Objective:To discuss the effect of downregulating of high mobility group box protein 2(HMGB2)expression on the biological behavior of the liver cancer cells and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)process,and to clarify its mechanism.Methods:The human liver cancer LM3 cells at logarithmic growth phase were divided into negative control group and HMGB2 RNA interference group(HMGB2 siRNA group);the cells in two groups were transfected with RNA oligonucleotides(RNA oligos)with irrelevant sequences and RNA oligos designed to knock down HMGB2,and the Lipofectamine 2000 was regarded as the vector.The expression levels of HMGB2 mRNA and protein in the cells in two groups were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR)and Western blotting methods;cell scratch assay and Transwell chamber assay were used to detect the migration and invasion abilities of the cells in two groups;the expression levels of E-cadherin,N-cadherin,and Vimentin proteins and protein kinase B(AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)pathway related proteins in the cells in two groups were detected by Western blotting method.Results:Compared with negative control group,the expression levels of HMGB2 mRNA and protein in the cells in HMGB2 siRNA group were significantly decreased(P<0.05),the cell scratch healing rate was significantly decreased(P<0.01),the number of invasion cells was significantly decreased(P<0.01),and the expression level of E-cadherin protein in the cells was significantly increased(P<0.01),while the expression levels of N-cadherin,Vimentin,mTOR,AKT,and phosphorylated AKT(p-AKT)proteins in the cells were significantly decreased(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Conclusion:Downregulating the expression of HMGB2 can reduce the migration and invasion abilities of the liver cancer LM3 cells and inhibit the EMT,and its mechanism may be related to regulating the expression of the AKT/mTOR pathway related proteins.

Objective To evaluate the absence of corpus callosum(ACC)and intracranial accompanying abnormalities in fetus via prenatal MRI.Methods A total of 61 cases of fetal ACC diagnosed by prenatal MRI were analyzed retrospectively.The types and numbers of intracranial accompanying abnormalities were observed,and the probability of accompanying abnormalities was counted.According to whether the corpus callosum was completely absent,all cases were divided into complete ACC and partial ACC.Statistical differences of probability of accompanying abnormalities between the two groups were analyzed.Results A total of 54.1%(33/61)patients were complicated with other intracranial abnormalities,among which the most common was cerebral cortical dysplasia,accounting for 26.2%(16/61).The probability of complete ACC and partial ACC complicated with other intracranial abnormalities was 63.4%(26/41)and 35.0%(7/20),respectively,and there was statistical difference in intracranial abnormalities between complete ACC and partial ACC(χ2=4.37,P=0.037).The probability of complete ACC and partial ACC complicated with cerebral cortical dysplasia was 39.0%(16/41)and 5.0%(1/20),respectively,and there was statistical difference in cerebral cortical dysplasia between complete ACC and partial ACC(χ2=7.74,P=0.005).Conclusion MRI can accurately diagnose the fetal ACC and intracranial accompanying abnormalities.Complex ACC is more common than isolated ACC.Compared with partial ACC,complete ACC is more likely to be complicated with other intracranial abnormalities,and cerebral cortical dysplasia is the most common,which provides reliable diagnostic basis for fetal prognosis in clinical practice.

Hypoxemia is a common complication of pneumonia, asthma, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in children.Rapid identification of hypoxemia is of great significance for the disposal and management of critical children.Pulse oximetry is recognized by the World Health Organization as the best way to monitor hypoxemia in children, and it can monitor pulse oxygen saturation noninvasively and continuously.Based on the related literature at home and abroad, combined with the clinical needs of pediatrics, the " Expert consensus on clinical application of pulse oximetry in children" is formulated to improve the understanding of pediatricians and nurses on the application in pediatric clinical practice, principle, operation techniques, and limitations of pulse oximetry.

