Tumor drug resistance is an important problem in the failure of chemotherapy and targeted drug therapy, which is a complex process involving chromatin remodeling. SWI/SNF is one of the most studied ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in tumorigenesis, which plays an important role in the coordination of chromatin structural stability, gene expression, and post-translation modification. However, its mechanism in tumor drug resistance has not been systematically combed. SWI/SNF can be divided into 3 types according to its subunit composition: BAF, PBAF, and ncBAF. These 3 subtypes all contain two mutually exclusive ATPase catalytic subunits (SMARCA2 or SMARCA4), core subunits (SMARCC1 and SMARCD1), and regulatory subunits (ARID1A, PBRM1, and ACTB, etc.), which can control gene expression by regulating chromatin structure. The change of SWI/SNF complex subunits is one of the important factors of tumor drug resistance and progress. SMARCA4 and ARID1A are the most widely studied subunits in tumor drug resistance. Low expression of SMARCA4 can lead to the deletion of the transcription inhibitor of the BCL2L1 gene in mantle cell lymphoma, which will result in transcription up-regulation and significant resistance to the combination therapy of ibrutinib and venetoclax. Low expression of SMARCA4 and high expression of SMARCA2 can activate the FGFR1-pERK1/2 signaling pathway in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma cells, which induces the overexpression of anti-apoptosis gene BCL2 and results in carboplatin resistance. SMARCA4 deletion can up-regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating YAP1 gene expression in triple-negative breast cancer. It can also reduce the expression of Ca²⁺ channel IP3R3 in ovarian and lung cancer, resulting in the transfer of Ca²⁺ needed to induce apoptosis from endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria damage. Thus, these two tumors are resistant to cisplatin. It has been found that verteporfin can overcome the drug resistance induced by SMARCA4 deletion. However, this inhibitor has not been applied in clinical practice. Therefore, it is a promising research direction to develop SWI/SNF ATPase targeted drugs with high oral bioavailability to treat patients with tumor resistance induced by low expression or deletion of SMARCA4. ARID1A deletion can activate the expression of ANXA1 protein in HER2+ breast cancer cells or down-regulate the expression of progesterone receptor B protein in endometrial cancer cells. The drug resistance of these two tumor cells to trastuzumab or progesterone is induced by activating AKT pathway. ARID1A deletion in ovarian cancer can increase the expression of MRP2 protein and make it resistant to carboplatin and paclitaxel. ARID1A deletion also can up-regulate the phosphorylation levels of EGFR, ErbB2, and RAF1 oncogene proteins.The ErbB and VEGF pathway are activated and EMT is increased. As a result, lung adenocarcinoma is resistant to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs). Although great progress has been made in the research on the mechanism of SWI/SNF complex inducing tumor drug resistance, most of the research is still at the protein level. It is necessary to comprehensively and deeply explore the detailed mechanism of drug resistance from gene, transcription, protein, and metabolite levels by using multi-omics techniques, which can provide sufficient theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of poor tumor prognosis caused by mutation or abnormal expression of SWI/SNF subunits in clinical practice.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic reprogramming in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy （DN） by Shenxiao Tongluo prescription via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α （PGC-1α）/sirtuin-3 （SIRT3）/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） signaling pathway. MethodsSixty-five SD rats were randomized into a sham group （10 rats） and a modeling group （55 rats）， and the modeling rats underwent left nephrectomy and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （35 mg·kg^-1） to prepare a DN model. After successful modeling， the rats were randomized into model， empagliflozin （10 mg·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （7.656， 15.312， 30.624 g·kg^-1， respectively） Shenxiao Tongluo prescription groups. The urine microalbumin （UmAlb）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， and serum creatinine （SCr） levels of rats in each group were assessed after continuous gavage for 8 weeks. The corresponding kits were used to measure the levels of lactate， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the kidney tissue. Hematoxylin-eosin staining， Masson staining， and periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to observe the pathological changes in the kidney tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe mitochondrial morphology. Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine the expression levels of dynamin-related protein 1 （DRP1） and pyruvate kinase M2 （PKM2） in the kidney tissue. Western blot was adopted to assess the protein levels of PGC-1α， SIRT3， HIF-1α， dynamin-related protein 1 （Drp1）， optic atrophy 1 （OPA1）， hexokinase 2 （HK2）， and pyruvate kinase M2 （PKM2） in the kidney tissue. ResultsCompared with the sham group， the model group showed elevated levels of UmAlb， BUN， SCr， lactate， and MDA， decreased SOD level （P<0.05）， glomerular hypertrophy， thickening of the mesangial basement membrane， vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells， and infiltration of renal interstitial inflammatory cells， oval mitochondria with disordered， blurred or disappearing cristae， down-regulated protein levels of PGC-1α， SIRT3， and OPA1， and up-regulated protein levels of HIF-1α， DRP1， HK2， and PKM2 （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the treatment in all the groups increased the body weight， lowered the levels of GLU， UmAlb， BUN， and MDA， raised the level of SOD， alleviated the pathological damage in the kidney tissue and mitochondrial damage， up-regulated the expression of PGC-1α， SIRT3， and OPA1， and down-regulated the expression of HIF-1α， DRP1， and PKM2 （P<0.05）. Empagliflozin and Shenxiao Tongluo prescription at medium and high doses lowered the levels of SCr and lactate and down-regulated the expression of HK2 （P<0.05）， which had no statistical significance in the low-dose Shenxiao Tongluo prescription group. ConclusionShenxiao Tongluo prescription may regulate mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic reprogramming by activating the PGC-1α/SIRT3/HIF-1α pathway， thereby alleviating oxidative damage in the kidney tissue and delaying the progression of DN.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic reprogramming in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy （DN） by Shenxiao Tongluo prescription via the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α （PGC-1α）/sirtuin-3 （SIRT3）/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） signaling pathway. MethodsSixty-five SD rats were randomized into a sham group （10 rats） and a modeling group （55 rats）， and the modeling rats underwent left nephrectomy and intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin （35 mg·kg^-1） to prepare a DN model. After successful modeling， the rats were randomized into model， empagliflozin （10 mg·kg^-1）， and low-， medium-， and high-dose （7.656， 15.312， 30.624 g·kg^-1， respectively） Shenxiao Tongluo prescription groups. The urine microalbumin （UmAlb）， blood urea nitrogen （BUN）， and serum creatinine （SCr） levels of rats in each group were assessed after continuous gavage for 8 weeks. The corresponding kits were used to measure the levels of lactate， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the kidney tissue. Hematoxylin-eosin staining， Masson staining， and periodic acid-Schiff staining were performed to observe the pathological changes in the kidney tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was employed to observe mitochondrial morphology. Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine the expression levels of dynamin-related protein 1 （DRP1） and pyruvate kinase M2 （PKM2） in the kidney tissue. Western blot was adopted to assess the protein levels of PGC-1α， SIRT3， HIF-1α， dynamin-related protein 1 （Drp1）， optic atrophy 1 （OPA1）， hexokinase 2 （HK2）， and pyruvate kinase M2 （PKM2） in the kidney tissue. ResultsCompared with the sham group， the model group showed elevated levels of UmAlb， BUN， SCr， lactate， and MDA， decreased SOD level （P<0.05）， glomerular hypertrophy， thickening of the mesangial basement membrane， vacuolar degeneration of renal tubular epithelial cells， and infiltration of renal interstitial inflammatory cells， oval mitochondria with disordered， blurred or disappearing cristae， down-regulated protein levels of PGC-1α， SIRT3， and OPA1， and up-regulated protein levels of HIF-1α， DRP1， HK2， and PKM2 （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the treatment in all the groups increased the body weight， lowered the levels of GLU， UmAlb， BUN， and MDA， raised the level of SOD， alleviated the pathological damage in the kidney tissue and mitochondrial damage， up-regulated the expression of PGC-1α， SIRT3， and OPA1， and down-regulated the expression of HIF-1α， DRP1， and PKM2 （P<0.05）. Empagliflozin and Shenxiao Tongluo prescription at medium and high doses lowered the levels of SCr and lactate and down-regulated the expression of HK2 （P<0.05）， which had no statistical significance in the low-dose Shenxiao Tongluo prescription group. ConclusionShenxiao Tongluo prescription may regulate mitochondrial dynamics and metabolic reprogramming by activating the PGC-1α/SIRT3/HIF-1α pathway， thereby alleviating oxidative damage in the kidney tissue and delaying the progression of DN.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the short-term clinical effect of closed reduction single arm external fixator combined with percutaneous needle fixation in the treatment of C1 distal radius fracture in elderly patients. METHODS: Between December 2022 and December 2023, a total of 60 elderly patients diagnosed with type C1 distal radius fractures were treated, comprising 9 males and 51 females. The age ranged from 65 to 84 years old, with an average of (72.69±8.14) years old. Among them, there were 18 cases on the left side and 42 cases on the right side. There were 55 cases of falling injury and 5 cases of traffic accident injury. According to the different surgical methods, the patients were divided into observation group and control group, with 30 cases in each group. The control group underwent manual reduction and unilateral external fixator fixation, consisting of 4 males and 26 females. The mean age was (72.54±8.67) years old. The body mass index (BMI) was (20.61±2.17) kg·m^-2. There were 10 cases on the left side and 20 cases on the right side. Among them, there were 27 cases of falling injury and 3 cases of traffic accident injury. The observation group was treated with manual reduction and unilateral external fixator combined with percutaneous Kirschner wire fixation, including 5 males and 25 females. The mean age was (72.76±7.23) years old. BMI (20.82±2.03) kg·m^-2. The left side was involved in 8 cases and the right side in 22 cases. There were 28 cases of falling injury and 2 cases of traffic accident injury. The changes in radial height, ulnar declination, palmar inclination angle parameters and patient-rated wrist evaluation (PRWE) were assessed on X-ray films before surgery, 2 days after surgery, and 12 weeks after surgery between the two groups. RESULTS: All surgical procedures were successfully completed in both groups without any significant complications. All patients were followed up for a duration from 12 to 20 weeks with an average of(14.50±2.78) weeks. The two groups exhibited significant differences in radial height, palmar inclination angle, and ulnar deviation angle at 2 days and 12 weeks post-operation (P<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference observed in radial height, palmar inclination, and ulnar deviation between the two groups at 2 days after the operation (P>0.05). There were significant differences in radial height, palmar inclination angle, and ulnar deviation between the two groups at 12 weeks after operation (P<0.05). At 2 days and 12 weeks after the operation, there were significant differences in PRWE scores of the two groups compared with preoperative scores(P<0.05). At 2 days after the operation, there was no significant difference in PRWE score between the two groups (P>0.05). The PRWE score showed a significant difference between the two groups at 12 weeks post-operation(P<0.05). CONCLUSION The combination of closed reduction and unilateral external fixator, along with percutaneous pin fixation provides move stable fixation for type C1 distal radius fractures. Gradual removal of external fixator further facilitatse the recovery of wrist joint function.
