【Objective】 To objectively evaluate the quality control level of blood testing process in blood banks through quantitative monitoring and trend analysis, and to promote the homogenization level and standardized management of blood testing laboratories in blood banks. 【Methods】 A quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply, including blood donation service, blood component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control was established. The questionnaire Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process with clear definition of indicators and calculation formulas was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong province. Quality monitoring indicators of each blood bank from January to December 2022 were collected, and 31 indicators in terms of blood testing were analyzed using SPSS25.0 software. 【Results】 The proportion of unqualified serological tests in 17 blood bank laboratories was 55.84% for ALT, 13.63% for HBsAg, 5.08% for anti HCV, 5.62% for anti HIV, 18.18% for anti TP, and 1.65% for other factors (mainly sample quality). The detection unqualified rate and median were (1.23±0.57)% and 1.11%, respectively. The ALT unqualified rate and median were (0.74±0.53)% and 0.60%, respectively. The detection unqualified rate was positively correlated with ALT unqualified rate (r=0.974, P<0.05). The unqualified rate of HBsAg, anti HCV, anti HIV and anti TP was (0.15±0.09)%, (0.05±0.04)%, (0.06±0.03)% and (0.20±0.05)% respectively. The average unqualified rate, average hemolysis rate, average insufficient volume rate and the abnormal hematocrit rate of samples in 17 blood bank laboratories was 0.21‰, 0.08‰, 0.01‰ and 0.02‰ respectively. There were differences in the retest concordance rates of four HBsAg, anti HCV and anti HIV reagents, and three anti TP reagents among 17 blood bank laboratories (P<0.05). The usage rate of ELISA reagents was (114.56±3.30)%, the outage rate of ELISA was (10.23±7.05) ‰, and the out of range rate of ELISA was (0.90±1.17) ‰. There was no correlation between the out of range rate, outrage rate and usage rate (all P>0.05), while the outrage rate was positively correlated with the usage rate (r=0.592, P<0.05). A total of 443 HBV DNA positive samples were detected in all blood banks, with an unqualified rate of 3.78/10 000; 15 HCV RNA positive samples were detected, with an unqualified rate of 0.13/10 000; 5 HIV RNA positive samples were detected, with an unqualified rate of 0.04/10 000. The unqualified rate of NAT was (0.72±0.04)‰, the single NAT reaction rate [(0.39±0.02)‰] was positively correlated with the single HBV DNA reaction rate [ (0.36±0.02) ‰] (r=0.886, P<0.05). There was a difference in the discriminated reactive rate by individual NAT among three blood bank laboratories (C, F, H) (P<0.05). The median resolution rate of 17 blood station laboratories by minipool test was 36.36%, the median rate of invalid batch of NAT was 0.67%, and the median rate of invalid result of NAT was 0.07‰. The consistency rate of ELISA dual reagent detection results was (99.63±0.24)%, and the median length of equipment failure was 14 days. The error rate of blood type testing in blood collection department was 0.14‰. 【Conclusion】 The quality monitoring indicator system for blood testing process in Shandong can monitor potential risks before, during and after the experiment, and has good applicability, feasibility, and effectiveness, and can facilitate the continuous improvement of laboratory quality control level. The application of blood testing quality monitoring indicators will promote the homogenization and standardization of blood quality management in Shandong, and lay the foundation for future comprehensive evaluations of blood banks.

【Objective】 To establish an effective quality monitoring indicator system for blood quality control in blood banks, in order to analyze the quality control indicators for blood collection and supply, and evaluate blood quality control process, thus promoting continuous improvement and standardizing management of blood quality control in blood banks. 【Methods】 A quality monitoring indicator system covering the whole process of blood collection and supply, including blood donation services, component preparation, blood testing, blood supply and quality control was established. The Questionnaire of Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong, which clarified the definition and calculation formula of indicators. The quality monitoring indicator data from January to December 2022 in each blood bank were collected, and 20 quality control indicators data were analyzed by SPSS25.0 software. 【Results】 The average pass rate of key equipment monitoring, environment monitoring, key material monitoring, and blood testing item monitoring of 17 blood banks were 99.47%, 99.51%, 99.95% and 98.99%, respectively. Significant difference was noticed in the pass rate of environment monitoring among blood banks of varied scales(P<0.05), and the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between the total number of blood quality testing items and the total amount of blood component preparation was 0.645 (P<0.05). The average discarding rates of blood testing or non-blood testing were 1.14% and 3.36% respectively, showing significant difference among blood banks of varied scales (P<0.05). The average discarding rate of lipemic blood was 3.07%, which had a positive correlation with the discarding rate of non testing (r=0.981 3, P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the discarding rate of lipemic blood between blood banks with lipemic blood control measures and those without (P<0.05). The average discarding rate of abnormal color, non-standard volume, blood bag damage, hemolysis, blood protein precipitation and blood clotting were 0.20%, 0.14%, 0.06%, 0.06%, 0.02% and 0.02% respectively, showing statistically significant differences among large, medium and small blood banks(P<0.05).The average discarding rates of expired blood, other factors, confidential unit exclusion and unqualified samples were 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.003% and 0.004%, respectively. The discarding rate of blood with air bubbles was 0.015%, while that of blood with foreign body and unqualified label were 0. 【Conclusion】 The quality control indicator system of blood banks in Shandong can monitor weak points in process management, with good applicability, feasibility, and effectiveness. It is conducive to evaluate different blood banks, continuously improve the quality control level of blood collection and supply, promote the homogenization and standardization of blood quality management, and lay the foundation for comprehensive evaluation of blood banks in Shandong.