Objective:To investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers in China and analyze the factor influencing the KAP.Methods:A self-developed questionnaire was used for an online research on the KAP of 11 849 pediatric healthcare providers from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of China from March 11 to 14, 2022.The factors influencing the KAP of pulse oximetry among pediatric healthcare providers were examined by Logistic regression. Results:The scores of KAP, of pulse oximetry were 5.57±0.96, 11.24±1.25 and 11.19±4.54, respectively.The corresponding scoring rates were 69.61%, 74.95%, and 55.99%, respectively. Logistic regression results showed that the gender and working years of pediatric healthcare providers, the region they were located, and whether their medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters were the main factors affecting the knowledge score (all P<0.05). Main factors influencing the attitude score of pediatric healthcare providers included their knowledge score, gender, educational background, working years, region, medical institution level, and whether the medical institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). For the practice score, the main influencing factors were the knowledge score, gender, age, and whether the medi-cal institution was equipped with pulse oximeters (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Chinese pediatric healthcare providers need to further improve their knowledge about and attitudes towards pulse oximetry.Pulse oximeters are evidently under-used.It is urgent to formulate policies or guidelines, strengthen education and training, improve knowledge and attitudes, equip more institutions with pulse oximeters, and popularize their application in medical institutions.

Objective:To explore the value of fusion imaging in the treatment of complex aortic pathology.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted of 29 patients with complex aortic pathology who underwent treatment with endovascular aortic repair using fusion imaging (FI+ ) technique or without FI (FI-) between June 2015 and June 2021. The perioperative outcomes and morbidity of the FI was assessed and the early results of follow up were evaluated.Results:The mean age of patients was (70.3±7.3) years old, and 24 (82.8%) males. Technical success was 96.5% (28/29). The FI+ group patients had lower procedure time[FI+ , (209±53) min vs. FI-, (306±24)min, P=0.005]and ionic contrast medium[(169±23)ml vs. (201±20)ml, P=0.040]. Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI)[3.4%(FI+ 0 vs. FI-6.7%, P=0.33)], and operation-related reintervention[6.9%(FI+ 0 vs. FI-13.3%, P=0.16)] were similar. There were no significant differences in blood loss, fluoroscopy time. Conclusion:FI technique improves the accuracy during positioning in complex endovascular aortic repair, could reduce aortic related reintervention rate, operation time and contrast dose. Further studies and development are needed to obtain optimal image quality and higher precision.

ObjectiveTo predict the potential targets and possible related signaling pathways of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma against bladder cancer （BC） based on network pharmacology and verify the potential molecular mechanism through in vitro cell experiment. MethodActive components of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform （TCMSP） and BC-related targets were searched from GeneCards and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man （OMIM）. Via Venny2.1， the potential targets of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma against BC were screened out and the Venn diagram was plotted. Protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed by STRING， followed by Gene Ontology （GO） term enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Gnomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment with DAVID. Cell Counting Kit-8 （CCK-8） assay was employed to detect the inhibitory effect of tanshinone Ⅱ_A （Tan Ⅱ_A）， cryptotanshinone （CPT）， and luteolin （LUT） at different concentration （0， 1， 2， 4， 8， 16， 32 μmol·L^-1） on the proliferation of BC T24 and 5637 cells， propidium iodide （PI） staining to analyze the apoptosis of 5637 cells induced by Tan Ⅱ_A， CPT， and LUT （0， 4， 8 μmol·L^-1）， and Western blotting to detect the regulatory effect of Tan Ⅱ_A （0， 4， 8， 16 μmol·L^-1） on the expression of key target proteins. ResultA total of 65 active components and 39 anti-BC targets of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were screened out. The anti-BC targets were mainly involved in the KEGG pathways of neuron-ligand-receptor interaction， phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway， epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR） tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance， and hypoxia inducible factor （HIF）-1 signaling pathway. As for the CCK-8 assay， compared with the blank group， Tan Ⅱ_A， CPT， and LUT significantly inhibited the proliferation of T24 and 5637 cells， particularly the 5637 cells. The half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC₅₀） of Tan Ⅱ_A on 5637 cells was significantly lower than that of CPT and LUT. Moreover， compared with the blank group， Tan Ⅱ_A， CPT， and LUT all induced the apoptosis of 5637 cells， and the effect followed the order of Tan Ⅱ_A>CPT>LUT （P<0.05）. Western blot showed that Tan Ⅱ_A significantly reduced the expression of EGFR， p-PI3K， and p-Akt in 5637 cells in a concentration-dependent manner compared with the blank group （P<0.05）. ConclusionSalviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma exerts therapeutic effect on BC through multiple components， multiple targets， and multiple pathways. The mechanism is the likelihood that it down-regulates the expression of EGFR， p-PI3K， and p-Akt proteins， thus further inhibits cell proliferation， and induces apoptosis.

