This paper aims to demonstrate current health expenditure (CHE) and National Health Accounts of the years 2018 constructed according to the SHA2011, which is a manual for System of Health Accounts (SHA) that was published jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, and World Health Organization in 2011. Comparison is made with international trends by collecting and analyzing health accounts of OECD member countries. Particularly, scale and trends of the total CHE financing as well as public-private mix are parsed in depth. In the case of private financing, estimation of total expenditures for (revenues by) provider groups (HP) is made from both survey on the benefit coverage rate of National Health Insurance (by National Health Insurance Service) and Economic Census and Service Industry Census (by National Statistical Office); and other pieces of information from Korean Health Panel Study, etc. are supplementarily used to allocate those totals into functional classifications. CHE was 144.4 trillion won in 2018, which accounts for 8.1% of Korea's gross domestic product (GDP). It was a big increase of 12.8 trillion won, or 9.7%, from the previous year. GDP share of Korean CHE has already been close to the average of OECD member countries. Government and compulsory schemes' share (or public share), 59.8% of the CHE in 2018, is much lower than the OECD average of 73.6%. ‘Transfers from government domestic revenue’ share of total revenue of health financing was 16.9% in Korea, lower than the other social insurance countries. When it comes to ‘compulsory contributory health financing schemes,’ ‘transfers from government domestic revenue’ share of 13.5% was again much lower compared to Japan (43.0%) and Belgium (30.1%) with social insurance scheme.
Belgium ; Censuses ; Classification ; Gross Domestic Product ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; Health Expenditures ; Healthcare Financing ; Japan ; Korea ; National Health Programs ; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development ; Social Security ; World Health Organization

Tomato extract has been shown to exert antiplatelet activity in vitro and to change platelet function ex vivo, but with limitations. In this study, antiplatelet activity of water soluble tomato concentrate (Fruitflow I) and dry water soluble tomato concentrate (Fruitflow II) was investigated using rat platelets. Aggregation was induced by collagen and adenosine diphosphate and granule-secretion, [Ca2+]i, thromboxane B2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were examined. The activation of integrin αIIbβ3 and phosphorylation of signaling molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt, were investigated by flow cytometry and immunoblotting, respectively. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were examined. Moreover, in vivo thrombus weight was tested by an arteriovenous shunt model. Fruitflow I and Fruitflow II significantly inhibited agonist induced platelet aggregation, adenosine triphosphate and serotonin release, [Ca2+]i, and thromboxane B2 concentration, while having no effect on cAMP and cGMP levels. Integrin αIIbβ3 activation was also significantly decreased. Moreover, both concentrates reduced phosphorylation of MAPK pathway factors such as ERK, JNK, P38, and PI3K/Akt. In vivo thrombus formation was also inhibited. Taken together, these concentrates have the potential for ethnomedicinal applications to prevent cardiovascular ailments and can be used as functional foods.
Adenosine Diphosphate ; Adenosine Monophosphate ; Adenosine Triphosphate ; Animals ; Blood Platelets* ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Collagen ; Flow Cytometry ; Functional Food ; Guanosine Monophosphate ; Immunoblotting ; In Vitro Techniques ; Lycopersicon esculentum* ; Partial Thromboplastin Time ; Phosphorylation ; Platelet Aggregation ; Protein Kinases* ; Prothrombin Time ; Rats ; Serotonin ; Thrombosis ; Thromboxane B2 ; Water*

BACKGROUND: The relationship between economics and health has been of great interest throughout the years. The accumulated data is not sufficient enough to carry out long-term studies from the viewpoint of morbidity, although Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was carried out yearly since 1998 in Korea. Thus, we investigated the effect of the 2008 global economic crisis on health indicators of Korea. METHODS: Health indicators were selected by paired t-test based on 2007 and 2009 KNHANES data. Age, gender, body mass index (BMI), smoking, drinking, exercise, education, income, working status, and stress were used as confounding factors, which were analyzed with logistic and probit analyses. Validation was done by comparing gross domestic product (GDP) growth rates and probit analyses results of 2007-2012 KNHANES data. RESULTS: Among several health indicators, the prevalence of hypertension and stress perception was higher after the economic crisis. Factors related with higher hypertension prevalence include older age, male gender, higher BMI, no current tobacco use, recent drinking, lower education levels, and stress perception. Factors related with more stress perception were younger age, female gender, current smoking, lower education levels, and lower income. GDP growth rates, a macroeconomic indicator, are inversely associated with hypertension prevalence with a one-year lag, and also inversely associated with stress perception without time lag. CONCLUSION: The economic crisis increased the prevalence of hypertension and stress perception. In the case of GDP growth rate change, hypertension was an inversely lagging indicator and stress perception was an inversely-related coincident indicator.
Body Mass Index ; Drinking ; Economic Recession ; Education ; Female ; Gross Domestic Product ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; Humans ; Hypertension ; Korea ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys* ; Prevalence ; Smoke ; Smoking ; Tobacco Use

