Purpose: This study was conducted to update the practice guidelines for intravenous infusion therapy published in 2017, focusing on the most recent evidence for peripheral intravenous infusion therapy. Methods: The guideline update was conducted using the 22-step methodology. Results: The updated guidelines consist of 17 domains and 235 recommendations (including 284 sub-recommendations). The domains are as follows: general instructions (5 items), peripheral catheter selection (7), catheter insertion site selection (11), management during peripheral catheter insertion (10), post-insertion management (30), perfusion and locking (17), blood sampling via peripheral catheters(6), exchange and removal of peripheral catheters (6), infusion set management (14), add-on devices (32), complications (25), chemotherapy infusions (10), PCA infusions (7), parenteral nutrition (20), transfusion therapy (23), education (5), and documentation and reporting (7). The evidence levels for these recommendations are as follows: 27(9.5%) at level I, 3 (1.1%) at level I A/P, 118 (41.5%) at level II, and 136 (47.9%) at level III.Recommendation grades are categorized as follows: 30 (10.6%) at level A, 118 (41.5%) at level B, and 136(47.9%) at level C. Of these, 73 (25.7%) recommendations were newly developed, 49 (17.3%) underwent major revisions, and 147 (51.7%) underwent minor revisions. Conclusion The updated practice guideline, based on the latest evidence, is anticipated to enhance nursing practice related to peripheral intravenous infusion therapy.

Purpose: This study was conducted to update the practice guidelines for intravenous infusion therapy published in 2017, focusing on the most recent evidence for peripheral intravenous infusion therapy. Methods: The guideline update was conducted using the 22-step methodology. Results: The updated guidelines consist of 17 domains and 235 recommendations (including 284 sub-recommendations). The domains are as follows: general instructions (5 items), peripheral catheter selection (7), catheter insertion site selection (11), management during peripheral catheter insertion (10), post-insertion management (30), perfusion and locking (17), blood sampling via peripheral catheters(6), exchange and removal of peripheral catheters (6), infusion set management (14), add-on devices (32), complications (25), chemotherapy infusions (10), PCA infusions (7), parenteral nutrition (20), transfusion therapy (23), education (5), and documentation and reporting (7). The evidence levels for these recommendations are as follows: 27(9.5%) at level I, 3 (1.1%) at level I A/P, 118 (41.5%) at level II, and 136 (47.9%) at level III.Recommendation grades are categorized as follows: 30 (10.6%) at level A, 118 (41.5%) at level B, and 136(47.9%) at level C. Of these, 73 (25.7%) recommendations were newly developed, 49 (17.3%) underwent major revisions, and 147 (51.7%) underwent minor revisions. Conclusion The updated practice guideline, based on the latest evidence, is anticipated to enhance nursing practice related to peripheral intravenous infusion therapy.

Purpose: This study was conducted to update the practice guidelines for intravenous infusion therapy published in 2017, focusing on the most recent evidence for peripheral intravenous infusion therapy. Methods: The guideline update was conducted using the 22-step methodology. Results: The updated guidelines consist of 17 domains and 235 recommendations (including 284 sub-recommendations). The domains are as follows: general instructions (5 items), peripheral catheter selection (7), catheter insertion site selection (11), management during peripheral catheter insertion (10), post-insertion management (30), perfusion and locking (17), blood sampling via peripheral catheters(6), exchange and removal of peripheral catheters (6), infusion set management (14), add-on devices (32), complications (25), chemotherapy infusions (10), PCA infusions (7), parenteral nutrition (20), transfusion therapy (23), education (5), and documentation and reporting (7). The evidence levels for these recommendations are as follows: 27(9.5%) at level I, 3 (1.1%) at level I A/P, 118 (41.5%) at level II, and 136 (47.9%) at level III.Recommendation grades are categorized as follows: 30 (10.6%) at level A, 118 (41.5%) at level B, and 136(47.9%) at level C. Of these, 73 (25.7%) recommendations were newly developed, 49 (17.3%) underwent major revisions, and 147 (51.7%) underwent minor revisions. Conclusion The updated practice guideline, based on the latest evidence, is anticipated to enhance nursing practice related to peripheral intravenous infusion therapy.

