ObjectiveTo investigate the material basis of homologous and heterogeneous effect of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus（AFI） and Aurantii Fructus（AF） based on the total statistical moment analysis and molecular connectivity index（MCI）. MethodRelevant literature at home and abroad and Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform（TCMSP） were consulted to establish the chemical composition database of AFI and AF， and set up their fingerprints by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）， and the total statistical moments and similarity parameters of the fingerprint were calculated. According to MCI， all components of AFI and AF were divided into different component groups， the average values of 0-8^th order（⁰χ-⁸χ） MCI of the common component groups of AFI and AF were calculated. ResultThe values of total zero-order moment（AUC_T） of AFI and AF were （10.57±2.45）×10⁶， （5.09±0.89）×10⁶ μV·s， the values of total first-order moment（MCRT_T） were （11.57±1.58）， （12.10±1.29） min， the values of total second-order moments（VCRT_T） were（24.49±2.30）， （26.49±2.54） min²， respectively. It showed that qualitative and quantitative parameters of AFI and AF were significantly different. The components with high similarity such as neohesperidin， hesperidin and narirutin were screened as the common potential pharmacodynamic components of AFI and AF. The non-common components of AFI， such as alysifolinone and imperatorin， and the non-common components of AF， such as neoeriocitrin and isosakuranin， with high similarity were screened out as potential heterogeneous components of AFI and AF. The composition groups of AFI and AF were classified into six categories， and the similarities between the composition groups of AFI and AF and the total constituents were 0.872-0.979 and 0.918-0.997， the average values of ⁰χ-⁸χ MCI of alkaloids in AFI and AF were 3.65 and 3.14， the average values of ⁰χ-⁸χ MCI of flavonoids were 8.47 and 8.47， the average values of ⁰χ-⁸χ MCI of volatile oils were 2.71 and 3.48， respectively. It showed that there were some differences in MCI of chemical constituents（groups） between AFI and AF. ConclusionThe chemical constituents（groups） of AFI and AF not only differ in content and species， but also in structural characteristics and structure-activity relationship， which can provide a basis for further explaining the scientific connotation of homologous and heterogeneous effect of AFI and AF.

Objective: To explore mental health status of vocational college students and its association with physical exercise and exercise motivation, so as to provide data support for the promotion of physical exercise, exercise motivation theory and the protection of mental health among vocational college students. Methods: From June 2 to July 2, 2023, a convenience sampling method was used to select 1 763 college students from three vocational colleges in Sichuan, Chongqing, and Guizhou for the survey. Physical Activity Rating Scale (PARS-3), Motives for Physical Activities Measure-Revised (MPAM-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Flourishing Scale (FS) were used to assess physical exercise, exercise motivation, depressive symptoms and flourishing levels of vocational college students. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between physical exercise, exercise motivation, depression as the negative indicator of mental health and flourishing as the positive indicator of mental health. Results: There were negative correlations between physical exercise, exercise motivation and their five factors with depression scores among vocational college students ( r=-0.162--0.133, P <0.01). Physical exercise, health motivation and pleasure motivation were positively correlated with flourishing and its eight factors among vocational college students ( r= 0.054 -0.099, P <0.05). Depression scores and flourishing scores varied significantly across students with different levels of physical exercise and exercise motivation ( F=11.18-15.69, 2.80-16.05, P <0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that physical exercise, health motivation, and total exercise motivation scores were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms ( β = -0.02 , -0.11, -0.35), and physical exercise, health motivation, pleasure motivation, and total exercise motivation scores were positively correlated with flourishing ( β =0.31, 0.32, 0.50, 0.30) ( P <0.05). Conclusions Physical exercise and exercise motivation are significantly associated with mental health of vocational college students. Enhancing physical exercise and increasing exercise motivation in aspects of health and pleasure can promote mental health of vocational college students.

Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma, ZR) and Jiangtan (Carbonized Zingiberis Rhizoma, CZR) have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with a rich history in the treatment of various ailments. While ZR and CZR obviously stem from the same botanical source, their attributes, chemical compositions, pharmacological behaviors, and clinical applications are different owing to variations in the extent of drying and processing they undergo. In this paper, data pertaining to ZR and CZR were retrieved from databases including China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. These sources were scrutinized to elucidate the distinctions between ZR and CZR arising from carbonization processing in terms of their ethnopharmacology, quality control, chemical compositions, biological activities, pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical uses. In this study, a total of 56 chemical constituents were identified and isolated from ZR and CZR, which primarily encompassed volatile oils, gingerols, and diphenylheptane compounds. CZR's pharmacological effects include hemostatic, anti-oxidant, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-cancer, and other biological activities. ZR has pungent and warm properties. It is a Yang-supplementing herbal medicine for ailments exacerbated by cold or damp climatic influences. CZR is a product of ZR after undergoing high temperature, with diminished intensity of its pungent and warm attributes. This change leads to a more gradual treatment efficacy, renowned hemostatic effects and its ability to gently invigorate the spleen and effectively alleviate diarrhea. Currently, research on the pharmacological mechanism of CZR is mainly focused on the effects of CZR on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Although the healing effect of CZR has long been known, and some correlation has been found between the changing composition and the changing color of the decoctions, people still lack relatively clear processing mechanisms to reflect the characteristics and specific quality standards of the ingredients of CZR's hemostatic effect. This review provides a systematic summary on quality control, chemical composition, ethnopharmacology, and pharmacology of CZR, offering novel perspectives for advancing the exploration of additional carbonized herbal medicine and fostering their application in clinical settings

ObjectiveTo compare the similarities and differences of material basis for improving insulin resistance （IR） in different parts of Morus alba based on liquid-mass combination combined with network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. MethodUltra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS） was used to analyze the composition differences in different parts of M. alba. Sybyl-X2.1 was used to connect components with IR core targets， and the selection criterion was Total Score≥5. The "component-target-disease" network map was drawn. The total statistical moment standard similarity （TQSMSS） between the single target-component docking score data set and the total target-component docking score data set was calculated. The targets with higher TQSMSS were screened out， and the protein-protein interaction （PPI） network was constructed. The Gene Ontology （GO） functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） pathway enrichment analysis were performed using R language. ResultForty-one active components were obtained by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. According to the total statistical moment （similarity） method， there were 20， 23， 30， and 27 targets with TQSMSS≥0.75 in Mori Ramulus， Mori Cortex， Mori Fructus， and Mori Folium， respectively. In the four M. alba medicinal sources， the functional order of the targets by GO enrichment analysis was Mori Fructus>Mori Folium>Mori Cortex>Mori Ramulus， which were involved in biological processes such as blood glucose homeostasis， glucose metabolism， and glucose transmembrane transport. The order of the four M. alba medicinal sources by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis was Mori Fructus>Mori Ramulus>Mori Folium>Mori Cortex， which were involved in the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK） energy metabolism signaling pathway， the insulin regulation-related signaling pathway， the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress signaling pathway， and so on. ConclusionThis research demonstrates that there are differences in the material basis for improving IR by different parts of M. alba， which provides references for the development of different parts of M. alba.

Periodontitis is the most widespread oral disease and is closely related to the oral microbiota. The oral microbiota is adversely affected by some pharmacologic treatments. Systemic antibiotics are widely used for infectious diseases but can lead to gut dysbiosis, causing negative effects on the human body. Whether systemic antibiotic-induced gut dysbiosis can affect the oral microbiota or even periodontitis has not yet been addressed. In this research, mice were exposed to drinking water containing a cocktail of four antibiotics to explore how systemic antibiotics affect microbiota pathogenicity and oral bone loss. The results demonstrated, for the first time, that gut dysbiosis caused by long-term use of antibiotics can disturb the oral microbiota and aggravate periodontitis. Moreover, the expression of cytokines related to Th17 was increased while transcription factors and cytokines related to Treg were decreased in the periodontal tissue. Fecal microbiota transplantation with normal mice feces restored the gut microbiota and barrier, decreased the pathogenicity of the oral microbiota, reversed the Th17/Treg imbalance in periodontal tissue, and alleviated alveolar bone loss. This study highlights the potential adverse effects of long-term systemic antibiotics-induced gut dysbiosis on the oral microbiota and periodontitis. A Th17/Treg imbalance might be related to this relationship. Importantly, these results reveal that the periodontal condition of patients should be assessed regularly when using systemic antibiotics in clinical practice.
Humans ; Mice ; Animals ; Dysbiosis ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology* ; Virulence ; Microbiota ; Periodontitis/chemically induced* ; Cytokines