【Objective】 To establish an effective quality indicator monitoring system, scientifically and objectively evaluate the quality management level of blood banks, and achieve continuous improvement of quality management in blood bank. 【Methods】 A quality monitoring indicator system that covers the whole process of blood collection and supply was established, the questionnaire of Quality Monitoring Indicators for Blood Collection and Supply Process with clear definition of indicators and calculation formulas was distributed to 17 blood banks in Shandong. Statistical analysis of 21 quality monitoring indicators in terms of blood donation service (10 indicators), blood component preparation (7 indicators ), and blood supply (4 indicators) from each blood bank from January to December 2022 were conducted using SPSS25.0 software The differences in quality monitoring indicators of blood banks of different scales were analyzed. 【Results】 The average values of quality monitoring indicators for blood donation service process of 17 blood banks were as follows: 44.66% (2 233/5 000) of regular donors proportion, 0.22% (11/50) of adverse reactions incidence, 0.46% (23/5 000) of non-standard whole blood collection rate, 0.052% (13/25 000) of missed HBsAg screening rate, 99.42% (4 971/5 000) of first, puncture successful rate, 86.49% (173/200) of double platelet collection rate, 66.50% (133/200) of 400 mL whole blood collection rate, 99.25% (397/400) of donor satisfaction rate, 82.68% (2 067/2 500) of use rate of whole blood collection bags with bypass system with sample tube, and 1 case of occupational exposure in blood collection.There was a strong positive correlation between the proportion of regular blood donors and the collection rate of 400 mL whole blood (P<0.05). The platelet collection rate, incidence of adverse reactions to blood donation, and non-standard whole blood collection rate in large blood banks were significantly lower than those in medium and small blood banks (P<0.05). The average quality monitoring indicators for blood component preparation process of 17 blood banks were as follows: the leakage rate of blood component preparation bags was 0.03% (3/10 000), the discarding rate of lipemic blood was 3.05% (61/2 000), the discarding rate of hemolysis blood was 0.13%(13/10 000). 0.06 case had labeling errors, 8 bags had blood catheter leaks, 2.76 bags had blood puncture/connection leaks, and 0.59 cases had non-conforming consumables. The discarding rate of hemolysis blood of large blood banks was significantly lower than that of medium and small blood banks (P<0.05), and the discarding rate of lipemic blood of large and medium blood banks was significantly lower than that of small blood banks (P<0.05). The average values of quality monitoring indicators for blood supply process of 17 blood banks were as follows: the discarding rate of expired blood was 0.023% (23/100 000), the leakage rate during storage and distribution was of 0.009%(9/100 000), the discarding rate of returned blood was 0.106% (53/50 000), the service satisfaction of hospitals was 99.16% (2 479/2 500). The leakage rate of blood components during storage and distribution was statistically different with that of blood component preparation bags between different blood banks (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in the proportion of regular blood donors, incidence of adverse reactions, non-standard whole blood collection rate, 400 mL whole blood collection rate, double platelet collection rate, the blood bag leakage rate during preparation process, the blood components leakage rate during storage and distribution as well as the discarding rate of lipemic blood, hemolysis blood, expired blood and returned blood among large, medium and small blood banks (all P<0.05). 【Conclusion】 The establishment of a quality monitoring indicator system for blood donation services, blood component preparation and blood supply processes in Shandong has good applicability, feasibility and effectiveness. It can objectively evaluate the quality management level, facilitate the continuous improvement of the quality management system, promote the homogenization of blood management in the province and lay the foundation for future comprehensive evaluation of blood banks.