Humans ; Male ; Female ; Radius Fractures/surgery* ; External Fixators ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Bone Wires ; Fracture Fixation/instrumentation* ; Wrist Fractures

PURPOSE: Intertrochanteric fracture (ITF) classification is crucial for surgical decision-making. However, orthopedic trauma surgeons have shown lower accuracy in ITF classification than expected. The objective of this study was to utilize an artificial intelligence (AI) method to improve the accuracy of ITF classification. METHODS: We trained a network called YOLOX-SwinT, which is based on the You Only Look Once X (YOLOX) object detection network with Swin Transformer (SwinT) as the backbone architecture, using 762 radiographic ITF examinations as the training set. Subsequently, we recruited 5 senior orthopedic trauma surgeons (SOTS) and 5 junior orthopedic trauma surgeons (JOTS) to classify the 85 original images in the test set, as well as the images with the prediction results of the network model in sequence. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) to compare the differences among the SOTS, JOTS, SOTS + AI, JOTS + AI, SOTS + JOTS, and SOTS + JOTS + AI groups. All images were classified according to the AO/OTA 2018 classification system by 2 experienced trauma surgeons and verified by another expert in this field. Based on the actual clinical needs, after discussion, we integrated 8 subgroups into 5 new subgroups, and the dataset was divided into training, validation, and test sets by the ratio of 8:1:1. RESULTS: The mean average precision at the intersection over union (IoU) of 0.5 (mAP50) for subgroup detection reached 90.29%. The classification accuracy values of SOTS, JOTS, SOTS + AI, and JOTS + AI groups were 56.24% ± 4.02%, 35.29% ± 18.07%, 79.53% ± 7.14%, and 71.53% ± 5.22%, respectively. The paired t-test results showed that the difference between the SOTS and SOTS + AI groups was statistically significant, as well as the difference between the JOTS and JOTS + AI groups, and the SOTS + JOTS and SOTS + JOTS + AI groups. Moreover, the difference between the SOTS + JOTS and SOTS + JOTS + AI groups in each subgroup was statistically significant, with all p < 0.05. The independent samples t-test results showed that the difference between the SOTS and JOTS groups was statistically significant, while the difference between the SOTS + AI and JOTS + AI groups was not statistically significant. With the assistance of AI, the subgroup classification accuracy of both SOTS and JOTS was significantly improved, and JOTS achieved the same level as SOTS. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the YOLOX-SwinT network algorithm enhances the accuracy of AO/OTA subgroups classification of ITF by orthopedic trauma surgeons.
Humans ; Hip Fractures/diagnostic imaging* ; Orthopedic Surgeons ; Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence

DNA genetic markers have always played important roles in individual identification, kinship analysis, ancestry inference and phenotype characterization in the field of forensic medicine. DNA methylation has unique advantages in biological age inference, body fluid identification and prediction of phenotypes. The majority of current studies independently examine DNA and DNA methylation markers using various workflows, and they use various analytical procedures to interpret the biological information these two markers present. Integrated methods detect DNA and DNA methylation markers simultaneously through a single experimental workflow using the same preparation of sample. Therefore, they can effectively reduce consumption of time and cost, streamline experimental procedures, and preserve valuable DNA samples taken from crime scenes. In this paper, the integrated detection approaches of DNA and DNA methylation markers on different detection platforms were reviewed. In order to convert methylation modifications to detectable forms, several options were available for pretreatment of genomic DNA, including digestion with methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme, affinity enrichment of methylated fragments, conversion of methylated or unmethylated cytosine. Multiplexed primers can be designed for DNA markers and converted DNA methylation markers for co-amplification. The schemes of using capillary electrophoresis platform for integrated detection add the pretreatment of genomic DNA on the basis of detecting DNA genetic markers. DNA and DNA methylation markers are then integrated by co-amplification. But the limited number of fluorescent options available and the length of amplicons restrict the type and quantity of markers that can be integrated into a panel. Pyrophosphate sequencing also supports integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers. On this platform, due to the conversion of unmethylated cytosine to thymine after treatment with bisulfite, the methylation level of CpG site can be directly calculated using the peak height ratio of cytosine bases and thymine bases. Therefore, the methylation levels and SNP typing can be simultaneously obtained. However, due to the limited read length of sequencing, the detection of markers with longer amplicons is restricted. It is not conducive to fully interpret the complete information of the target sequence. Next-generation sequencing also supports integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers. A preliminary experimental process including DNA extraction, pretreatment of genomic DNA, co-preparation of DNA and DNA methylation library and co-sequencing, has been formed based on the next-generation sequencing platform. It confirmed the feasibility of next-generation sequencing technology for integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers. In field of biomedicine, various integrated detection schemes and corresponding data analysis approaches of DNA and DNA genetic markers developed based on the above detection process.Co-analysis can simultaneously obtain the genomic genetic and epigenetic information through a single analytic process. These schemes suggest that next-generation sequencing may be an effective method for achieving more accurate and highly integrated detection, helping to explore the potential for application in forensic biological samples. We finally explore the impact of interactions between sites and different pretreatment methods on the integrated detection of DNA and DNA methylation markers, and also propose the challenge of applying third-generation sequencing for integrated detection in forensic samples.

