/L.They worked in a battery plant from 2009 to 2018. Another 61 none-lead exposed logistical personnel with blood lead level of <100 μg/L were selected as the control group. The blood lead levels and immune function indicators were detected in these 2 groups, including serum immunoglobulin(Ig)G, IgA, IgM, complement(C) 3, C4, C-reactive protein(CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α) level, blood intermediate cell(MID) count and MID ratio(MID%).The abnormal rates of the above immune indexes were calculated. RESULTS: The median blood lead level in the observation group was 338 μg/L. The levels of IgA(M: 2.3 vs 1.9 g/L), C3 [(10.8 ± 1.7) vs(10.1±1.5) mg/L] and C4(M: 2.6 vs 2.3 mg/L) of observation group decrease(P<0.05), the abnormal rate of IgG increased(1.6% vs 14.0%, P<0.05), compared with the control group. The other immune indexes of these two groups were compared, and the differences showed no statistical significance(P>0.05). Blood lead level was negatively correlated with C3 level and positively correlated with TNF-α level(Spearman correlation coefficients were-0.20, 0.19, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Low level lead might have an impact on the immune system of lead-exposed workers.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of patients with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas ( TSHomas) in China. Methods All the articles related to TSHomas were retrieved from the Chinese journal databases up to July 2017. All reported cases were assessed. Results TSHomas have been diagnosed in all ages (range:12-81 years old, average 41.9 ± 13.8 years old) with no gender difference (male : female=84: 69). The rate of misdiagnosis fell from 84.6％(11/13) to 50.6％(39/77) in the last 10 years. In 92 cases (60.1％), the level of TSH was elevated [median 1.57×ULN (upper limits of normal)]. The most common elevated hormones associated with TSHomas were growth hormone ( GH) and prolactin ( PRL;11.1％and 9.7％, respectively) . 37 cases underwent octreotide suppression test, of which the inhibitory rates ranged from 26. 2％ to 94. 9％ ( median 71.79％). The detection rate of micro-adenoma was 7.7％(1/13)before year 2000, 11.4％(4/35)from 2000 to 2006, and 26.7％(28/105) after 2006. Although TSHomas usually invade surrounding tissues, they hardly cause pituitary apoplexy. Surgery orγ-knife was performed in 132 cases ( 86. 3％) . Immunohistochemistry of tumors showed that 87 (52.9％) of 46 were pure TSH adenomas and 32 (36.8％) cases were mixed ones, while GH and PRL were most common (75.0％and 56.3％respectively) in the mixed adenomas. Negative immunohistochemistry for TSH was found in 9 cases (10.3％). In the follow-up, the restoring rates of thyroid hormone and TSH level were 77.0％(87/113) and 80.0％( 36/45) respectively. Conclusion TSHoma is diagnosed at an earlier age in China than that reported in Europe and America, while at similar age compared with Japan. Macro-adenomas were more common in spite of the increasing detection rate of micro-adenomas. Macro-adenomas are often invasive but less likely to induce pituitary apoplexy. Immunostaining for TSH could be negative. The most common positive immunostaining in mixed adenoma is GH and/or PRL. However, a positive immunostaining for one pituitary hormone does not necessarily correlates with its hypersecretion of that hormone.

Tumor initiating cells are the source of the tumor,which have the characteristics of stem cells,such as self-renewal capacity,unlimited proliferation,multi-directional differentiation,DNA repair activity and resistance to apoptosis.The tumor initiating cells involved in chemotherapy drug resistance,traditional chemotherapy drugs is difficult to kill them,studies have shown that the tumor initiating cells involved in chemotherapy drug resistance.Tumor initiating cells are the significant factor of drug resistance and relapse in the tumor.tumor initiating cells resistance mechanism is complex,not only involved in tumor generally resistant characteristics,but kept natural resistance properties of stem cells.Tumor initiating cells resistant mechanism is controversial.This review introduces the resistance mechanisms of tumor-initiating cells both in tumor initiating cells-intrinsic and tumor initiating cells-extrinsic aspects based on the domestic and international relevant literatures.By revealing the drug resistance mechanism,it can be used to predict the effect of clinical chemotherapy,and now the article will review the research progress of the drug resistance mechanism of tumor initiating cells.

