BACKGROUND: Rebaudioside A and erythritol are nonnutritive sweeteners. There have been several studies of their glycemic effects, but the outcomes remain controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the glycemic effects of rebaudioside A and erythritol as a sweetener in people with glucose intolerance. METHODS: This trial evaluated the glycemic effect after 2 weeks of consumption of rebaudioside A and erythritol as sweeteners in a pre-diabetic population. The patients were evaluated for fructosamine, fasting plasma glucose, C-peptide, insulin, and 2-hour plasma glucose before and after consumption of sweetener. The primary outcome was a change in fructosamine levels from the baseline to the end of treatment. Secondary outcomes were the changes in levels of fasting plasma glucose and 2-hour plasma glucose. RESULTS: From the baseline to the end of experiment, the changes in fructosamine levels after consumption of rebaudioside A and erythritol, did not differ significantly (244.00±19.57 vs. 241.68±23.39 µmol/L, P=0.366). The change in levels from the baseline to end of the study for rebaudioside A and erythritol were fasting plasma glucose (102.56±10.72 vs. 101.32±9.20 mg/dL), 2-hour plasma glucose (154.92±54.53 vs. 141.92±42.22 mg/dL), insulin (7.56±4.29 vs. 7.20±5.12 IU/mL), and C-peptide (2.92±1.61 vs. 2.73±1.31 ng/mL), respectively, and also did not differ significantly (P>0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that consumption of rebaudioside A and erythritol does not alter the glucose homeostasis in people with glucose intolerance.
Blood Glucose ; C-Peptide ; Erythritol* ; Fasting ; Fructosamine ; Glucose Intolerance* ; Glucose* ; Homeostasis ; Humans ; Insulin ; Sweetening Agents

PURPOSE: Diabetic complications are a major concern to manage progression of diabetes. Production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) due to high blood glucose is one of the mechanisms leading to diabetic complications. Multiple pharmacologic AGE inhibitory agents are currently under development, but clinical applications are still limited due to safety issues. Thus, it is necessary to identify a safe anti-glycation agent. It is known that burdock roots have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. The objective of the present study was to investigate the inhibitory role of burdock roots on the formation of high glucose-induced glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). METHODS: In this study, glycation of BSA by glucose, galactose, or fructose at 37℃ for 3 weeks was assessed based on levels of α-dicarbonyl compounds (early-stage glycation products), fructosamine (intermediate products of glycation), and fluorescent AGEs (late-stage glycation products). In order to compare the inhibitory actions of burdock root extract in AGE formation, aminoguanidine (AG), a pharmacological AGE inhibitor, was used as a positive control. RESULTS: BSA glycation by glucose, fructose, and galatose was dose- and time-dependently produced. Burdock root extract at a concentration of 4 mg/mL almost completely inhibited glucose-induced BSA glycation. The results demonstrate that burdock root extract inhibited AGE formation with an IC₅₀ value of 1.534 mg/mL, and inhibitory activity was found to be more effective than the standard anti-glycation agent aminoguanidine. This study identified a novel function of burdock root as a potential anti-glycation agent. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that burdock root could be beneficial for preventing diabetic complications.
Arctium* ; Blood Glucose ; Diabetes Complications ; Fructosamine ; Fructose ; Galactose ; Glucose ; Glycosylation End Products, Advanced ; Hyperglycemia ; Serum Albumin, Bovine

This case report describes the long-term follow-up of a 22-year-old, female patient with type 1 diabetes managed by conservative oral care and glycemic control measures. She is on a twice a day insulin regimen. Tooth numbers 13 and 37 had pockets less than 6 mm while all remaining teeth had greater than 6 mm. Periodontal management consisted of root planing combined with instructions on diabetes self-management skills at home. Nine weeks after the first sextant was treated, pocket depth measurements in 93 (81.6%) out of 114 sites and bleeding on probing (BOP) scores in 11 (57.9%) out of 19 teeth decreased. There was a 50% reduction in the C reactive Protein and a 46.7% decrease in the fructosamine assay levels. Initial glycohemoglobin level of 8.3% decreased substantially to 7.1%. The goal of the dentist is no longer just the improvement of oral health but ultimately the overall health of the patient and the physician's goal is to include oral health in the promotion of overall health.

