Oral diseases concern almost every individual and are a serious health risk to the popula-tion.The restorative treatment of tooth and jaw defects is an important means to achieve oral function and support the appearance of the contour.Based on the principle of"learning from the nature",Deng Xu-liang's group of Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology has proposed a new concept of"microstructural biomimetic design and tissue adaptation of tooth/jaw materials"to address the worldwide problems of difficulty in treating dentine hypersensitivity,poor prognosis of restoration of tooth defects,and vertical bone augmentation of alveolar bone after tooth loss.The group has broken through the bottle-neck of multi-stage biomimetic technology from the design of microscopic features to the enhancement of macroscopic effects,and invented key technologies such as crystalline/amorphous multi-level assembly,ion-transportation blocking,and multi-physical properties of the micro-environment reconstruction,etc.The group also pioneered the cationic-hydrogel desensitizer,digital stump and core integrated restora-tions,and developed new crown and bridge restorative materials,gradient functionalisation guided tissue regeneration membrane,and electrically responsive alveolar bone augmentation restorative membranes,etc.These products have established new clinical strategies for tooth/jaw defect repair and achieved inno-vative results.In conclusion,the research results of our group have strongly supported the theoretical im-provement of stomatology,developed the technical system of oral hard tissue restoration,innovated the clinical treatment strategy,and led the progress of the stomatology industry.

Objective To explore the changes in the expression of glucose transporters 1/4(GLUT1/4)and Sirtuins in the retina of rats with diabetes.Methods Twenty 8-week-old healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divid-ed into normal control and diabetic groups.Rats in the diabetic group received a disposable intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg·kg-1 streptozotocin to induce the diabetes model,while rats in the normal control group were injected with an equiva-lent amount of solvent.Body weight and blood glucose were measured at 2-week intervals.At 12 weeks after modeling,color Doppler ultrasound was applied to detect blood flow parameters in the central retinal artery(CRA)of rats;after an-esthetizing rats with sodium pentobarbital,eyeballs were harvested,and the pathological changes of rat retinal tissue were observed by hematoxylin & eosin(HE)staining.The expression of messenger ribonucleic acid(mRNA)for GLUT 1/4 and Sirtuins in the retina of rats were detected by immunohistochemical staining,Western blot and quantitative of reverse tran-scription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR),respectively.Results At 12 weeks after modeling,compared with the normal control group,peak systolic velocity and end diastolic velocity were significantly lower in CRA of rats in the diabetic group(both P＜0.001);there were no significant differences in resistance index and pulsatility index(both P＞0.05).The HE staining results at 12 weeks after modeling showed that rats in the normal control group had clear structure in each layer of retinal tissues,closely and regularly arranged cells,and no obvious pathological changes;rats in the diabetic group showed decreased retinal thickness,blurred boundary of each layer,disordered structure and reduced cell number.Immu-nohistochemical staining at 12 weeks after modeling showed that GLUT 1 was mainly located in the retinal pigment epithelial layer of rats,and GLUT 4 was located in the ganglion cell layer,inner plexiform layer and photoreceptor layer.Western blot results showed that the relative expression of GLUT1 and GLUT 4 protein in the diabetic group were lower than that in the normal control group(both P＜0.05),and the relative expression of SIRT1-SIRT7 protein in the retina of rats in the di-abetic group were lower than those of the normal control group(all P＜0.05).qRT-PCR showed a decreased relative ex-pression of SIRT1-SIRT7 mRNA in the retina of rats in the diabetic group compared with that of the normal control group(allP＜0.01).Conclusion Diabetes can cause altered expression of GLUT1/4 and Sirtuins in the retinal tissue of rats,and GLUT1/4 and Sirtuins may be involved in the occurrence and development of diabetic retinopathy.