Formation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network requires homotypic membrane fusion, which involves a class of atlastin (ATL) GTPases. Purified Drosophila ATL is capable of mediating vesicle fusion in vitro, but such activity has not been reported for any other ATLs. Here, we determined the preliminary crystal structure of the cytosolic segment of Drosophila ATL in a GDP-bound state. The structure reveals a GTPase domain dimer with the subsequent three-helix bundles associating with their own GTPase domains and pointing in opposite directions. This conformation is similar to that of human ATL1, to which GDP and high concentrations of inorganic phosphate, but not GDP only, were included. Drosophila ATL restored ER morphology defects in mammalian cells lacking ATLs, and measurements of nucleotide-dependent dimerization and GTPase activity were comparable for Drosophila ATL and human ATL1. However, purified and reconstituted human ATL1 exhibited no in vitro fusion activity. When the cytosolic segment of human ATL1 was connected to the transmembrane (TM) region and C-terminal tail (CT) of Drosophila ATL, the chimera still exhibited no fusion activity, though its GTPase activity was normal. These results suggest that GDP-bound ATLs may adopt multiple conformations and the in vitro fusion activity of ATL cannot be achieved by a simple collection of functional domains.
Animals ; Dimerization ; Drosophila ; Drosophila Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; chemistry ; GTP Phosphohydrolases ; chemistry ; genetics ; GTP-Binding Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; chemistry ; metabolism ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary

A growing number of studies have shown that arginine vasopressin (AVP) plays an analgesia role in the modulation of nociception. Previous studies have focused on the central mechanisms of AVP analgesia. The aim of the present study was to find out whether peripheral mechanisms are also involved. The effect of AVP on GABA-activated currents (IGABA) and GABAA receptor function in freshly isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats were studied using whole cell patch clamp technique. The result showed that, IGABA were potentiated by pre-treatment with AVP (1 × 10⁻¹⁰-1 × 10⁻⁵ mol/L) in a concentration-dependent manner. Meanwhile, the GABA concentration-response curve was shifted upwards, with an increase of (49.1 ± 4.0)% in the maximal current response but with no significant change in the EC50 values. These results indicate that the enhancing effect is non-competitive. In addition, the effects of AVP on IGABA might be voltage-independent. This potentiation of IGABA induced by AVP was almost completely blocked by the V1a receptor antagonist SR49059 (3 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L). Also it could be removed by intracellular dialysis of either GDP-β-S (5 × 10⁻⁴mol/L), a non-hydrolyzable GDP analog, or GF109203X (2 × 10⁻⁶ mol/L), a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, with the re-patch clamp. These results suggest that AVP up-regulates the function of the GABAA receptor via G protein-coupled receptors and PKC-dependent signal pathways in rat DRG neurons, and this potentiation may underlie the analgesia induced by AVP.
Animals ; Arginine Vasopressin ; pharmacology ; Ganglia, Spinal ; cytology ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Indoles ; Maleimides ; Membrane Potentials ; Neurons ; drug effects ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, GABA-A ; metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Thionucleotides ; pharmacology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid ; pharmacology

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk) is ubiquitous and highly conserved multifunctional key enzyme in nucleotide metabolism. It generates nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) by transfer of gamma-phosphates from nucleoside triphosphates such as ATP or GTP to nucleoside diphosphate. The formation of an autophosphorylated enzyme intermediate is involved in that mechanism. The phosphate is usually supplied by ATP and Ndk activity in different subcellular compartments. Ndk may regulate the crucial balance between ATP and GTP or other nucleoside triphosphates. Ndk is playing an important role in bacterial pathogenesis and emerging evidences recognize multiple roles of Ndk in host-microbe interaction. Here, I review some examples of the role of Ndk in intra- and extracellular microorganism.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Guanosine Triphosphate ; Nucleoside-Diphosphate Kinase