Purpose: This study was conducted to update the practice guidelines for intravenous infusion therapy published in 2017, focusing on the most recent evidence for peripheral intravenous infusion therapy. Methods: The guideline update was conducted using the 22-step methodology. Results: The updated guidelines consist of 17 domains and 235 recommendations (including 284 sub-recommendations). The domains are as follows: general instructions (5 items), peripheral catheter selection (7), catheter insertion site selection (11), management during peripheral catheter insertion (10), post-insertion management (30), perfusion and locking (17), blood sampling via peripheral catheters(6), exchange and removal of peripheral catheters (6), infusion set management (14), add-on devices (32), complications (25), chemotherapy infusions (10), PCA infusions (7), parenteral nutrition (20), transfusion therapy (23), education (5), and documentation and reporting (7). The evidence levels for these recommendations are as follows: 27(9.5%) at level I, 3 (1.1%) at level I A/P, 118 (41.5%) at level II, and 136 (47.9%) at level III.Recommendation grades are categorized as follows: 30 (10.6%) at level A, 118 (41.5%) at level B, and 136(47.9%) at level C. Of these, 73 (25.7%) recommendations were newly developed, 49 (17.3%) underwent major revisions, and 147 (51.7%) underwent minor revisions. Conclusion The updated practice guideline, based on the latest evidence, is anticipated to enhance nursing practice related to peripheral intravenous infusion therapy.

Background and Objectives: Surgical decision-making for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) relies on accurate preoperative staging, where ultrasonography plays a crucial role in predicting outcomes. We aimed to analyze the predictive effects of preoperative sonographic findings on pathological characteristics. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study was performed using ultrasonographic images and clinico-pathologic data of papillary thyroid cancer patients who underwent total thyroidectomy or lobectomy between March 2016 and May 2020. Finally, 152 patients and 169 tumors were analyzed. Results: Mean age of patients was 54.2±14.2 years and the proportion of female was 75.7%. Tumor size was 13.6±10.3 mm and the proportions of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and lymph node (LN) involvement were 52.2% and 23.0%, respectively. Preoperative sonographic findings, including ETE, tumor margin, echogenicity, and K-TIRDAS, were significantly associated with pathological ETE.Other pathological characteristics, including LN involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and resection margin positivity, were more observed in patients with more aggressive findings on preoperative sonography; however, we could not find statistical significances. Conclusion This study showed that preoperative sonographic characteristics, such as sonographic ETE, tumor margin, echogenicity, and K-TIRADS, can provide valuable insights into predicting pathological ETE in PTC patients.

Background and Objectives: Surgical decision-making for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) relies on accurate preoperative staging, where ultrasonography plays a crucial role in predicting outcomes. We aimed to analyze the predictive effects of preoperative sonographic findings on pathological characteristics. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study was performed using ultrasonographic images and clinico-pathologic data of papillary thyroid cancer patients who underwent total thyroidectomy or lobectomy between March 2016 and May 2020. Finally, 152 patients and 169 tumors were analyzed. Results: Mean age of patients was 54.2±14.2 years and the proportion of female was 75.7%. Tumor size was 13.6±10.3 mm and the proportions of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and lymph node (LN) involvement were 52.2% and 23.0%, respectively. Preoperative sonographic findings, including ETE, tumor margin, echogenicity, and K-TIRDAS, were significantly associated with pathological ETE.Other pathological characteristics, including LN involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and resection margin positivity, were more observed in patients with more aggressive findings on preoperative sonography; however, we could not find statistical significances. Conclusion This study showed that preoperative sonographic characteristics, such as sonographic ETE, tumor margin, echogenicity, and K-TIRADS, can provide valuable insights into predicting pathological ETE in PTC patients.

Background and Objectives: Surgical decision-making for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) relies on accurate preoperative staging, where ultrasonography plays a crucial role in predicting outcomes. We aimed to analyze the predictive effects of preoperative sonographic findings on pathological characteristics. Materials and Methods: Retrospective study was performed using ultrasonographic images and clinico-pathologic data of papillary thyroid cancer patients who underwent total thyroidectomy or lobectomy between March 2016 and May 2020. Finally, 152 patients and 169 tumors were analyzed. Results: Mean age of patients was 54.2±14.2 years and the proportion of female was 75.7%. Tumor size was 13.6±10.3 mm and the proportions of extrathyroidal extension (ETE) and lymph node (LN) involvement were 52.2% and 23.0%, respectively. Preoperative sonographic findings, including ETE, tumor margin, echogenicity, and K-TIRDAS, were significantly associated with pathological ETE.Other pathological characteristics, including LN involvement, lymphovascular invasion, and resection margin positivity, were more observed in patients with more aggressive findings on preoperative sonography; however, we could not find statistical significances. Conclusion This study showed that preoperative sonographic characteristics, such as sonographic ETE, tumor margin, echogenicity, and K-TIRADS, can provide valuable insights into predicting pathological ETE in PTC patients.