AIM:To study the expression of glucose transporters(GLUTs)and silent information regulators(SIRTs/sirtuins)in the liver of diabetic rats and human hepatocytes(LO2 cells)treated with high glucose.METHODS:(1)Twenty male SD rats were randomly divided into normal control(NC)group and diabetes mellitus(DM)group.The rats in DM group were given single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin(STZ,60 mg/kg)to establish the DM model,while the rats in NC group were intraperitoneally injected with equal volume of solvent once.Fasting blood glucose(FBG)and body mass were measured every 2 weeks.After 12 weeks of rearing,the blood and liver tissues of the rats were ob-tained after anesthesia with 1%sodium pentobarbitone,the biochemical indicators of blood were detected,and the liver in-dex was calculated.Hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and periodic acid-Schiff(PAS)staining were used to observe liver histopathological changes.Lipid accumulation in liver tissues was detected by oil red O staining.The expression levels of GLUTs and SIRTs family member proteins were detected in rat liver tissues.(2)The LO2 cells were treated with different concentrations of glucose for 48 h.The viability of the cells in each group was measured by CCK-8 assay,and Western blot was used to detected the protein expression levels of GLUTs and SIRTs in the cells.RESULTS:(1)Compared with NC group,the rats in DM group were depressed,lost weight,and the FBG and liver index were significantly increased(P＜0.05).The results of HE staining showed that the hepatic sinuses were dilatated and congested near the central vein in DM rats,and mild edema and scattered infiltration of inflammatory cells were found in liver cells.The results of oil red O staining showed the red fat droplets were diffusely scattered within liver cells in DM group.The results of PAS staining showed that there were numerous diffuse light purple circular droplets in the cytoplasm of the liver cells in the central ve-nous area of the DM rats.Western blot showed that the protein levels of GLUTs were higher and the protein levels of SIRTs were lower than those in NC group(P＜0.01).(2)The results of CCK-8 assay showed that the viability of LO2 cells was increased in 50 mmol/L glucose group(P＜0.01),without significant difference in 75,100 and 125 mmol/L glucose groups(all P＞0.05),and decreased in 150,175 and 200 mmol/L glucose groups(all P＜0.01).Later,150 mmol/L glu-cose was used as the high-glucose intervention condition.Western blot showed that the protein levels of GLUTs and SIRTs in LO2 cells under high glucose intervention were consistented with the results in animal experiments.CONCLUSION:High concentration of glucose can cause liver damage in SD rats and reduce the viability of human hepatocytes(LO2 cells).It can also increase the expression of GLUTs and decrease the expression of SIRTs in rat liver tissues and LO2 cells.Therefore,GLUTs and SIRTs family members may be the target proteins of diabetes-induced liver injury.

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of unilateral percutaneous vertebroplasty(PVP)combined with 3D printing technology for the treatment of thoracolumbar osteoporotic compression fracture.Methods A total of 77 patients with thoracolumbar osteoporotic compression fractures from October 2020 to April 2022 were included in the study,all of which were vertebral body compression fractures caused by trauma.According to different treatment methods,they were di-vided into experimental group and control group.Thirty-two patients used 3D printing technology to improve unilateral transpedicle puncture vertebroplasty in the experimental group,there were 5 males and 27 females,aged from 63 to 91 years old with an average of(77.59±8.75)years old.Forty-five patients were treated with traditional bilateral pedicle puncture vertebroplasty,including 7 males and 38 females,aged from 60 to 88 years old with an average of(74.89±7.37)years old.Operation time,intraoperative C-arm X-ray times,anesthetic dosage,bone cement injection amount,bone cement diffusion good and good rate,complications,vertebral height,kyphotic angle(Cobb angle),visual analogue scale(VAS),Oswestry disability index(ODI)and other indicators were recorded before and after surgery,and statistically analyzed.Results All patients were followed up for 6 to 23 months,with preoperative imaging studies,confirmed for thoracolumbar osteoporosis com-pression fractures,two groups of patients with postoperative complications,no special two groups of patients'age,gender,body mass index(BMI),time were injured,the injured vertebral distribution had no statistical difference(P＞0.05),comparable data.Two groups of patients with bone cement injection,bone cement dispersion rate,preoperative and postoperative vertebral body height,protruding after spine angle(Cobb angle),VAS,ODI had no statistical difference(P＞0.05).The operative time,intra-operative fluoroscopy times and anesthetic dosage were statistically different between the two groups(P＜0.05).Compared with the traditional bilateral puncture group,the modified unilateral puncture group combined with 3D printing technology had shorter operation time,fewer intraoperative fluoroscopy times and less anesthetic dosage.The height of anterior vertebral edge,kyphosis angle(Cobb angle),VAS score and ODI of the affected vertebrae were statistically different between two groups at each time point after surgery(P＜0.05).Conclusion In the treatment of thoracolumbar osteoporotic compression fractures,3D printing technology is used to improve unilateral puncture PVP,which is convenient and simple,less trauma,short operation time,fewer fluoroscopy times,satisfactory distribution of bone cement,vertebral height recovery and kyphotic Angle correction,and good functional improvement.