Aim To investigate the effect of colchicine on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced endothelial to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) and its related mechanisms. Methods The EndMT model was established by treating HUVECs with LPS. Cell proliferation rate was detected by CCK-8 assay, cytotoxicity was detected by LDH assay, and the optimal drug concentration was screened. The cells were divided into the normal control group, the normal control + colchicine (10 nmol • L) group, the LPS (10 mg • L) model group, and the LPS + colchicine (10 nmol • L) group. The morphologic changes of the cells were observed under an inverted microscope, the cell migration ability was detected by Transwell assay, and the ability of tube formation was analyzed by tube formation assay. The expression of endothelial markers (CD31/ VE-cadherin) and mesenchymal cell markers (a-SMA/FSP-1) were detected by Western blot. NF-KB inhibitor was used to detect the changes in related signaling pathways. Results CCK-8 and LDH experiments showed that 10 nmol • L colchicine was the optimal concentration. LPS could induce morphological changes in HUVECs, and colchicine could reverse morphological changes in HUVECs to a certain extent. Transwell experiment showed that the migration ability of HUVECs in the LPS treatment group was significantly enhanced (P < 0. 05), and colchicine could significantly reverse this phenomenon (P < 0. 05) . Tube formation experiment showed that LPS decreased the endothelial tube formation ability of HUVECs (P < 0. 05), while colchicine treatment markedly improved LPS-induced tube formation defects (P < 0. 05) . Western blot assay showed that after colchicine co-cultured with LPS, the expression levels of CD31 and VE-cadherin significantly increased compared with the model group (P < 0. 05), while the expression levels of a-SMA and FSP-1 significantly decreased compared with the model group (P < 0. 05) . During the induction of EndMT by LPS, colchicine could inhibit the activation of the NF-KB/Snail signaling pathway. Conclusions Colchicine can effectively inhibit EndMT induced by LPS, and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of the NF-KB/Snail signaling pathway.

The working principle of the optical system of Elekta Versa HD Linear Accelerator Agility head was introduced in brief.The causes for its daily failures were analyzed,and the countermeasures were put forward accordingly.References were provided for clinical engineers to treat similar failures.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2024,45(7):118-120]

To investigate the antidepressant mechanism of Shenling Kaixin Granules(SLKX) in treating chronic unpredictable mild stress(CUMS) model rats. Ninety male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, Shugan Jieyu Capsules(110 mg·kg~(-1)) group and SLKX low-(90 mg·kg~(-1)), medium-(180 mg·kg~(-1)), and high-dose(360 mg·kg~(-1)) groups. Depression rat model was replicated by CUMS method. After treatment, the behavioral changes of rats were evaluated by sugar preference, open field, elevated cross maze and forced swimming experiments. The contents of interleukin 1 beta(IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) in serum were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), and the activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase(CAT) in hippocampal CA1 region were also detected. Pathological changes in hippocampal CA1 region were detected by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining, and Western blot was used to determine the expression of nerve growth factor(NGF), BDNF, phospho-tyrosine kinase receptor(p-TrkB)/TrkB, phospho-cAMP-response element binding protein(p-CREB)/CREB, nuclear factor E2 related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase 1(HO-1), B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2)/Bcl-2 associated X protein(Bax) and caspase-3 in hippocampal CA1 region. RESULTS:: showed that compared with the control group, the model group had decreased sugar preference, reduced number of entries and time spent in the center of open field and shortened total distance of movement, reduced number of entries and proportion of time spent in open arm, and increased number and time of immobility in forced swimming experiment. Additionally, the serum contents of IL-1β and TNF-α and the expression of caspase-3 were higher, while the contents of BDNF and 5-HT, the activities of SOD and CAT in hippocampal CA1 region, the expressions of NGF, BDNF, p-TrkB/TrkB, p-CREB/CREB, HO-1 and Bcl-2/Bax, and the Nrf2 nuclear translocation were lower in model group than in control group. Compared with the conditions in model group, the sugar preference, the number of entries and time spent in the center of open, total distance of movement, and the number of entries and proportion of time spent in open arm in treatment groups were increased while the number and time of immobility in forced swimming experiment were decreased; the serum contents of IL-1β and TNF-α and the expression of caspase-3 were down regulated, while the contents of BDNF and 5-HT, the activities of SOD and CAT in hippocampal CA1 region, the expressions of NGF, BDNF, p-TrkB/TrkB, p-CREB/CREB, HO-1, Bcl-2/Bax, and Nrf2 nuclear translocation were enhanced. In conclusion, SLKX might regulate the Nrf2 nucleus translocation by activating BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway, lower oxidative stress damage in hippocampus, inhibit caspase-3 activity, and reduce apoptosis of hippocampal nerve cells, thereby playing an antidepressant role.