Background/Aims: Blocking the complement system is a promising strategy to impede the progression of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the interplay between complement and MASLD remains to be elucidated. This comprehensive approach aimed to investigate the potential association between complement dysregulation and the histological severity of MASLD. Methods: Liver biopsy specimens were procured from a cohort comprising 106 Korean individuals, which included 31 controls, 17 with isolated steatosis, and 58 with metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Utilizing the Infinium Methylation EPIC array, thorough analysis of methylation alterations in 61 complement genes was conducted. The expression and methylation of nine complement genes in a murine MASH model were examined using quantitative RT-PCR and pyrosequencing. Results: Methylome and transcriptome analyses of liver biopsies revealed significant (p<0.05) hypermethylation and downregulation of C1R, C1S, C3, C6, C4BPA<, and SERPING1, as well as hypomethylation (p<0.0005) and upregulation (p<0.05) of C5AR1, C7, and CD59, in association with the histological severity of MASLD. Furthermore, DNA methylation and the relative expression of nine complement genes in a MASH diet mouse model aligned with human data. Conclusions Our research provides compelling evidence that epigenetic alterations in complement genes correlate with MASLD severity, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms driving MASLD progression, and suggests that inhibiting the function of certain complement proteins may be a promising strategy for managing MASLD.

The development of drug-resistant influenza and new pathogenic virus strains underscores the need for antiviral therapeutics. Currently, neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are commonly used antiviral drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the prevention and treatment of influenza. Here, we show that vitisin B (VB) inhibits NA activity and suppresses H1N1 viral replication in MDCK and A549 cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which frequently occur during viral infection, increase virus replication by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway, downmodulating glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) expression, and decreasing the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) antioxidant response activity. VB decreased virus-induced ROS generation by increasing G6PD expression and Nrf2 activity, and inhibiting NF-κB translocation to the nucleus through IKK dephosphorylation. In addition, VB reduced body weight loss, increased survival, decreased viral replication and the inflammatory response in the lungs of influenza A virus (IAV)-infected mice. Taken together, our results indicate that VB is a promising therapeutic candidate against IAV infection, complements existing drug limitations targeting viral NA. It modulated the intracellular ROS by G6PD, Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, and NF-κB signaling pathway. These results demonstrate the feasibility of a multi-targeting drug strategy, providing new approaches for drug discovery against IAV infection.

This study elucidates the anti-cancer potential of gallic acid (GA) as a promising therapeutic agent that exerts its effect by regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway. To prove our research rationale, we used diverse experimental methods such as cell viability assay, colony formation assay, tumor spheroid formation assay, cell cycle analysis, TUNEL assay, Western blot analysis, xenograft mouse model and histological analysis. Treatment with GA inhibited cell proliferation in dose-dependent manner as measured by cell viability assay at 48 h. GA and cisplatin (CDDP) also inhibited colony formation and tumor spheroid formation. In addition, GA and CDDP induced apoptosis, as determined by the distribution of early and late apoptotic cells and DNA fragmentation. Western blot analysis revealed that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway induced upregulation of p53 (tumor suppressor protein), which in turn regulated cell cycle related proteins such as p21, p27, Cyclin D1 and E1, and intrinsic apoptotic proteins such as Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3. The anti-cancer effect of GA was further confirmed in an in vivo mouse model. Intraperitoneal injection with GA for 4 weeks in an A549-derived tumor xenograft model reduced the size of tumor mass. Injection of them downregulated the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p-Akt, but upregulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3 in tumor tissues. Taken together, these results indicated that GA hindered lung cancer progression by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, suggesting that GA would be a potential therapeutic agent against non-small cell lung cancer.