Objective To evaluate the bioequivalence of metronidazole tablet and reference formulation in Chinese healthy subjects.Methods A single-dose,two-cycle,randomized,open,self-crossover trial was designed with 48 healthy subjects randomly assigned to fasting or postprandial group.For each group,a single oral dose of metronidazole tablet(200 mg)or a reference preparation(200 mg)per cycle were enrolled.The concentration of metronidazole in plasma was measured by high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC-MS/MS).The non-compartmental model was applied to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters for bioequivalence analysis via SAS 9.3 software.Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference metronidazole tablets in the fasting group were as follows,the Cmax were(4 855.00±1 383.97)and(4 799.13±1 195.32)ng·h·mL-1;the AUC0-t were(54 834.68±12 697.88)and(55 931.35±11 935.28)ng·h·mL-1;the AUC0-∞ were(56 778.09±13 937.76)and(57 922.83±13 260.54)ng·h·mL-1;the Tmax were respectively 1.17 and 1.00 h;t1/2 were(8.99±1.76)and(9.11±1.73)h,respectively.The ratio of the geometric mean and its 90％confidence intervals(CI)of Cmax,AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were all within the equivalent interval of 80.00％-125.00％.As for postprandial conditions,the main pharmacokinetic parameters of test and reference metronidazole tablets were as follows,the Cmax were(4 057.08±655.08)and(4 044.17±773.98)ng·h·mL-1;the AUC0-t were(55 956.42±12 228.12)and(55 121.04±11 784.55)ng·h·mL-1;the AUC0-∞ were(58 212.83±13 820.00)and(57 350.38±13 229.46)ng·h·mL-1;the Tmax were 2.50 and 2.25 h;the t1/2 were(9.37±1.68)and(9.37±1.79)h,respectively.The ratio of the geometric mean and 90％CI of Cmax,AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were all within the equivalent interval of 80.00％-125.00％.Conclusion The two preparations were bioequivalent to Chinese healthy adult volunteers under both fasting and fed conditions.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases are common clinical conditions. The number of patients with TMJ diseases is large, and the etiology, epidemiology, disease spectrum, and treatment of the disease remain controversial and unknown. To understand and master the current situation of the occurrence, development and prevention of TMJ diseases, as well as to identify the patterns in etiology, incidence, drug sensitivity, and prognosis is crucial for alleviating patients′suffering.This will facilitate in-depth medical research, effective disease prevention measures, and the formulation of corresponding health policies. Cohort construction and research has an irreplaceable role in precise disease prevention and significant improvement in diagnosis and treatment levels. Large-scale cohort studies are needed to explore the relationship between potential risk factors and outcomes of TMJ diseases, and to observe disease prognoses through long-term follw-ups. The consensus aims to establish a standard conceptual frame work for a cohort study on patients with TMJ disease while providing ideas for cohort data standards to this condition. TMJ disease cohort data consists of both common data standards applicable to all specific disease cohorts as well as disease-specific data standards. Common data were available for each specific disease cohort. By integrating different cohort research resources, standard problems or study variables can be unified. Long-term follow-up can be performed using consistent definitions and criteria across different projects for better core data collection. It is hoped that this consensus will be facilitate the development cohort studies of TMJ diseases.