Human ; Female ; Adult ; Young Adult ; Blood Glucose ; C-reactive Protein ; Clinical Protocols ; Dentists ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ; Diabetes Mellitus ; Fructosamine ; Insulin ; Oral Health ; Self Care ; Tooth Root ; Periodontitis

This study is to evaluate the anti-diabetic effects of the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor valibose in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetes rat model. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (58 mg x kg(-1), ip) in SD rats, rats with elevated fasting blood glucose levels (250-450 mg x dL(-1)) were selected and divided into five groups (n = 10 in each). Another ten normal SD rats were chosen as normal group. Valibose mixed with the high sucrose diets (0.4, 1.0 and 2.5 mg 100 g(-1) diets) or acarbose (30 mg x 100 g(-1) diets) was administrated in the diabetic rats for about 5 weeks. In all groups, fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, plasma lipids, glycosylated serum protein, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), creatinine (Cre), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and urine sugar levels were determined during the treatment. At the end of the experiment, the morphological alterations in kidney were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. After 3-weeks administration, valibose significantly decreased postprandial and fasting blood glucose, urine glucose, and reduced the levels of serum fructosamine. Valibose also decreased plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels after 4 weeks treatment. These results indicated that valibose ameliorated metabolic disturbance of glucose and lipids in STZ-induced diabetic rats. In addition, valibose markedly reduced level of serum NAG and BUN, and decreased the weight index of kidney. HE staining showed reduced kidney pathological changes after valibose treatment. The findings of the present study indicate that valibose may be a novel alpha-glucosidase inhibitor for the prevention from hyperglycemia in STZ-induced type 1 diabetes rats. And valibose might have a potential role for protecting against diabetic nephropathy during hyperglycemia.
Acetylglucosaminidase ; blood ; Animals ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Cholesterol ; blood ; Creatinine ; blood ; Cyclohexanols ; pharmacology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; pathology ; Diabetic Nephropathies ; prevention & control ; Enzyme Inhibitors ; pharmacology ; Fructosamine ; blood ; Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors ; Hyperglycemia ; prevention & control ; Hypoglycemic Agents ; pharmacology ; Kidney ; pathology ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Triglycerides ; blood ; Weight Gain ; drug effects

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects and mechanism of extract of Apocynum venetum (AV) on kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The indexes of the blood glucose, renal function and oxidative stress were observed. The DM rats were administrated with the AV for 8 weeks, the above-mentioned indexes were detected. The blood glucose level, BUN, 24 h urine protein excretion, urine volume, renal index, renal cortex's MDA level in model groups all increased significantly. Renal cortex's SOD and GSH activities decreased significantly compared with the normal control group (P < 0.05). The above-mentioned indexes were significantly improved by the AV treatment (P < 0.05). AV have protective effects on renal function of kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and maybe via inhibition of the renal oxidative stress.
Animals ; Apocynum ; chemistry ; Blood Glucose ; metabolism ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Creatinine ; blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; blood ; drug therapy ; pathology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Fructosamine ; blood ; Glutathione Peroxidase ; metabolism ; Kidney ; physiopathology ; Kidney Cortex ; pathology ; Male ; Malondialdehyde ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Superoxide Dismutase ; metabolism

