Formaldehyde, as an important pollutant in indoor air, has always been of great concern. In the newly issued "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)", the standard limit of formaldehyde has been restricted to 0.08 mg/m³. In order to better promote the implementation and application of this new standard, this study reviewed and interpreted the relevant technical content for determining the standard limit, including the indoor concentration and human exposure levels of formaldehyde, the health effects of formaldehyde, and the derivation of safety reference values. It also proposed prospect for the future development and revision of quality standards for formaldehyde in indoor air.
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; Formaldehyde/analysis* ; China ; Environmental Pollutants

Formaldehyde, as an important pollutant in indoor air, has always been of great concern. In the newly issued "Standards for indoor air quality (GB/T 18883-2022)", the standard limit of formaldehyde has been restricted to 0.08 mg/m³. In order to better promote the implementation and application of this new standard, this study reviewed and interpreted the relevant technical content for determining the standard limit, including the indoor concentration and human exposure levels of formaldehyde, the health effects of formaldehyde, and the derivation of safety reference values. It also proposed prospect for the future development and revision of quality standards for formaldehyde in indoor air.
Humans ; Air Pollution, Indoor ; Air Pollutants/analysis* ; Formaldehyde/analysis* ; China ; Environmental Pollutants

formaldehyde (FA) is a universally used chemical for preservation of cadavers in dissection halls. The adverse effects of formalin exposure are health concern to faculty, workers, and students. The benefits of using formalin, its cost effectiveness, and its proper fixation and efficient preservation of tissue, have to outweigh its adverse effects on the health of those working with it. The best way to ensure the benefits outweigh the risks are providing adequate ventilation, using personal protective equipment, and developing awareness of FA's adverse effects. This study observed that both government and private colleges had better ventilation when more windows and doors were present, but active ventilation strategies like powerful exhaust, along with monitoring of FA level (personal or dissection hall), were needed. Students exposed to FA suffered eye and nose mucosal irritation. But faculty and workers with prolonged exposure to FA had more severe respiratory symptoms and suffered migraines. Hence personal FA monitoring and personal protective equipment must be made mandatory for those with prolonged exposure to FA. In addition, proper ventilation should be in place to reduce formalin vapours levels in workspaces.]]>
Cadaver ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Migraine Disorders ; Nose ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Ventilation

Objective Quantitative analysis and comparison of the expression of ribonucleic acid （RNA） from frozen organs and formaldehyde-fixed and paraffin-embedded （FFPE） tissues. Methods Frozen specimens of human brain, myocardium and liver tissues as well as FFPE samples at different postmortem intervals were collected and mass concentration of RNA was extracted and detected. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction （RT-qPCR） technology was used to analyze the amplification efficiency and relative expression of each RNA marker. Results The mass concentration and integrity of RNA extracted from FFPE samples were relatively low compared with frozen specimens. The amplification efficiency of RNA markers was related with RNA species and the length of amplification products. Among them, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase （GAPDH） and β-actin （ACTB） with relatively long amplification products failed to achieve optimal amplification efficiency, whereas 5S ribosomal RNA （5S rRNA） achieved ideal amplification efficiency and showed quite stable expression across various tissues, therefore it was chosen as internal reference marker. The expression quantity of GAPDH and ACTB in frozen specimens with longer postmortem intervals and in FFPE samples with relatively long amplification products was decreased. The expressions of tissue-specific microRNAs （miRNAs）, GAPDH and ACTB with relatively short amplification products had consistency in the same tissues and FFPE samples. Conclusion Through standardizing the RT-qPCR experiment, selecting the appropriate RNA marker and designing primers of appropriate product length, RNA expression levels of FFPE samples can be accurately quantified.
DNA Primers ; Formaldehyde ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/analysis* ; Myocardium ; Paraffin Embedding ; RNA/analysis* ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/standards*