Objective: To evaluate the typing and clinical application effect based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs), serotype, and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Methods: The spacers, serotype and sequence type (ST) were obtained with CRISPRsFinder, SeroTypeFinder and MLST. PCR was used to amplify the CRISPRs, and the spacers were used to predict serotype and ST, then comparing with the serotype and ST. Results: We defined the I-E CRISPR/Cas as CT-Ⅰ, I-F CRISPR/Cas as CT-Ⅱ, and only CRISPR3-4 as CT-Ⅲ. We designated each unique arrangement spacer profile as a unique CRISPRs type. A total of 79 CT types, 76 serotypes, and 66 STs were identified. The CRISPRs typing was the most discriminating, with the Simpson index of 0.936, having the highest correlation with serology with the adjusted Rand index of 0.908. The CRISPRs type could divide the same serotype (ST) into two subtypes [O157∶H7(ST11), O104∶H4(ST678), and O26∶H11(ST21)]. The detection rates of CRISPR1, CRISPR2, CRISPR3, CRISPR4, and CRISPR3-4 were 81.1%, 94.5%, 1.4%, 1.4%, and 4.6%, with the accuracy rate of 95.0% and 100.0% according to the spacers to forecast O157∶H7 (ST11) and ST131. Conclusion: Based on the CRISPRs spacer, this method can be used as an essential molecular typing for E.coli, as it presents a good typing and clinical application effect.
Escherichia coli/genetics* ; Escherichia coli Infections ; Humans ; Multilocus Sequence Typing

Objective To evaluate the value of 18 F?NaF PET/CT and MRI in the diagnosis of skull?base bone invasion ( SBBI) in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma( NPC) . Methods Sixty?three NPC patients (45 males, 18 females;age range 23-72 years) were enrolled in this prospective study. Pa?tients underwent 18 F?NaF PET/CT and MRI to confirm whether the skull base was invaded. The reference standard was based on the follow?up imaging in 6 months. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of the two imaging modalities were calculated. χ2 test was used to analyze their difference. The SBBI foci and their distribution detected by the two imaging modalities were compared. Results Thirty?four NPC patients demonstrated SBBI in follow?up imaging. The diagnostic sen?sitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 18 F?NaF PET/CT were 97.1%(33/34), 89.7%(26/29), 91.7%(33/36), 96.3%(26/27) and 93.7%(59/63), respective?ly. For MRI, the parameters were 91.2%(31/34), 86.2%(25/29), 88.6%(31/35), 89.3%(25/28) and 88.9%(56/63), respectively. The diagnostic efficiency of the two imaging modalities had no significant difference (χ2=0.162-1.062, all P>0.05) . 18 F?NaF PET/CT detected 133 lesions and MRI detected 97 le? sions, and the clivus was the most common site of SBBI. Conclusions 18 F?NaF PET/CT and MRI have similar diagnostic efficiency in detecting SBBI. 18 F?NaF PET/CT can detect more lesions than MRI do, and has potential advantage for detecting tiny bone lesions in skull base.

Objective To investigate thickness of the hilar periportal space and caudate-right lobe ratio in the patients with chro-nic hepatitis B and liver cirrhosis after hepatitis B .Methods Eighty-four patients who were clinically and histologically diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B or cirrhosis and 18 healthy subjects without history of liver disease underwent abdominal MRI .The rela-tionship among liver fibrosis degree ,hilar periportal space and caudate-right lobe ratio were observed .Results There was signifi-cant correlation between the hilar periportal space and hepatic fibrosis for chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis (rs = 0 .546 ,P< 0 .01) . There was significant difference between S2 and S3 for thicknesses of the hilar periportal space(P<0 .01) ,and no significant differ-ence among S3 ,S4 and cirrhosis(P=0 .188) .A cutoff value of 9 mm for the hilar periportal space had a sensitivity of 85 .37% and a specificity of 76 .79% for a diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis with S3 or higher .There was no significant correlation between the caudate-right lobe ratio and hepatic fibrosis(rs = -0 .155 ,P=0 .119) .Conclusion Thicknesses of the hilar periportal space increase gradu-ally with hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis ,with a high sensitivity and specificity for a diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis with S3 or higher .