An 8-year-old male Austrian Pinscher and a 14-year-old male Golden Retriever were presented for evaluation due to unexplainable high fructosamine values despite euglycemia and epistaxis in combination with polydipsia/polyuria, respectively. Blood analysis revealed severe hyperglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia and markedly elevated fructosamine concentrations in both dogs. Multiple myeloma with IgA-monoclonal gammopathy was diagnosed by serum and urine electrophoresis including immunodetection with an anti-dog IgA antibody and bone marrow aspirations. Diabetes mellitus was excluded by repeated plasma and urine glucose measurements. Fructosamine values were positively correlated with globulin, but negatively correlated with albumin concentrations. These cases suggest that, as in human patients, monoclonal IgA gammopathy should be considered as a possible differential diagnosis for dogs with high fructosamine concentrations.
Animals ; Blood Proteins/analysis ; Dog Diseases/*blood/drug therapy ; Dogs ; Fructosamine/*blood ; Immunoglobulin A/*metabolism ; Male ; Melphalan/therapeutic use ; Multiple Myeloma/complications/drug therapy/*veterinary ; Myeloablative Agonists/therapeutic use ; Paraproteinemias/blood/complications/drug therapy/*veterinary

BACKGROUND: It is known that chronic sustained hyperglycemia and its consequent oxidative stress causes diabetic complication in type 2 diabetes. It has been further proven that glycemic variability causes oxidative stress. The aim of this study is to measure the average daily risk range (ADDR)-index of glycemic variability, and to evaluate relevant variables. METHODS: We measured the blood glucose level of type 2 diabetic patients who were treated with multiple daily injections from January to July, 2008. The blood glucose levels were checked four times a day for 14 days and were conversed according to the ADRR formula. The degree of glycemic variability was categorized into non-fluctuation and fluctuation groups. We collected patient data on age, sex, duration of diabetes, body mass index, HOMA(IR), HOMA(betacell) and HbA1c. RESULTS: A total of 97 patients were enrolled in this study. The mean age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c and mean ADRR were 57.6 +/- 13.4, 11.5 +/- 8.5 years, 10.7 +/- 2.5%, and 26.6 +/- 9.8, respectively. We classified 18.5% of the patients to the non-fluctuation group, and 81.5% to the fluctuation group. ADRR was significantly correlated with duration of diabetes, fasting and postprandial glucose, fructosamine, HbA1c and BMI and HOMAbetacell. In addition, this study confirmed that BMI, HOMAbetacell and HbA1c were ADRR-related independent variables. CONCLUSION: ADRR can be used as an index for blood glucose fluctuation in type 2 diabetic patients. Measuring ADRR in patients with low BMI and a long duration of diabetes is helpful to improve the effectiveness of their care.
Blood Glucose ; Body Mass Index ; Diabetes Complications ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Fasting ; Fructosamine ; Glucose ; Humans ; Hyperglycemia ; Inpatients ; Oxidative Stress

OBJECTIVETo observe the improvement effects of puerarin on glycated brain damages in rat model induced by D-galactose.

METHODThe model rats of protein glycation were induced by intraperitoneal administration of D-galactose (150 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) for 8 weeks, and all rats were treated with puerarin (high dose 300 mg x kg(-1), middle dose 150 mg x kg(-1), low dose 75 mg x kg(-1)) for 6 weeks. The activity of aldose reductase in red blood cells, the amount of glycated products (fructosamine in serum, glycohaemoglobin, advanced glycation end-products) and AGEs in brain tissue, calcium ion in brain cells were measured. Moreover, mitochondria in brain hippocampus cells were observed under electronic microscope.

RESULTHigh dose and middle dose of puerarin can decrease the activity of aldose reductase in red blood cells (P < 0.01), and inhibit the formation of glycation products significantly in model rats induced by D-galactose (P < 0.01). Also, puerarin can decrease the content of AGEs in brain and the level of calcium ions in brain cells (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), and decrease lesions degree in mitochondria in brain hippocampus cells.

CONCLUSIONPuerarin can produce the protective effects on glycated brain damages through inhibiting the glycation reaction in rats induced by D-galactose.