Rats ; Male ; Animals ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism* ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism* ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism* ; Signal Transduction ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism* ; Serotonin/metabolism* ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Antidepressive Agents/pharmacology* ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism* ; Sugars/pharmacology* ; Depression/genetics* ; Stress, Psychological/metabolism*

This study aims to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of ginsenoside Re(GS-Re) on drosophila model of Parkinson's disease(PD) induced by rotenone(Rot). To be specific, Rot was used to induce PD in drosophilas. Then the drosophilas were grouped and respectively treated(GS-Re: 0.1, 0.4, 1.6 mmol·L~(-1); L-dopa: 80 μmol·L~(-1)). Life span and crawling ability of drosophilas were determined. The brain antioxidant activity [content of catalase(CAT), malondialdehyde(MDA), reactive oxygen species(ROS), superoxide dismutase(SOD)], dopamine(DA) content, and mitochondrial function [content of adenosine triphosphate(ATP), NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit B8(NDUFB8) Ⅰ activity, succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B(SDHB) Ⅱ activity] were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The number of DA neurons in the brains of drosophilas was measured with the immunofluorescence method. The levels of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, cytochrome C(Cyt C), nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2(Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1), B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 2(Bcl-2)/Bcl-2-assaciated X protein(Bax), and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 in the brain were detected by Western blot. The results showed that model group [475 μmol·L~(-1) Rot(IC_(50))] demonstrated significantly low survival rate, obvious dyskinesia, small number of neurons and low DA content in the brain, high ROS level and MDA content, low content of SOD and CAT, significantly low ATP content, NDUFB8 Ⅰ activity, and SDHB Ⅱ activity, significantly low expression of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, and Bcl-2/Bax, large amount of Cyt C released from mitochondria to cytoplasm, low nuclear transfer of Nrf2, and significantly high expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 compared with the control group. GS-Re(0.1, 0.4, and 1.6 mmol·L~(-1)) significantly improved the survival rate of PD drosophilas, alleviated the dyskinesia, increased DA content, reduced the loss of DA neurons, ROS level, and MDA content in brain, improved content of SOD and CAT and antioxidant activity in brain, maintained mitochondrial homeostasis(significantly increased ATP content and activity of NDUFB8 Ⅰ and SDHB Ⅱ, significantly up-regulated expression of NDUFB8 Ⅰ, SDHB Ⅱ, and Bcl-2/Bax), significantly reduced the expression of Cyt C, increased the nuclear transfer of Nrf2, and down-regulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3. In conclusion, GS-Re can significantly relieve the Rot-induced cerebral neurotoxicity in drosophilas. The mechanism may be that GS-Re activates Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway by maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, improves antioxidant capacity of brain neurons, then inhibits mitochondria-mediated caspase-3 signaling pathway, and the apoptosis of neuronal cells, thereby exerting the neuroprotective effect.
Animals ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Antioxidants/pharmacology* ; Oxidative Stress ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Caspase 3/metabolism* ; Parkinson Disease/genetics* ; bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism* ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology* ; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism* ; Drosophila/metabolism* ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism* ; Adenosine Triphosphate/pharmacology*