The bactericidal mechanism of carbon monoxide (CO) and the feasibility of CO-releasing molecules as anti-infective drugs were summarized by consulting scientific literature, combined with our own research work. Anaerobic bacteria are usually tolerant to high concentration of CO, and some can even grow with CO as sole carbon or energy source, but most pathogenic bacteria are sensitive to CO. In view of the difficulty of gaseous CO in controlling the applying dose and the action site, CO release molecules were synthesized. CO release molecules not only have higher bactericidal activities against common pathogenic bacteria than gaseous CO, but also have the ability to kill antibiotics-resistant bacteria and destroy their biofilms. CO mainly binds with heme-Fe²⁺ in cells, interrupting the electron transfer of respiration chains, which would result in the generation of reactive oxygen species. CO can also disturb intracellular ion balance, which further triggers free radical reactions. Due to its diverse acting targets, uneasy to induce drug resistance, and synergistic effect with other antibiotics, CO is expected to be the next generation of anti-infection drugs.

Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use* ; China ; Consensus ; HIV ; HIV Infections/prevention & control* ; Humans ; Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis

Colla Corii Asini(Ejiao)is an important Chinese medicine used in China for thousands of years, and is well known for its famous tonic properties. The herbalogical study was detailed carried out based on the naming, habitat, harvesting, processing, medicinal properties and clinical efficacy. The results showed that the name of Ejiao could be traced back to Shennong's Materia Medica, and various names of Lvpi Jiao, Penfu Jiao and Fuzhi Jiao were recorded in other ancient books. In the many intervening centuries, the main materials of Ejiao had been replaced from cow leather before Tang Dynasty to donkey skin in the middle to late Tang Dynasty. This phenomenon could be probably caused by complicated social factors of various periods and different efficacy of Ejiao made by all kinds of raw materials. Ejiao was merely processed with the simple methods before Tang Dynasty, which subsequently improved avariety of methods to enhance the supplementation action. Most importantly, Ejiao has a wide clinic application along with the development of processing theories and methods, which can be found in various Classics, especially in imperial medical case record in Qing Dynasty.
Animals ; Cattle ; China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Female ; Gelatin ; Materia Medica ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Callicarpa nudiflora,which is a big brand of Li nationality medicine with Hainan characteristics,has the effects of dissolving stasis,hemostasis,anti-inflammatory and antibacterial. At present,there is a lack of information about the reference genome of C. nudiflora. The study of the genome size,heterozygosity rate and characteristics of SSR of C. nudiflora,can provide an effective basis for the formulation of the whole genome de novo sequencing strategy and development of SSR molecular markers of C. nudiflora. To realize this purpose,high throughput sequencing platform Illumina Hiseq was used to sequence the genome structure of C. nudiflora and K-mer analysis was applied to estimate genome size,repeat sequences and heterozygosity rate. Simple-sequence repeat( SSR) loci that are suitable as markers were identified by MISA software. The results showed the estimated genome size of C. nudiflora was 822. 43 Mb,with a 0. 85% heterozygosity rate and 71. 67% repeats,and the GC content of genome was about 49. 20%. Therefore,C. nudiflora belongs to a complex genome with high heterozygosity and repetition. SSR molecular genetic markers were analyzed in the genome sequence,and a total of 206 049 SSRs were identified,among which mono-nucleotide,di-nucleotide and tri-nucleotide repetitive motifs summed up to 198 993,accounting for 96. 57% of the total SSRs. Among the 2-6 nucleotide repeats,AT/AT,AAT/ATT,AGCC/CTGG,AAAAT/ATTTT and AGATAT/ATATCT have the largest number,respectively. This report represents the first genome-wide characterization of C. nudiflora,and provides a reference for the construction of the library for the fine sequencing of the genome,and a molecular basis for the development of SSR molecular markers as well as for the protection and utilization of gene resources.
Callicarpa/genetics* ; Genetic Markers ; Genome, Plant ; Microsatellite Repeats ; Polymorphism, Genetic

Aged ; China ; Forests ; Humans ; Life Style ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; therapy

Chronic heart failure (CHF), a clinical syndrome resulting from the consequences of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), is increasingly becoming a global cause of morbidity and mortality. We had earlier demonstrated that a 4-day forest bathing trip can provide an adjunctive therapeutic influence on patients with CHF. To further investigate the duration of the impact and the optimal frequency of forest bathing trips in patients with CHF, we recruited those subjects who had experienced the first forest bathing trip again after 4 weeks and randomly categorized them into two groups, namely, the urban control group (city) and the forest bathing group (forest). After a second 4-day forest bathing trip, we observed a steady decline in the brain natriuretic peptide levels, a biomarker of heart failure, and an attenuated inflammatory response as well as oxidative stress. Thus, this exploratory study demonstrated the additive benefits of twice forest bathing trips in elderly patients with CHF, which could further pave the way for analyzing the effects of such interventions in CVDs.
Aged ; Chronic Disease ; Complementary Therapies ; methods ; Forests ; Heart Failure ; blood ; drug therapy ; therapy ; Heart Function Tests ; Humans ; Interleukin-6 ; blood ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; blood ; Oxidative Stress ; Recreation ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ; blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate the feasibility and therapeutic effect of subcutaneous pedicle screw-rod system with modified placement in treatment of Tile B pelvic fractures.