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are membrane receptors; approximately 40% of drugs on the market target GPCRs. A precise understanding of the activation mechanism of GPCRs would facilitate the development of more effective and less toxic drugs. Heterotrimeric G proteins are important molecular switches in GPCR-mediated signal transduction. An agonist-activated receptor interacts with specific sites on G proteins and promotes the release of GDP from the Galpha subunit. Because of the important biological role of the GPCR-G protein coupling, conformational changes in the G protein upon receptor coupling have been of great interest. One of the most important questions was the interface between the GPCR and G proteins and the structural mechanism of GPCR-induced G protein activation. A number of biochemical and biophysical studies have been performed since the late 80s to address these questions; there was a significant breakthrough in 2011 when the crystal structure of a GPCR-G protein complex was solved. This review discusses the structural aspects of GPCR-G protein coupling by comparing the results of previous biochemical and biophysical studies to the GPCR-G protein crystal structure.
GTP-Binding Proteins ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins ; Membranes ; Signal Transduction

Previous studies on the vast increase in suicide mortality in Southeast Asia have indicated that suicide rates increase in parallel with a rise in unemployment or during periods of economic recession. This paper examines the effects of economic recession on suicidal rates amongst agriculture, fisheries, and forestry workers in Korea. Monthly time-series gross domestic product (GDP) data were linked with suicidal rates gathered from the cause of death records between1993-2008. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models to analyze trends, while a polynomial lag model was used to assess the unconstrained time lag effects of changes in GDP on suicidal rate. We found that there were significant inverse correlations between changes in GDP and suicide for a time lag of one to four months after the occurrence of economic event. Furthermore, it was evident that the overall relative risks of suicide were high enough to bring about social concern.
Agriculture ; Asia, Southeastern ; Cause of Death ; Economic Recession ; Fisheries ; Forestry ; Gross Domestic Product ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; Korea ; Suicide ; Unemployment

Previous studies on the vast increase in suicide mortality in Southeast Asia have indicated that suicide rates increase in parallel with a rise in unemployment or during periods of economic recession. This paper examines the effects of economic recession on suicidal rates amongst agriculture, fisheries, and forestry workers in Korea. Monthly time-series gross domestic product (GDP) data were linked with suicidal rates gathered from the cause of death records between1993-2008. Data were analyzed using generalized additive models to analyze trends, while a polynomial lag model was used to assess the unconstrained time lag effects of changes in GDP on suicidal rate. We found that there were significant inverse correlations between changes in GDP and suicide for a time lag of one to four months after the occurrence of economic event. Furthermore, it was evident that the overall relative risks of suicide were high enough to bring about social concern.
Agriculture ; Asia, Southeastern ; Cause of Death ; Economic Recession ; Fisheries ; Forestry ; Gross Domestic Product ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; Korea ; Suicide ; Unemployment

As a large family of hydrolases, GTPases are widespread in cells and play the very important biological function of hydrolyzing GTP into GDP and inorganic phosphate through binding with it. GTPases are involved in cell cycle regulation, protein synthesis, and protein transportation. Chaperones can facilitate the folding or refolding of nascent peptides and denatured proteins to their native states. However, chaperones do not occur in the native structures in which they can perform their normal biological functions. In the current study, the chaperone activity of the conserved GTPases of Escherichia coli is tested by the chemical denaturation and chaperone-assisted renaturation of citrate synthase and α-glucosidase. The effects of ribosomes and nucleotides on the chaperone activity are also examined. Our data indicate that these conserved GTPases have chaperone properties, and may be ancestral protein folding factors that have appeared before dedicated chaperones.
Citrate (si)-Synthase ; chemistry ; Cloning, Molecular ; Conserved Sequence ; Escherichia coli ; cytology ; enzymology ; GTP Phosphohydrolases ; chemistry ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Guanosine Diphosphate ; pharmacology ; Guanosine Triphosphate ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Molecular Chaperones ; chemistry ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; metabolism ; Protein Denaturation ; drug effects ; Protein Renaturation ; drug effects ; Ribosomes ; metabolism ; alpha-Glucosidases ; chemistry