Objective:To analyze and evaluate the current situation of falls in the frail elderly population, and to provide a reliable basis for formulating measures for fall prevention.Methods:CNKI, VIP Database, Wanfang Database, China Biomedical Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Sinomed were searched, and cross-sectional studies on falls in the frail elderly population were searched, and the search time limit was established until June 30, 2023. Two review authors independently screened studies, extracted data, assessed the risk of bias of included studies, and Meta-analyses were performed using Stata 16.0 software and RevMan5.4.Results:A total of 12 cross-sectional studies with a total sample size of 4 597 cases were included. Meta-analysis showed that the incidence of falls in the frail elderly population was 39.9% (1 834/4 597). The results of subgroup analysis showed that there was significant difference in the female, age, chronic pain, body mass index, live alone ( P<0.05). The incidence of falls in male and female was 25.9%(640/2 471) and 40.7%(1 005/2 471), respectively. The incidence of falls in the aged 60-69, 70-79 and over 80 years old was 25.7%(470/1 831), 30.6% (560/1 831) and 46.8%(857/1 831), respectively. The incidence of falls in body mass index < 18.5, 18.5-24.0, >24.0 kg/m 2 was 12.29%(63/512), 9.58%(49/512) and 19.89%(101/512), respectively. The incidence of falls in with or without chronic pain was 33.55%(181/541) and 16.03%(87/541), respectively. The incidence of falls in living alone and not living alone was 32.3%(524/1 624) and 16.9%(274/1 624), respectively. Conclusions:The incidence of falls in the frail elderly population is at a relatively high level. Women, older adults, overweight, have chronic pain and live alone have a higher incidence of falls.

Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of pneumococcal meningitis(PM),and drug sensitivity of Streptococcus pneumoniae(SP)isolates in Chinese children.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical information,laboratory data,and microbiological data of 160 hospitalized children under 15 years old with PM from January 2019 to December 2020 in 33 tertiary hospitals across the country.Results Among the 160 children with PM,there were 103 males and 57 females.The age ranged from 15 days to 15 years,with 109 cases(68.1% )aged 3 months to under 3 years.SP strains were isolated from 95 cases(59.4% )in cerebrospinal fluid cultures and from 57 cases(35.6% )in blood cultures.The positive rates of SP detection by cerebrospinal fluid metagenomic next-generation sequencing and cerebrospinal fluid SP antigen testing were 40% (35/87)and 27% (21/78),respectively.Fifty-five cases(34.4% )had one or more risk factors for purulent meningitis,113 cases(70.6% )had one or more extra-cranial infectious foci,and 18 cases(11.3% )had underlying diseases.The most common clinical symptoms were fever(147 cases,91.9% ),followed by lethargy(98 cases,61.3% )and vomiting(61 cases,38.1% ).Sixty-nine cases(43.1% )experienced intracranial complications during hospitalization,with subdural effusion and/or empyema being the most common complication[43 cases(26.9% )],followed by hydrocephalus in 24 cases(15.0% ),brain abscess in 23 cases(14.4% ),and cerebral hemorrhage in 8 cases(5.0% ).Subdural effusion and/or empyema and hydrocephalus mainly occurred in children under 1 year old,with rates of 91% (39/43)and 83% (20/24),respectively.SP strains exhibited complete sensitivity to vancomycin(100% ,75/75),linezolid(100% ,56/56),and meropenem(100% ,6/6).High sensitivity rates were also observed for levofloxacin(81% ,22/27),moxifloxacin(82% ,14/17),rifampicin(96% ,25/26),and chloramphenicol(91% ,21/23).However,low sensitivity rates were found for penicillin(16% ,11/68)and clindamycin(6% ,1/17),and SP strains were completely resistant to erythromycin(100% ,31/31).The rates of discharge with cure and improvement were 22.5% (36/160)and 66.2% (106/160),respectively,while 18 cases(11.3% )had adverse outcomes.Conclusions Pediatric PM is more common in children aged 3 months to under 3 years.Intracranial complications are more frequently observed in children under 1 year old.Fever is the most common clinical manifestation of PM,and subdural effusion/emphysema and hydrocephalus are the most frequent complications.Non-culture detection methods for cerebrospinal fluid can improve pathogen detection rates.Adverse outcomes can be noted in more than 10% of PM cases.SP strains are high sensitivity to vancomycin,linezolid,meropenem,levofloxacin,moxifloxacin,rifampicin,and chloramphenicol.[Chinese Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics,2024,26(2):131-138]