METHODSFrom June 2014 to August 2015, 14 patients with Tile B pelvic fractures were treated by subcutaneous pedicle screw-rod system with modified placement in the anterior inferior iliac spine and pubic tubercle. There were 8 males and 6 females, aged from 23 to 65 years with an average of 42 years. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing and postoperative complication were observed and clinical effects were evaluated by Matta reduction standard and Majeed score.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up from 8 to 15 months with an average of 10.5 months. Operative time was 25 to 45 min with an average of 32 min;intraoperative blood loss was 10 to 35 ml with an average of 18 ml. All fractures got primary healing and healed time was 9 to 14 weeks with an average of 12.5 weeks. No postoperative incision infection, internal fixation failure and ectopic ossification were found, 4 cases occurred unilateral lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury and 1 case occurred unilateral femoral nerve paralysis, but all restored finally. According to Matta criteria, reduction was excellent in 7 cases, good in 5 cases, fair in 2 case. According to Majeed score system, the functional evaluation at last follow-up was excellent in 5 cases, good in 7 cases, fair in 2 cases with the average score of 81.50±8.05.

CONCLUSIONSSubcutaneous pedicle screw-rod system with modified placement in the anterior inferior iliac spine and pubic tubercle have advantages of strong reduction, less trauma and complications, and is a promising surgical method in the treatment of Tile B pelvic fractures.

To introduce peptidoglycan recycling and the β-lactams resistance mechanisms of bacteria, so that some help would be supplied to corresponding scientific workers and university teachers. By searching literatures, combined with our own studies, the bactericidal mechanisms of β-lactams and the resistance mechanisms of bacteria to β-lactams were summarized. The bactericidal activity of β-lactams is resulted from the inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis through combination with penicillin binding proteins such as transpeptidase destruction of peptidoglycan balances between biosynthesis and hydrolysis. The drug resistance of bacteria is resulted from the induction of β-lactamase, expression of out-pumping proteins, increase of outmembrane permeability, and modification of antibiotic target proteins. The proteins related to peptidoglycan recycling, such as transpeptidase and glycosyltransferase, would be potential targets for screening new β-lactams. The proteins related to β-lactams resistance, such as β-lactamase, would be potential targets for screening adjuvant drugs of β-lactams.

Objective To learn the present situation and influencing factors of job satisfaction and turnover intention among staff in primary health institutions in Jingning county,Zhejiang province. Methods Questionnaire investigation was conducted targeted to primary health workers in Jingning County. One hundred and ninety nine questionnaires were included in the analysis. One - way ANOVA and multivariable logistic regression were applied to analyze relative indicators. Results The mean score of general job satisfaction among primary health workers was 76. 39 ± 7. 28 in Jingning County. The two items with the lowest two scores of job satisfaction were compensation(2. 81 ± 0. 97)and advancement(3. 38 ± 0. 86),and the highest two were co - worker(4. 23 ± 0. 49)and moral value(4. 15 ± 0. 58). The percentage of turnover intention was 6. 75% in permanent workers and 36. 11% in temporary contract workers. Multivariable logistic regression showed that compensation was the main influencing factor associated with turnover intention(OR = 0. 33,95% CI:0. 19 -0. 58). Conclusion The primary health workers Jingning County are basically satisfied with their job,and low income and difficult promotion are the main problems at the moment. Increasing financial input,reforming income distribution mechanism and improving promotion channels are necessary to develop human resource in primary health institutions and to insure successful implementation of health care reform.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease ,which is still endemic in western China .An earthquake struck south-western China on May 12th ,2008 ,which affected Longnan City of Gansu Province considerably .The objective of this survey is to determine the effect of the Wenchuan earthquake on the Kala-azar epidemic in Longnan City .In this study ,VL cases were collected from 2005 to 2013 and diagnosed on positive test for anti-rK39IgG antibodies by the Kala-azar Detect rK39 dip-stick (InBios ,USA) .The incidence rates were calculated among various counties of Longnan City with SPSS 19 .0 soft-ware .The epidemiological characteristics of the disease were analyzed before and after the Wenchuan earthquake .From 2005 to 2013 ,there were 825 VL cases in Longnan City ,with an annual incidence of 3 .36/100 000 and a significantly higher incidence in males than that in females (P＜ 0 .001) .All age groups were affected .During this period ,there was an obvious upward trend from 2005 to 2008 ,and a distinct downward tendency since 2010 .The incidences of VL between 2008 and 2010 were sig-nificantly different with that in other years (P＜0 .01) .Results revealed that VL was widespread in Longnan City ,which was likely exacerbated by the earthquake in 2008 .Earthquake created diverse natural environment and social circumstances ,w hich may contribute to the spread of the VL epidemic .Together ,our data strongly suggest that the epidemic of VL should be close-ly monitored after earthquake .