Aldehyde Reductase ; metabolism ; Animals ; Brain ; metabolism ; pathology ; Calcium ; metabolism ; Erythrocytes ; enzymology ; Female ; Fructosamine ; blood ; Galactose ; antagonists & inhibitors ; Glycated Hemoglobin A ; metabolism ; Glycation End Products, Advanced ; metabolism ; Hippocampus ; ultrastructure ; Isoflavones ; isolation & purification ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mitochondria ; ultrastructure ; Neuroprotective Agents ; pharmacology ; Plants, Medicinal ; chemistry ; Pueraria ; chemistry ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley

BACKGROUNDThe concentration of serum fructosamine is correlated with plasma glucose level. The aim of this study was to determine whether the level of serum fructosamine can be diagnostic for abnormal glucose tolerance in pregnant women.

METHODSSerum samples were collected from 161 pregnant women between November 2004 and April 2005. The women were divided into three groups according to the gestational age (16 - 20 weeks group, 56 patients; 28 - 34 weeks group, 72; and 37 - 41 weeks group, 33). Each group was subdivided into normal and abnormal glucose tolerance subgroups. The levels of serum fructosamine were measured. Differences among the groups were assessed by ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls test. Correlations between the level of fructosamine and other variables including the results of glucose challenge test (GCT), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test, and infant's birth weight were analyzed by Pearson correlation.

RESULTSThe level of serum fructosamine decreased with gestational age [(223.25 +/- 48.90) micromol/L, (98.44 +/- 29.57) micromol/L, and (53.99 +/- 29.94) micromol/L, respectively. P < 0.05]. It was higher in women with abnormal glucose tolerance than that in women with normal glucose tolerance, however, the difference reached statistical significance only in the 28 - 34 weeks group (P < 0.05). In this group, the level of serum fructosamine correlated positively with the GCT result (r = 0.28, P < 0.05). No correlation was found between fructosamine level and OGTT result, HbA1c level, or neonatal weight.

CONCLUSIONSFructosamine can be used to monitor the glucose level of pregnant women with abnormal glucose tolerance, and to identify the patients at high risk of abnormal glucose tolerance, but can not be used to predict gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in early stage of pregnancy.

Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Diabetes, Gestational ; blood ; Female ; Fructosamine ; blood ; Glucose Intolerance ; blood ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications ; blood

The hypoglycemic effects after oral administration of vanadium have been studied previously in many species such as rats, mice and even humans. However, there has been no prior report on the glucose lowering effect of vanadium on diabetic dogs. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of oral vanadium on diabetic dogs. Diabetes mellitus in the dogs studied was induced by alloxan monohydrate intravenous injection. The dogs were divided into two groups, one was the diabetic control (DC) group (n = 4) and the other was the vanadium treated (DV) group (n = 6). Fresh water was supplied to the dogs in the DC group, but sodium metavanadate solution (0.1~0.2 mg/ml) was given to the dogs in DV group from one week after the alloxan injection. The fasting glucose levels, fructosamine and serum chemistry profiles were compared between the two groups weekly for three weeks. The fasting blood glucose levels in DV group were significantly lower than those in the DC group (p < 0.01). Fructosamine levels in the DV group were also lower than those in the DC group (p < 0.05). The serum chemistry profiles were not significantly different in comparisons between the two groups. However, the cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the DV group compared to the DC group (p < 0.05). Our findings showed that oral vanadium administration had a hypoglycemic effect on chemically induced diabetic dogs.
Alanine Transaminase/blood ; Alkaline Phosphatase/blood ; Animals ; Aspartate Aminotransferases/blood ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Blood Urea Nitrogen ; Chlorides/blood ; Cholesterol/blood ; Creatinine/blood ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood/*drug therapy ; Dog Diseases/blood/*drug therapy ; Dogs ; Female ; Fructosamine/blood ; Hypoglycemic Agents/*pharmacology ; Male ; Pancreas/drug effects/pathology ; Potassium/blood ; Random Allocation ; Sodium/blood ; Triglycerides/blood ; Vanadates/*pharmacology