ObjectiveBased on the supramolecular "imprinting template" theory， the autonomous action law of the component groups of Shentong Zhuyutang in the preparation process of medicinal materials-decoction pieces-formulas was studied to clarify the quantitative transfer law of its quality attributes. MethodUltra performance liquid chromatography（UPLC） fingerprint of Shentong Zhuyutang was established with mobile phase of 0.4% phosphoric acid aqueous solution（A）-acetonitrile（B） for gradient elution（0-2.5 min， 100%A； 2.5-6 min， 100%-96%A； 6-15 min， 96%-92%A； 15-25 min， 92%-88%A； 25-35 min， 88%-75%A； 35-50 min， 75%-65%A； 50-60 min， 65%-50%A； 60-65 min， 50%-30%A； 65-70 min， 100%A） and detection wavelength of 235 nm， and the total statistical moments， information entropy and primary feeding amount of fingerprint of medicinal materials， decoction pieces and benchmark samples were calculated. Dry extract rate of the benchmark samples， the transfer rates and the addition parameters of medicinal materials-decoction pieces-formulas were calculated. ResultSimilarities of the total statistical moments of UPLC fingerprint of 15 batches of medicinal materials and decoction pieces were>0.89， the relative standard deviations（RSDs） of information entropy of UPLC fingerprint of 12 medicinal materials and decoction pieces were<10%. RSDs of total first-order moment（MCRT_T） and information entropy of Shentong Zhuyutang（medicinal materials） were 5.5% and 2.3%， while the RSDs of MCRT_T and information entropy of Shentong Zhuyutang（decoction pieces） were 4.8% and 2.6%， respectively. The dry extract rate of 45 batches of Shentong Zhuyutang was 17.2%-20.2%. The transfer rate of medicinal materials to decoction pieces was within the range of data fluctuation， which was 70%-130% of the average value. The overall transfer rates of medicinal materials to decoction pieces and decoction pieces to benchmark samples were 101.8% and 83.0%， respectively. ConclusionThe quality properties of Shentong Zhuyutang benchmark samples can be studied by total statistical moment analysis and primary feeding amount analysis， which can confirm the supramolecular "imprinting template" theory to a certain extent.

【Objective】 To reveal the integral in vivo polypharmacokinetics (PPK) similarity or difference between Jinyinhua (Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, LJF) and Shanyinhua (Lonicerae Flos, LF), and provide reference for their clinical application. 【Methods】 The PPK model and its total quantum statistical moment similarity (TQSMS) method were used to compare the integral PPK profiles of nine components with anti-inflammatory efficacy (rutin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, dispsacoside B, macranthoidin B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B, and isochlorogenic acid C) of LJF and LF. A total of 54 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) grade Kunming (KM) mice were randomized into LJF group and LF group (n = 27), and each group was divided into nine subgroups (n = 3) according to different time points. Subsequently, mice model of p-xylene-induced ear edema was constructed by oral administration of LJF and LF. The concentrations of the nine anti-inflammatory components in plasma samples of the mice were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). And the pharmacokinetics (PK) parameters of single component and the integral PPK parameters [total quantum statistical moment (TQSM) and TQSMS] of multiple components were calculated by Drug And Statistics (DAS) software and home-brew programs with Excel, respectively. 【Results】 There were significant differences in single-component PK parameters between LJF and LF (P < 0.05). Whereas, no significant differences were found in multi-component TQSM parameters, including total quantum zero moment (AUCT0-t, AUCT0-∞) and total quantum first moment (MRTT0-t, MRTT0-∞) for the total quanta (P > 0.05). Accordingly, single-component TQSMS varied from 0.220 4 to 0.968 9, and that for the total quanta was 0.828 4, suggesting no significant differences in the speed and extent of bioavailability between LJF and LF. Furthermore, in light of high TQSMS (0.828 4), the integral PPK profiles of the nine anti-inflammatory components of LJF and LF were similar under 90% confidence intervals. 【Conclusion】 The PPK model and its TQSMS method are appropriate and efficient to compare the similarity or difference of integral PPK profiles of multi-component herbal medicines. It is suggested in this research that LJF can be replaced with LF or vice versa for anti-inflammatory treatment.

