The cases of feeling comfort during acupuncture and moxibustion treatment in literature were summarized and its biological basis was explored. A simple classification of comfort was made, and the importance of obtaining comfort in acupuncture treatment was pointed out. Considering the pursuit of less pain and harmlessness in modern clinical treatment, sugar needle should be advocated and popularized in current clinical practice of acupuncture and moxibustion.
Sugars ; Moxibustion ; Acupuncture Therapy ; Emotions ; Needles

Objective: To understand the incidence and economic burden of herpes zoster among the aged in Laiwu district, Jinan city. Methods: Retrospective cohort study was conducted in 5 communities in Laiwu District, Jinan City from July to September, 2019. A total of 8 300 residents born before July 1, 1959 and aged ≥60 years old were included in the investigation. At the same time, an economic burden survey was carried out among 220 cases who developed herpes zoster after July 1, 2017. A questionnaire was used to collect information on incidence and economic burden of HZ, and comparisons were carried out about the incidence and economic burden of herpes zoster among older people with different characteristics. Results: The age of 8 300 subjects was (71.46±6.71) years old. Male and female accounted for 44.10% and 55.90%, respectively. The cumulative incidence of disease after the age of 60 was 73.61‰ among population aged ≥60 years old. The cumulative incidence was 28.03‰, 71.26‰, 86.09‰, 93.48‰ and 88.10‰ among population aged 60-64, 65-69, 70-74, 75-79 and ≥80 years old,respectively. The average annual incidence of HZ was 9.49‰ and annual incidence was 7.59‰, 7.23‰, 8.43‰, 10.24‰ and 13.98‰ in 2014-2018, respectively. HZ cost was (2 626±667) RMB per patient with a median cost of 715 RMB (interquartile range 303-2 358) on 220 cases who developed disease after July 1, 2017. The cost of outpatient cases was (1 329±1 835) RMB per patient with a median cost of 560 RMB (interquartile range 300-1 320), and the cost of inpatient cases was (14 303±16 571) RMB per patient with a median cost of 8 190 RMB (interquartile range 4 368-15 160). Conclusion: The incidence of HZ is high among population aged≥60 years old, which could cause heavy economic burden for them.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; Financial Stress ; Herpes Zoster/epidemiology* ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies

To observe the efficacy of cinnamaldehyde on dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis(UC) with Can-dida albicans(Ca) colonization and its effect on dectin-1/TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathway in mice. C57 BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group, DSS group, DSS+Ca group, cinnamaldehyde group and mesalazine group. Mice in DSS+Ca group were given Ca(1×10~8 CFU per mouse) through intragastrical administration for 4 consecutive days and then distilled water with 3.0% DSS for 7 consecutive days. In cinnamaldehyde group and mesalazine group, in addition to the induction method of the DSS+Ca group, mice were given 75 mg·kg~(-1) cinnamaldehyde and 200 mg·kg~(-1) mesalazine accompanied with 3.0% DSS for 7 consecutive days, respectively. Mice in normal group and DSS group were correspondingly administered with distilled water. The general conditions of the mice were observed daily, the diseased activity index(DAI) score was calculated, and fungal loads of feces were detected by plate method. The mice were sacrificed on day 12, colon length was measured, colon mucosa damage index(CMDI) score was calculated, and histopathological analysis was carried out by HE staining. Anti-saccharomces cerevisiae antibody(ASCA) and β-1,3-glucan in serum, and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 in serum and colon tissue were detected by ELISA. The contents of β-1,3-glucan and macrophage infiltration in colon tissues were examined by immunofluorescence staining. The protein expressions of dectin-1, TLR2, TLR4 and NF-κB were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry staining. The results showed that cinnamaldehyde could significantly improve the general conditions of UC mice with Ca colonization, decrease DAI and histopathological scores, reduce intestinal mucosal congestion, erosion and colon shortening, decrease Ca load in mouse feces and tissues, down-regulate the contents of ASCA and β-1,3-glucan in serum, reduce the contents of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and increase IL-10 in serum and colon tissues, inhibit macrophages infiltration and down-regulate the protein expression of dectin-1, TLR2, TLR4 and NF-κB in colon tissue. These results suggested that cinnamaldehyde had a therapeutic effect on UC mice with Ca colonization, which might be related to the inhibition of Ca proliferation, the regulation of dectin-1/TLRs/NF-κB signaling pathways and the coordination of the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.
Acrolein ; analogs & derivatives ; Animals ; Candida albicans ; Colitis, Ulcerative ; Colon ; Dextran Sulfate ; Disease Models, Animal ; Lectins, C-Type ; Mice ; NF-kappa B ; Signal Transduction