Objective To evaluate the clinical characteristics of patients with growth-hormone adenoma (GHA) and summarize the diagnosis and treatment experience.Methods The clinical data of 338 GHA cases at the General Hospital of PLA from Jan. 1990 to Dec. 2016 were collected, of which 252 cases with more complete clinical data were retrospectively analyzed including their general situation, medical history, laboratory tests and auxiliary examinations, and treatment modalities and outcomes. Parts of the patients were followed up.Results The cases of hospitalized GHA patients have increased year by year since 1990, and the number of patients admitted in the last 3 years accounted for 56.2% of the total number of cases. The sex ratio for GHA patients was nearly 1:1. Age of visiting followed Gaussian distribution while the 41-50 age group occupied the largest part. The most typical sign is hand and foot enlargement (60.7%), followed by the hypertrophy of nasal ala. The most common symptoms are headache (42.5%), hypopsia, visual field defect and diplopia. More than half of GHA patients were complicated with prediabetes and diabetes (72.6%), sleep apnea (69.5%), goiter or thyroid nodularity (56.4%), cardiac insufficiency (57.0%) and colon polyp (54.1%); while the percentages of cases undergone the relevant examination in the total number of cases were as follows: 75g OGTT test (42.1%), polysomnography (23.4%), thyroid ultrasound (37.3%), echocardiogram (47.6%) and colonoscopy (14.7%); GHA was 23.37±1.42μg/L and IGF-1 was 804.28±273.93ng/ml on average; 85.0% of somatotroph tumors are macroadenoma. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy to GHA, while medical therapy was selected by less patients. During the follow-up, only 38.0%of GHA patients can be contacted, among them the remission rate decreased to 40.5%. The positive rate of long-term remission evaluated by early postoperative GHA level was consistent with that confirmed by the long-term follow-up (χ2=3.368,P>0.05). Conclusions The number of hospitalized GHA patients have increased recent years. The common clinical signs and symptoms are somatic enlargement and nonspecific headache. Due to uncompleted screening, GHA associated complications are always misdiagnosed; It is essential to establish a sound model of follow-up to improve patients' quality of life. The early postoperative GHA levels may predict the prognosis of surgery.

Objective This study aimed at observing expression and clinical significance of metadherin in gastric adenocarcinoma and exploring the potentially regulating mechanism of metadherin in invation and migration of gastric cancer.Methods Expressions of metadherin and E-cadherin in primay lesion of gastric cancer were detected by immunohistochemistry and their correlation to clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis were analyzed by Chi-square tests.Transwell assay and wound healing assay were applied for the ability of invasion and metastasis in gastric cancer cells.Then,the down-regulatied metadherin expression in MKN45 cells by RNA interference (siRNA) was carried out and furthermore,the regulation role of metadherin in epithelial-mesenchymal transition was analyzed also in invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells.Results The positive expression of metadherin was correlated to invading depth (P =0.029),lymph node metastasis (P =0.001),TNM stage (P =0.014) and inhibiting E-cadherin expression (P =0.001).The patients with positive metabherin shared poorer prognosis.Furthermore,the down-regulated metabherin in MKN45 cells would result in the increasing expression of E-cadherin,as well as decreasing expression of N-eadherin,Slug and Snail.At the same time,the abilities of invasion (P =0.027) and migration (P =0.008) of MKN45 cells was decreased.Conclusion metabherin induces EMT in metastasis of gastric adenocarcinoma via activating either Slug or Snail but not twist,which would result in the poorer prognosis.

BACKGROUND:The knee joint acts as the body’s largest and most complex joint, which is a commonly seen perplex in patients because of synovium and cartilage diseases. Moreover, clinical physicians are often confused on the ultrasonic diagnosis of synovium and cartilage diseases.
OBJECTIVE: To review the ultrasound misdiagnosed cases of knee cartilage and synovial lesions and to summarize the common misconceptions and discrimination methods.
METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in the ultrasound misdiagnosed cases of knee cartilage and synovial lesions reported from 2002 to 2014, and then the common misconceptions and corresponding identification methods were summarized.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: High-frequency ultrasound is most likely to have six “mistaken ideas” addressing knee cartilage and synovial lesions: (1) cartilage degeneration; (2) synovial calcification; (3) echo intensity from synovial lesions; (4) blood flow in the synovium; (5) synovial effusion; (6) lesions involving intraarticular structures. High-frequency ultrasound runs through dynamical observation and contrast observation of bilateral knee joint lesions, which is a valuable imaging method for diagnosis of cartilage and synovial diseases based on vigilance at the “mistaken ideas” and mastery of the distinguishing ideas and methods.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and value of quantitatively assessing left ventricular systolic function in rats with myocardial infarction (MI) by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) based on mathematical morphology algorithm.Methods SD rats model of MI were mede,then MCE were performed before MI and at 1,3 weeks after MI.In vitro study:based on the principle of binary morphology,segmentation of endocardium was acquired using dilation,erosion,closed operations and connected domain object tag-based.The automatic segmentation of endocardial contour was compared with the manual segmentation boundary.In vivo study:the left ventricular area was calculated using the software,and the area variation fraction (AVF),a new index of left ventricular systolic function,were acquired.The correlation between AVF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was analyzed.The value of AVF for diagnosis for left ventricular dysfunction was evaluated by ROC curve.Results ① The cross-correlation coefficient (CCC) and percent error (PE) between automatic contours and manual boundary were more than 0.90 and less than 9％,respectively.② AVF correlated positively with LVEF (r =0.934,P ＜ 0.001).③ ROC analyses showed the area under curves for AVF diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction was 0.834.The best cutoff value was 27.5 ％ for diagnosing left ventricular dysfunction with the sensitivity of 85 ％ and specificity of 60 ％.Conclusions Left ventricular endocardium can be identificated automatically and rapidly by MCE based on mathematical morphology algorithm.AVF can assessed quantitatively left ventricular systolic function in rats with myocardial infarction.