Background and Objectives: To investigate the effect and the underlying mechanism of exosomes secreted by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) on diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in murine lupus. Methods: and Results: Exosomes were extracted from cultured hUCMSCs by ultracentrifugation. The expressions of exosome markers (Alix, CD63 and TSG101) were measured for identification of hUCMSC-derived exosomes (hUCMSC-exosomes). The alveolar hemorrhage of DAH mice was revealed by H&E staining. The primary alveolar macrophages were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of DAH mice. The expressions of M1 macrophage markers (iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β ) and M2 macrophage markers (Arg1, IL-10, TGF-β and chi3l3) were detected. Flow cytometry measured the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages. ELISA measured the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β ). DAH mice had hemorrhage and small-vessel vasculitis in the lung, with neutrophil and monocyte infiltration observed around the capillary and small artery. Furthermore, increases of IL-6 and TNF-α, and decreases of IL-10 and TGF-β were detected in the BALF of DAH mice. M1 makers were overexpressed in alveolar macrophages of DAH mice while M2 makers were lowly expressed. DAH mice had a higher proportion of M1 macrophages than M2 macrophages. After hUCMSC-exosome or methylprednisolone treatment in DAH mice, the alveolar injuries and inflammatory responses were attenuated, and the proportion of M2 macrophages was increased. Conclusions hUCMSC-exosomes attenuate DAH-induced inflammatory responses and alveolar hemorrhage by regulating macrophage polarization.

Background and Objectives: To investigate the effect and the underlying mechanism of exosomes secreted by human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) on diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH) in murine lupus. Methods: and Results: Exosomes were extracted from cultured hUCMSCs by ultracentrifugation. The expressions of exosome markers (Alix, CD63 and TSG101) were measured for identification of hUCMSC-derived exosomes (hUCMSC-exosomes). The alveolar hemorrhage of DAH mice was revealed by H&E staining. The primary alveolar macrophages were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of DAH mice. The expressions of M1 macrophage markers (iNOS, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β ) and M2 macrophage markers (Arg1, IL-10, TGF-β and chi3l3) were detected. Flow cytometry measured the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages. ELISA measured the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β ). DAH mice had hemorrhage and small-vessel vasculitis in the lung, with neutrophil and monocyte infiltration observed around the capillary and small artery. Furthermore, increases of IL-6 and TNF-α, and decreases of IL-10 and TGF-β were detected in the BALF of DAH mice. M1 makers were overexpressed in alveolar macrophages of DAH mice while M2 makers were lowly expressed. DAH mice had a higher proportion of M1 macrophages than M2 macrophages. After hUCMSC-exosome or methylprednisolone treatment in DAH mice, the alveolar injuries and inflammatory responses were attenuated, and the proportion of M2 macrophages was increased. Conclusions hUCMSC-exosomes attenuate DAH-induced inflammatory responses and alveolar hemorrhage by regulating macrophage polarization.