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the current status of antibiotic use for very and extremely low birth weight (VLBW/ELBW) infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) of Hunan Province. METHODS: The use of antibiotics was investigated in multiple level 3 NICUs of Hunan Province for VLBW and ELBW infants born between January, 2017 and December, 2017. RESULTS: The clinical data of 1 442 VLBW/ELBW infants were collected from 24 NICUs in 2017. The median antibiotic use duration was 17 days (range: 0-86 days), accounting for 53.0% of the total length of hospital stay. The highest duration of antibiotic use was up to 91.4% of the total length of hospital stay, with the lowest at 14.6%. In 16 out of 24 NICUs, the antibiotic use duration was accounted for more than 50.0% of the hospitalization days. There were 113 cases with positive bacterial culture grown in blood or cerebrospinal fluid, making the positive rate of overall bacterial culture as 7.84%. The positive rate of bacterial culture in different NICUs was significantly different from 0% to 14.9%. The common isolated bacterial pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae was 29 cases (25.7%); Escherichia coli 12 cases (10.6%); Staphylococcus aureus 3 cases (2.7%). The most commonly used antibiotics were third-generation of cephalosporins, accounting for 41.00% of the total antibiotics, followed by penicillins, accounting for 32.10%, and followed by carbapenems, accounting for 13.15%. The proportion of antibiotic use time was negatively correlated with birth weight Z-score and the change in weight Z-score between birth and hospital discharge (r=-0.095, -0.151 respectively, P<0.01), positively correlated with death/withdrawal of care (r=0.196, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Antibiotics used for VLBW/ELBW infants in NICUs of Hunan Province are obviously prolonged in many NICUs. The proportion of routine use of third-generation of cephalosporins and carbapenems antibiotics is high among the NICUs.
Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Birth Weight ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Background:Clinical outcomes of undifferentiated arthritis (UA) are diverse,and only 40 ％ of patients with UA develop rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after 3 years.Discovering predictive markers at disease onset for further intervention is critical.Therefore,our objective was to analyze the clinical outcomes of UA and ascertain the predictors for RA development.Methods:We performed a prospective,multi-center study from January 2013 to October 2016 among Chinese patients diagnosed with UA in 22 tertiary-care hospitals.Clinical and serological parameters were obtained at recruitment.Follow-up was undertaken in all patients every 12 weeks for 2 years.Predictive factors of disease progression were identified using multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression.Results:A total of 234 patients were recruited in this study,and 17 (7.3％) patients failed to follow up during the study.Among the 217 patients who completed the study,83 (38.2％) patients went into remission.UA patients who developed RA had a higher rheumatoid factor (RF)-positivity (42.9％ vs.16.8％,x2=8.228,P=0.008),anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (CCP) antibodypositivity (66.7％ vs.10.7％,x2 =43.897,P ＜ 0.001),and double-positivity rate of RF and anti-CCP antibody (38.1％ vs.4.1％,x2 =32.131,P ＜ 0.001) than those who did not.Anti-CCP antibody but not RF was an independent predictor for RA development (hazard ratio 18.017,95％ confidence interval:5.803-55.938;P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion:As an independent predictor of RA,anti-CCP antibody should be tested at disease onset in all patients with UA.

BACKGROUND: The posterior anatomical locking plate has obtained excellent fixing performance in the treatment of complex fractures of the distal tibia; however, there are many drawbacks such as nail and plate broken, and the related rules are never reported. OBJECTIVE: To establish a finite element model of posterior anatomical locking plate for distal tibia and to provide references for its design and improvement. METHODS: The imaging data of a male patient aged 34 years old (body mass: 68 kg) with fracture on the left distal tibia were imported into Mimics16.01 software, and the proposed reconstruction parts were determined based on the default threshold of the software. The files were imported into the Ansys11.0 software, the distal tibial surface was fixed, and a force of 340 N was vertically loaded on the supine surface of the horizontal section of the large tibial shaft. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: There was completely connected with the stepped surface of nut and screw thread portion in locking steel plate. The strain on the plate depended on the stress values. The posterior anatomical locking plate for distal tibia was more favorable for the fixation at the fracture site and could reduce the fixed plate and screws loosening, both of which could affect the fixed efficacy.

Objective:To assess the degree of labor pain at the time of intraspinal labor analgesia in women influencing the incidence of cesarean delivery.Methods:Five hundred and ninety patients were enrolled in the study and divided into 3 groups in the light of numeric rating scale (NRS).The woman was with singleton pregnancies, with cervical dilatation of less than 4 cm and vertex fetal presentations.Namely, L group:1-4;M group:5-7;H group:8-10, respectively.The EA procedure was performed at the lumbar spine between 2-3 or 3-4.We inserted a catheter into the epidural space started with 1.0% carbonated Lidocaine to make the volume 5 mL.After the block plane arising, injected a mixture of 0.1% Ropivacaine co-administered with 5 μg of Sufentanil to make the total volume 10 mL in all cases, and connected the patient controlled epidueal analgesia (PCEA) thirty minutes later.The CSEA procedure was started with an intrathecal standard mixture of 0.1% Ropivacaine co-administered with 3 μg of Sufentanil to make the total volume 3 mL in all cases, then connected the PCEA ninety minutes later.To observe and record the NRS score when analgesia was performed.The time of the first stage of labor, the time of the second stage of labor and the way of delivery were recorded in our study respectively.Results:There was no statistically significant differences among the three pain groups in the NRS score after 30 min, dilatation, duration of first stage of labor and duration of second stage of labor, respectively.There was no statistically significant differences among the three pain groups in the incidence of instrumental delivery and cesarean delivery.Conclusions:There is no effect of the degree of labor pain at the time of intraspinal labor analgesia in women on the incidence of cesarean delivery.