Intestinal parasitic infections remain a major public health problem in many parts of Thailand, particularly in rural areas. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and associated risk factors among the people living in Huai Sai sub-district, Bang Khla district, Chachoengsao Province, central Thailand. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from June 2017 to August 2017 which included a total of 224 participants. Stool samples were examined using a simple direct smear and formalin ethyl acetate concentration technique. Association between risk factors and intestinal parasitic infections was assessed using multivariate logistic regression analysis. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 16.1%. Soil-transmitted helminth infections (14.3%) were more common than protozoan infections (1.8%). The most common intestinal parasites were hookworms (6.7%) followed by Strongyloides stercoralis, (5.0%), Ascaris lumbricoides (1.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (1.3%). Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (1.0%), Giardia intestinalis (0.4%), and Blastocystis hominis (0.4%) were the protozoans identified. A high prevalence of infections was found in male participants of ≥40 years who raised dogs in the households and did not wear boots while working fields. Multivariate analysis showed a significant association of intestinal parasitic infections with gender with the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.4 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.1–5.2 (P=0.020). The results showed a high prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections among adults in rural communities which were particularly apparent regarding the skin-penetrating species of nematodes. A greater focus on intervention is required by improving sanitation and personal hygiene to prevent the spread of intestinal parasitic infections.
Adult ; Ancylostomatoidea ; Animals ; Ascaris lumbricoides ; Blastocystis hominis ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Dogs ; Entamoeba ; Entamoeba histolytica ; Family Characteristics ; Formaldehyde ; Giardia lamblia ; Helminths ; Humans ; Hygiene ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Multivariate Analysis ; Odds Ratio ; Parasites ; Prevalence ; Protozoan Infections ; Public Health ; Risk Factors ; Rural Population ; Sanitation ; Strongyloides stercoralis ; Thailand ; Trichuris

No abstract available.
Adult ; Aged ; Base Sequence ; Bone Marrow/metabolism/pathology ; Female ; Formaldehyde/chemistry ; Gene Frequency ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Multiple Myeloma/diagnosis/genetics ; Mutation ; Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88/chemistry/*genetics/metabolism ; Paraffin Embedding ; Sequence Analysis, DNA/*methods ; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia/diagnosis/genetics

OBJECTIVETo investigate the effects of occupational exposure to formaldehyde on the micronuclei frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers.

METHODSTwo hundred thirty six plywood workers were divided into 3 exposure groups (low, middle and high) according to internal exposure biomarker (formaldehyde human serum albumin conjugate, FA-HSA), which was detected by ELISA. The concentrations of formaldehyde (FA) in air of two workshops were measure using the high performance liquid chromatography. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) test was used to detect the micronuclei frequencies of peripheral blood lymphocyte in 236 workers.

RESULTSThe average concentrations of FA in the low and high exposure workshops were 0.58 +/- 0.20 and 1.48 +/- 0.61 mg/m3, respectively, there was significant difference (P < 0.01). The average concentrations of serum FA-HAS of workers in two workshops were 69.22 +/- 15.37 and 136.29 +/- 89.49 pg/ml, respectively, there was significant difference (P < 0.01). The results of CBMN test showed that the micronucleus frequencies in low, middle and high exposure groups were 1.94 +/- 1.72, 2.10 +/- 1.92 and 2.10 +/- 1.70 per thousand, respectively, there were no significant differences between groups. However, the micronucleus frequencies in accumulative low, middle and high exposure groups were 1.36 +/- 1.36, 2.31 +/- 1.81 and 2.49 +/- 1.92 per thousand, respectively, there were significant differences between different accumulative exposure groups (P < 0.01). The results of correlation analysis indicated that there was a positive correlation between accumulative exposure levels and micronucleus frequencies (r(s) = 0.321, P < 0.01). The accumulative exposure doses may be a risk factor for high micronucleus frequencies in workers exposed to FA (P(trend) = 0.002).

CONCLUSIONFA-HSA levels can serve as an internal exposure biomarker for assessing the exposure level of workers exposed to FA. Accumulative formaldehyde exposure resulted in an increase of micronuclei frequencies of peripheral blood lymphocyte in plywood workers.

Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Biomarkers ; blood ; Formaldehyde ; adverse effects ; blood ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; cytology ; drug effects ; Micronucleus Tests ; Occupational Exposure ; analysis ; Respiratory Hypersensitivity ; blood

PURPOSE: Tumor size and multiplicity are known to be important prognostic factors in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, evaluation of accurate tumor size is subjective and difficult. Furthermore, there are limitations to the objectification of tumor volume in the case of multiple lesions. In this study, we investigated the relation between resection weight after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and the prognosis of NMIBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 406 patients diagnosed with pTa or pT1 bladder tumors after TURBT between September 1999 and May 2010. The patient's age, sex, underlying diseases, cancer stage, grade, multiplicity, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, and resection weight were analyzed in relation to cancer progression and recurrence. The resection weight was weighted after formaldehyde fixation. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 76.9 months (range, 12 to 167 months) in 406 patients diagnosed as having NMIBC. Mean resection weight was 4.5 g (range, 0.1 to 35.0 g). The cancer recurred in 99 patients (24.4%), and disease progression was noted in 30 patients (7.4%). Resection weight was categorized as greater than or less than 2 g by use of receiver operator characteristic curves. Cancer grade (p=0.022) and multiplicity (p=0.043) were significantly related to cancer recurrence in the analysis with Cox's multivariate proportional hazard model. Cancer grade (p=0.001) and resection weight (p=0.018) were related to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Resection weight after TURBT was significantly related to progression of NMIBC. Resection weight was an independent factor of progression. Further management should be considered if the resection weight exceeds 2 g.
Disease Progression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Tumor Burden ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

PURPOSE: Tumor size and multiplicity are known to be important prognostic factors in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, evaluation of accurate tumor size is subjective and difficult. Furthermore, there are limitations to the objectification of tumor volume in the case of multiple lesions. In this study, we investigated the relation between resection weight after transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) and the prognosis of NMIBC. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 406 patients diagnosed with pTa or pT1 bladder tumors after TURBT between September 1999 and May 2010. The patient's age, sex, underlying diseases, cancer stage, grade, multiplicity, tumor size, lymphovascular invasion, and resection weight were analyzed in relation to cancer progression and recurrence. The resection weight was weighted after formaldehyde fixation. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 76.9 months (range, 12 to 167 months) in 406 patients diagnosed as having NMIBC. Mean resection weight was 4.5 g (range, 0.1 to 35.0 g). The cancer recurred in 99 patients (24.4%), and disease progression was noted in 30 patients (7.4%). Resection weight was categorized as greater than or less than 2 g by use of receiver operator characteristic curves. Cancer grade (p=0.022) and multiplicity (p=0.043) were significantly related to cancer recurrence in the analysis with Cox's multivariate proportional hazard model. Cancer grade (p=0.001) and resection weight (p=0.018) were related to disease progression. CONCLUSIONS: Resection weight after TURBT was significantly related to progression of NMIBC. Resection weight was an independent factor of progression. Further management should be considered if the resection weight exceeds 2 g.
Disease Progression ; Follow-Up Studies ; Formaldehyde ; Humans ; Multivariate Analysis ; Prognosis ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Tumor Burden ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms

OBJECTIVE: To establish a scientific foundation for cosmetic supervision and administration based on the analysis of the sanitary quality of cosmetics in Hunan Province during 2010. METHODS: According to Cosmetic Sanitary Standards (set by the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China), 150 random samples of cosmetics in Hunan were assayed both for microbial items (including total plate count, fungus and yeast, fecal coliform, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa) and chemical items (including 17 kinds of prohibited substances and 14 kinds of restricted substances). RESULTS: The total rate of cosmetics failing to meet the standards was 22.0% of the 150 samples; specific rates for failing perfumes, skin care products (eye cream) and deodorant products were, relatively, 70.6%, 60.00%, and 44.4%. Four kinds of prohibited substances, including diethyl phthalate, acrylamide, asbestos and neodymium, as well as 2 kinds of restricted substances, including triclosan and formaldehyde, were found to exceed standards. None of microbial items exceeded standard levels. CONCLUSION The sanitary quality control of cosmetics is lax. Administrative departments should not only reinforce their post-production supervision with respect to cosmetics, but also consolidate their control over the process of cosmetic production in order to solve the problem of toxic residues or illegal and intentional adulterations.
China ; Cosmetics ; analysis ; chemistry ; standards ; Formaldehyde ; isolation & purification ; Humans ; Phthalic Acids ; isolation & purification ; Quality Control ; Staphylococcus aureus ; isolation & purification