Objective:To investigate the etiology of necrotizing pneumonia (NP) in children and the clinical characteristics of NP caused by different pathogens in China.Methods:A retrospective, case-control study was performed in children with NP who were admitted to 13 hospitals in China from January 2008 to December 2019. The demographic and clinical information, laboratory data, etiological and radiological findings were analyzed. The data were divided into three groups based on the following years: 2008-2011, 2012-2015 and 2016-2019, and the distribution characteristics of the pathogens in different period were compared. Meanwhile, the pathogens of pediatric NP in the southern and northern China were compared. And the clinical characteristics of the Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) NP and the bacterial NP were also compared. T-test or Mann-Whitney nonparametric test was used for comparison of numerical variables, and χ 2 test was used for categorical variables. Results:A total of 494 children with NP were enrolled, the median ages were 4.7 (0.1-15.3) years, including 272 boys and 222 girls. Among these patients, pathogens were identified in 347 cases and the pathogen was unclear in the remaining 147 cases. The main pathogens were MP (238 cases), Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) (61 cases), Staphylococcus aureus (SA) (51 cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 cases), Haemophilus influenzae (10 cases), adenovirus (10 cases), and influenza virus A (7 cases), respectively. MP was the most common pathogen in all three periods and the proportion increased yearly. The proportion of MP in 2016-2019 was significantly higher than that in 2012-2015 (52.1% (197/378) vs. 36.8% (32/87), χ 2= 6.654, P=0.010), while there was no significant difference in the proportion of MP in 2012-2015 and that in 2008-2011 (36.8% (32/87) vs. 31.0% (9/29), χ2=0.314, P=0.575).Regarding the regional distribution, 342 cases were in the southern China and 152 in the northern China. Also, MP was the most common pathogen in both regions, but the proportion of MP was higher and the proportion of SP was lower in the north than those in the south (60.5% (92/152) vs. 42.7% (146/342), χ 2=13.409, P<0.010; 7.9% (12/152) vs. 14.3% (49/342), χ 2= 4.023, P=0.045). Comparing the clinical characteristics of different pathogens, we found that fever and cough were the common symptoms in both single MP and single bacterial groups, but chest pain was more common (17.0% (34/200) vs. 6.1% (6/98), χ 2=6.697, P=0.010) while shortness of breath and wheezing were less common in MP group (16.0% (32/200) vs. 60.2% (59/98), χ 2=60.688, P<0.01; 4.5% (9/200) vs. 21.4% (21/98), χ 2=20.819, P<0.01, respectively). The white blood cell count, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in the bacterial group were significantly higher than those in the MP group (14.7 (1.0-67.1)×10 9/L vs. 10.5 (2.5-32.2)×10 9/L, 122.5 (0.5-277.3) mg/L vs. 51.4 (0.5-200.0) g/L, 2.13 (0.05-100.00) μg/L vs. 0.24 (0.01-18.85) μg/L, Z=-3.719, -5.901 and -7.765, all P<0.01). Conclusions:The prevalence of pediatric NP in China shows an increasing trend during the past years. MP, SP and SA are the main pathogens of NP, and the most common clinical symptoms are fever and cough. The WBC count, C-reactive protein and procalcitonin in bacterial NP are significantly higher than those caused by MP.

Objective:To explore the brain function changes in patients with cervical vertigo using functional MRI.Methods:Twenty-two patients who were diagnosed with cervical vertigo were recruited in this study for functional MRI (fMRI) analysis, while 25 age- and sex-matched adult healthy individuals were chose forhealthy controls. The Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) and Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) were used to access the severity of cervical vertigo, and the six-point categorical rating scale was used to measure the frequency of vertigo. Functional MRI was used to investigate the regions with brain functional changes between the cervical vertigo group and the control group. All the data was analyzed using low-frequency oscillation amplitude (ALFF) to explore local brain function changes. The ALFF values between the two groups were tested by two independent samples t-tests. Finally, the ALFF values in abnormal brain regions were extracted using the REST software package and correlated with the diseaseduration of cervical vertigo and thevertigo scores (VAS and DHI) using Pearson correlation analysis. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results:Compared to healthy controls, patients with cervical vertigo haddecreased ALFF valuesin the left superior temporal gyrus (voxel=45, t=-3.36), right superior temporal gyrus (voxel=32, t=-2.82) and left supramarginal gyrus (voxel=57, t=-4.85), and increased ALFF values in the left and right cerebellum (voxel=41, t=4.26; voxel=33, t=4.57; respectively)(AlphaSim Rest, all P values >0.05). The ALFF values of left and right superior temporal gyrus were negatively correlated with the disease duration of vertigo (left R2=0.437, right R2==0.259), the VAS score (left R2==0.453, right R2==0.341) and DHI score (left R2=0.553, right R2=0.594), respectively, and there were significant differences (all P values < 0.05). The ALFF values of left and right cerebellum were positively correlated with the disease duration of vertigo (left R2==0.555, right R2=0.490) and the VAS score (left R2=0.307, right R2=0.282) and DHI score (left R2=0.632, right R2=0.591), respectively, and the differences were significant (all P values < 0.05). Conclusion:Patients with cervical vertigo have reduced spontaneous nerve activity in bilateral Vestibular cortex, and increased spontaneous nerve activity in the bilateral cerebellum. The brain functional changes were correlated with the disease duration and the severity of vertigo.