ObjectiveTo explore the material basis for the difference in the efficacy of different parts of mulberry based on molecular connectivity index （MCI）. MethodBy referring to the relevant literature at home and abroad and traditional Chinese medicine systems pharmacology database and analysis platform （TCMSP） database， the chemical composition database of mulberry-source medicinal materials was established. Venn analysis was carried out on the components among mulberry-source medicinal materials. The components in the database were divided into 10 categories， and the composition information was analyzed. According to MCI value， all components of mulberry-source medicinal materials were divided into different groups. The angle cosine method was used to calculate the MCI similarity. The average MCI values of the common component group from 0-8 orders and CI of mulberry-source medicinal materials were calculated. ResultThe components with high similarity such as （+）-cycloolivil， 1′-methoxy-2′-hydroxydihydromollugin， kuwanon， morusin and 1-deoxynojirimycin were selected as potential pharmacodynamic components. Mulberry-source medicinal materials could be divided into five component groups. The similarity between component groups and total components was 0.760-0.999， and the similarity between component groups was 0.248-0.999. In Mori Ramulus， Mori Folium， Mori Cortex and Mori Fructus， the average MCI values of their flavonoids from 0-8 orders were 4.57， 4.59， 6.41， 4.24， respectively. The average MCI values of alkaloids from 0-8 orders were 2.65， 4.55， 2.58， 2.78， respectively. The average CI values from 0-8 orders were 5.51， 5.49， 5.44 and 2.88， respectively. ConclusionIt is preliminarily concluded that there are differences in the flavonoids and pathways of hypoglycemic effects between Mori Cortex and the other three mulberry-source medicinal materials. The MCI values of alkaloids from 0-8 orders in Mori Folium and Mori Fructus were higher， but their inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase were lower than those of Mori Ramulus and Mori Cortex. The structural characteristics of the total components of Mori Fructus represented by CI were quite different from the other three mulberry-source medicinal materials.

Periodontitis is a widespread oral disease characterized by continuous inflammation of the periodontal tissue and an irreversible alveolar bone loss, which eventually leads to tooth loss. Four-octyl itaconate (4-OI) is a cell-permeable itaconate derivative and has been recognized as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we explored, for the first time, the protective effect of 4-OI on inhibiting periodontal destruction, ameliorating local inflammation, and the underlying mechanism in periodontitis. Here we showed that 4-OI treatment ameliorates inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide in the periodontal microenvironment. 4-OI can also significantly alleviate inflammation and alveolar bone loss via Nrf2 activation as observed on samples from experimental periodontitis in the C57BL/6 mice. This was further confirmed as silencing Nrf2 blocked the antioxidant effect of 4-OI by downregulating the expression of downstream antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, molecular docking simulation indicated the possible mechanism under Nrf2 activation. Also, in Nrf2^-/- mice, 4-OI treatment did not protect against alveolar bone dysfunction due to induced periodontitis, which underlined the importance of the Nrf2 in 4-OI mediated periodontitis treatment. Our results indicated that 4-OI attenuates inflammation and oxidative stress via disassociation of KEAP1-Nrf2 and activation of Nrf2 signaling cascade. Taken together, local administration of 4-OI offers clinical potential to inhibit periodontal destruction, ameliorate local inflammation for more predictable periodontitis.
Alveolar Bone Loss/prevention & control* ; Animals ; Antioxidants/pharmacology* ; Inflammation ; Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1/metabolism* ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; NF-E2-Related Factor 2/metabolism* ; Periodontitis/prevention & control* ; Succinates

In order to prevent the teaching reform of organ system curriculum from fall of teaching quality, the teaching effect of organ system curriculum and subject curriculum system in teaching the basic knowledge of pathophysiology was compared. In organ system curriculum teaching, there was no difference between the grades of students in Batch 2011 and Batch 2012 who conformed to the teaching principle of "gradual improvement" and those of the students taught with subject curriculum system. On the contrary, the students of Batch 2013 and Batch 2014 with insufficient curriculum content integration had a decreasing trend or a significant reduction in the teaching effect of organ system curriculum compared with that of subject curriculum system. After the supplementary for curriculum knowledge was made, the teaching effect of the organ system was significantly improved, which was better than that of the subject curriculum system. In conclusion, we have summarized and reflected on the effectiveness of the teaching reform of organ system curriculum, once again proved that basic medical teaching must also follow the inherent law of medical education, which is the teaching principle of "gradual improvement."