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for fatty liver, atherosclerosis, hyperviscosily, coronary artery disease and acute myocardial infarction. In recent years, the incidence of hyperlipidemia was gradually increased and showed younger trend. It has been a research hot point to study the etiology and pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia and develop a new drug reduced blood lipid. It is very important to prepare the animal model of hyperlipidemia for displaying the advantage of traditional Chinese medicine characteristic. However, the success of replicating animal model of hyperlipidemia is one of the key of research in experimental hyperlipidemia. The ideal animal model of hyperlipidemia should be similar to human disease, high repeatability, simple and high generalization. It will affect the reliability of the results and the accuracy of the whole experiment process to copy successfully animal models of hyperlipidemia. This review focused on the recent research progress on copying methods of animal models of experimental hyperlipidemia, which will provide reference and basis for the hypolipidemic developers who choose rationally and effectively replication methods of hyperlipidemia animal models.

Objective:To compare the effects of crystalloid and colloid coload on placental circulation for puerperae underwent spinal‐epidural anesthesia and fetus .Methods : Totally 100 cases scheduled for planned cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were recruited for this study .American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score was Ⅰ‐Ⅱ .Parturients were randomly selected into H group and R group ,with 50 cases in each group .H group was received 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0 .4 sodium chloride injection ,while the R group was applied with Lactated Ringer solution .Two groups were received speedy injection of HES or Lactated Ringer solution before spinal‐epidural anesthesia ,the speed with 0 .4 mL/(kg · min) until delivery . The dilatation stopped immediately after delivery , and puerperal received routine infusion according to haemodynamics .Before anesthesia ,5 min after anesthesia ,the systolic/diastolic ratios (S/D) ,pulsatility index (PI)and resistance index (RI)were detected by using color Doppler ultrasound .After delivery ,the umbilical artery blood and umbilical veins blood were analyzed ,and the Apgar scores were compared .Phenylephrine 0 .1 mg was applied for hypotension during surgery .Results:After spinal‐epidural anesthesia ,the umbilical artery PI and S/D in two groups were reduced .There was no statistical significance of RI between before anesthesia and after anesthesia or between two groups . The incidence of hypotension during surgery in H group was lower than that in R group (P=0 .03) .The phenylephrine requirements in R group was higher than that in H group (P=0 .001) .There was no statistical significance of blood gas analysis and Apgar score in two groups .Conclusions :The spinal‐epidural anesthesia can lower the resistance of umbilical artery blood .Comparing to Lactated Ringer′s solution ,colloid coload significantly increased placental perfusion ,and decrease the incidence rate of hypotension during surgery .

The major objective was to explore the effect of early hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy on the tissue structure, apoptosis, and metalloproteinases of kidney cells in Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus. GK rats (n = 24) were divided randomly and evenly into model, metformin hydrochloride (MH), and hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) groups, while healthy Wistar rats (n = 8) were used as normal control group. The healthy rats in the normal control group and the GK rats in the model group were both intragastrically administered with purified water (5 mL/kg) once per day. Meanwhile, the rats in the MH group received intragastric administration of MH (250 mg/kg) once daily, while the rats in the HBO group inhaled pure oxygen under a constant pressure (0.15 MPa) for 30 min. After 3 weeks of treatment, the body weight of each rat was measured, and the blood samples were collected from tails. Subsequently, the kidneys of all rats were excised for weighing mass and further examination. For each renal sample, the sections were firstly embedded with paraffin and sliced to prepare histopathologic sections stained using HE, PAS and Masson, respectively, for subsequent observation with optical microscopy. Later, the apoptosis of kidney cells was examined using the TUNEL method by computing the apoptotic index. Furthermore, the histopathologic sections were also examined using the immunohistochemistry approach with Caspase-3, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 antibodies, respectively. At the same time, the plasma concentration of TGF-β1 of the rats in each group was detected using ELISA method. These resultant data showed that the pathological changes of the HBO group were less than those of the model group with respect to increased glomerular volume density of mesangial cells, broadening mesangial matrix and thickening basement membrane as well as swelling renal tubular epithelial cells. The index of cell apoptosis and Caspase-3 expression in the HBO group showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) compared with those in the normal control and MH groups respectively, but demonstrated significant decrease compared with that in the model group (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expressions of the HBO group were stronger than those in the model and MH groups, but weaker than those in the normal control group (P < 0.05). Although the plasma concentration of TGF-β1 in HBO, MH and model groups was greater than that in the normal control group, no significant statistical difference was distinguished among these four groups (P > 0.05). These results indicate that the HBO treatment can inhibit the apoptosis and Caspase-3 expression of renal cells of GK rats, adjust the activity of MMP-2 and its inhibitors, and reduce the accumulation of extracellular matrix. This implies that the HBO treatment might protect renal tissues, thus delaying occurrence and retaining development of diabetic nephropathy.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Caspase 3 ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; physiopathology ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; therapy ; Hyperbaric Oxygenation ; Kidney ; cytology ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 ; metabolism ; Oxygen ; administration & dosage ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1