Objective To explore the localization diagnosis method of lumbar intervertebral foramen stenosis by multi-di-mensional MRI scans of lumbar nerve roots. Methods Twenty-one patients with lumbar intervertebral foramen stenosis were fol-lowed up from June 2006 to June 2011 postoperatively, 10 cases of male, 11 cases of female;36 to 65 years old, average 45.6 years. The medical history is six to thirty six months, an average of 9.4 years;5 cases have low back pain with unilateral leg pain and 16 cases showed unilateral leg pain only. The height of intervertebral space and foramen intervertebrale were measured on the X-rays of lumbar lateral position. Lumbar nerve roots MR imaging at the position of axial, coronal and sagittal scan were performed separately to the patients who were clinically suspected to suffer from lumbar intervertebral foramen stenosis. A definitive diagno-sis of the location of nerve root compression and structural changes surrounding the nerve root can be obtained. Surgical operation was performed to confirm the accuracy of the MRI imaging diagnosis. Results There were 9 cases of lumbar intervertebral fora-men stenosis caused by lumbar disc herniation. The other 12 cases are caused by zygapophyseal joint hyperplasia. All cases of lumbar intervertebral foramen stenosis located at the low back. By comparing MR images of lumbar intervertebral foramen stenosis with surgical procedure,the surgical observation of 21 patients completely coincided with the preoperative localization diagnosis, coincidence rate was 100%(21/21). After surgical treatment, 20 cases achieved a complete remission of leg pain and 1 case was not satisfactory. Conclusion MRI imaging at the position of axial, coronal and sagittal scan for lumbar nerve roots were useful to rigorous localization diagnosis of lumbar intervertebral foramen stenosis, and can provide accurate radiological evidence for sur-gery program.

Oxidative stress may reduce cardiovascular function. Glutathione Stransferases(GSTs) play an important role in cell defending against oxidative stress. Glutathione S-transferase P1 (GSTP1) gene is one of the most intensively investigated glutathione S-transferase genes in epidemiologic studies. The GSTP1 gene displays a polymorphism at codon 105 (Ile105 Val), which results in an enzyme with altered substrate affinity. To date, there have been few studies evaluating whether Ilel05Val polymorphism of GSTP1 gene has an effect on cardiovascular function in the broad masses of people. In this study, we investigated the relationship between Ile105 Val polymorphism of GSTP1 gene and heart rate and blood pressure in 197 unrelated adult males of Han nationality. It was found that there were two types of the GSTP1 genotypes, Ile105/Ile105 and Ile105/Val105, but genotype Val105/Val105 was not found, and the frequencies of IleIes/Ileos and Ile105/Val105 genotypes were 78% and 22% respectively. Comparison with individuals with lie105/Val105 genotype showed that those with Ile105/Ile105 genotype had higher rest heart rate and maximal heart rate mean values. However, whether for rest heart rate and maximal heart rate or for heart rate reserve, no significant differences were found between the two genotype groups (P>0.05). Compared with individuals with Ile105/Val105 genotype, those with Iler105/Ile105 genotype had higher systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure mean values and lower diastolic blood pressure mean value. However, for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure, no significant differences were found between the two genotype groups (P>0.05). The results suggested that Ile105 Val polymorphism of GSTP1 gene may not be associated with heart rate and blood pressure in the broad masses of people.
Adult ; Blood Pressure ; physiology ; Genotype ; Glutathione S-Transferase pi ; genetics ; Heart Rate ; physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Polymorphism, Genetic

To improve human cognition of sub-health condition by analyzing current situation of sub-health researches,the authors of this article reviewed the concept of sub-health,etiological factor,epidemiology,diagnostic code and other sides.

AIM: The auxology-related indexes are important for tissue construction. In this article, we investigated the incidence of overweight and obesity and their effects on physical functions and qualities of Guangzhou adults in 2005. METHODS: 2 056 adults including 1 027 males and 1 029 females were randomly selected from Guangzhou in 2005 for physical examination. The anthropometric data such as body mass and height were collected to calculate body mass index (BMI). The subjects were divided according to the BMI criteria recommend by Group of China Obesity Task Force, and their physical functions and qualities were analyzed. RESULTS: In 2005, the detection rate of overweight and obesity in adult males were 28.7% and 5.2%, and in females were 18.6% and 5.3%. The values of diastole pressure and systolic pressure were increased with BMI, but the change tendency of step index and vital capacity/body mass was decreased with BMI. The rate of hypertension was increased with BMI, and male subjects had higher rate of hypertension than that of female subjects in all groups. Obese adult had the poorest values in vertical jump and sit-and-reach test. Those people with normal BMI had better balance ability than that of overweight and obese people. CONCLUSION: The rates of overweight and obesity in Guangzhou adult show a high level. The physical functions and qualities may be improved when the body mass increases or decreases in a certain range, but obesity has impact to those values.