Objective To investigate the effect of Xiao Chaihu Decoction and Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction on the changes of gastric mucosal pathological score and gastrointestinal hormones in patients with chronic atrophic gastritis(CAG)of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency type.Methods A total of 156 cases of CAG patients with liver stagnation and spleen deficiency syndrome were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group,78 cases in each group.The control group was treated with conventional western medicine,and the observation group was treated with Xiao Chaihu Decoction and Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction on the basis of treatment for the control group.The course of treatment covered four weeks.The changes in the scores of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)symptoms such as epigastric distention and pain,poor appetite,loose stools,limb weakness,belching and acid regurgitation,gastric mucosal pathological scores and serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones of motilin(MTL)and gastrin(GAS)in the two groups were observed before and after treatment.The negative conversion rate of Helicobacter pylori(Hp)in the two groups was compared,and the clinical efficacy and safety of the two groups were evaluated.Results(1)After four weeks of treatment,the total effective rate of the observation group was 93.59％(73/78),which was significantly higher than 82.05％(64/78)of the control group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05).(2)After treatment,the scores of TCM symptoms such as epigastric distention and pain,poor appetite,loose stool,limb weakness,belching and acid regurgitation in the two groups were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease in the observation group was significantly superior to that in the control group(P＜0.05).(3)After treatment,the pathological scores of gastric mucosa in the two groups were significantly decreased when compared with those before treatment(P＜0.05),and the decrease in the observation group was more significant than that in the control group(P＜0.01).(4)After four weeks of treatment,the negative conversion rate of Hp in the observation group was 91.03％(71/78),which was significantly higher than that in the control group(75.64％,59/78),and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05).(5)After treatment,the level of serum GAS in the two groups was significantly decreased(P＜0.05)and the serum MTL level was significantly increased compared with that before treatment(P＜0.05);the decrease of serum GAS level and the increase of serum MTL level in the observation group were significantly superior to those in the control group(P＜0.05).(6)There were no obvious abnormalities in the routine test of blood,urine,stool,kidney function,and liver function,electrocardiograph and other safety indicators during the treatment of the two groups of patients,no adverse reactions such as dizziness,rash and chest distress occurred either,with high safety.Conclusion Xiao Chaihu Decoction combined with Xiangsha Liujunzi Decoction exerts a significant therapeutic effect on GAS of liver stagnation and spleen deficiency type,which can effectively relieve the clinical symptoms,improve the pathological changes of gastric mucosa and promote Hp negative conversion.The therapeutic mechanism may be related to the regulation of gastrointestinal hormone levels.

Hepatohilar cholangiocarcinoma is a common malignant tumor of the biliary system,and radical surgery is one of the important treatment methods.Due to the narrow space at the hi-lum and the high rate of anatomical variation,radical surgery is challenging.By using medical imag-ing technology and 3D reconstruction,surgeons can accurately determine the stage and classifica-tion of hilar cholangiocarcinoma preoperatively.They can assess the tumor's resectability by Ac-cording to the bile duct separation limit points(U point,P point)and anticipate the impact of portal vein,bile duct,and arterial variations on the surgical plan,thereby improving the rate of radical re-section and reducing complication rates.