Objective: This study aims to assess the correlation of ferritin serum level and PELOD-2 score, and determine the effectiveness of ferritin serum level as early indicator of organ dysfunction. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out to pediatric patients with sepsis in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Haji Adam Malik and Universitas Sumatera Utara hospital from June 2021 – January 2022. Complete blood work was done, and ferritin serum level and PELOD-2 score were measured on the first and third day of hospital stay of all the sixty participants aged 1-18 years old with sepsis. The correlation was measured using Spearman test, with p<0.05 indicating a significant correlation. Results: The median level of serum ferritin level was 480 (24.7 – 22652) ng/mL. There were 20% patients with ferritin level <200 ng/mL, 26.7% with ferritin level 200-500 ng/mL, and 53.3% patients with ferritin >500 ng/mL. The median score of PELOD-2 was 4. There was a significant correlation of serum ferritin and PELOD-2 score on day 1 of hospital stay. Conclusion The ferritin serum level is effective as an early indicator of organ dysfunction until PELOD-2 score is established. There is a positive correlation between serum ferritin and PELOD-2 score. There is a link between elevated ferritin and worse disease prognosis.
Ferritins ; Sepsis ; Infections

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of cytokine levels on early death and coagulation function of patients with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). METHODS: Routine examination was performed on 69 newly diagnosed APL patients at admission. Meanwhile, 4 ml fasting venous blood was extracted from the patients. And then the supernatant was taken after centrifugation. The concentrations of cytokines, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ferritin were detected by using the corresponding kits. RESULTS: It was confirmed that cerebral hemorrhage was a major cause of early death in APL patients. Elevated LDH, decreased platelets (PLT) count and prolonged prothrombin time (PT) were high risk factors for early death (P <0.05). The increases of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and IL-17A were closely related to the early death of newly diagnosed APL patients, and the increases of IL-5 and IL-17A also induced coagulation disorder in APL patients by prolonging PT (P <0.05). In newly diagnosed APL patients, ferritin and LDH showed a positive effect on the expression of IL-5, IL-10 and IL-17A, especially ferritin had a highly positive correlation with IL-5 (r =0.867) and IL-17A (r =0.841). Moreover, there was a certain correlation between these five high-risk cytokines, among which IL-5 and IL-17A (r =0.827), IL-6 and IL-10 (r =0.823) were highly positively correlated. CONCLUSION Elevated cytokine levels in newly diagnosed APL patients increase the risk of early bleeding and death. In addition to the interaction between cytokines themselves, ferritin and LDH positively affect the expression of cytokines, thus affecting the prognosis of APL patients.
Humans ; Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/diagnosis* ; Cytokines/metabolism* ; Interleukin-10 ; Interleukin-17/metabolism* ; Interleukin-6/metabolism* ; Interleukin-5/metabolism* ; Blood Coagulation Disorders ; Ferritins ; Tretinoin

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation of iron metabolic parameters with platelet counts in blood donors. METHODS: A total of 400 blood donors who met requirements of apheresis platelet donation were collected, and their hematological parameters were analyzed. The donors were divided into low ferritin group and normal group, the differences of hematological parameters between the two groups were compared, and the correlation of iron metabolic parameters and routine hematology parameters with platelet counts were analyzed. RESULTS: Whether male or female, low ferritin group had higher platelet counts than normal group (P < 0.01). Among the iron metabolic parameters, the platelet counts was negatively correlated with serum ferritin (SF), serum iron (SI), and transferrin saturation (TSAT) (r =-0.162, r =-0.153, r =-0.256), and positively correlated with total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and unsaturated iron binding capacity (UIBC) (r =0.219, r =0.294) in female blood donors. Platelet counts was also negatively correlated with SF, SI and TSAT (r =-0.188, r =-0.148, r =-0.224) and positively correlated with UIBC (r =0.220) in male blood donors. Among the routine hematology parameters, platelet counts was negatively correlated with mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and reticulocyte hemoglobin equivalent (Ret-He) in female blood donors (r =-0.236, r =-0.267, r =-0.213, r =-0.284). Platelet counts was also negatively correlated with MCH, MCHC and Ret-He in male blood donors (r =-0.184, r =-0.221, r =-0.209). CONCLUSION In blood donors with low C-reactive protein level, the lower the iron store capacity, the lower the iron utilization, and the platelet counts tends to rise.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; Iron/metabolism* ; Blood Donors ; Platelet Count ; Anemia, Iron-Deficiency ; Hemoglobins ; Ferritins

Objective: To investigate the clinical characteristics of hospitalized children infected with the Omicron variant in Kunming after the withdrawal of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPI) and analyze the risk factors of severe cases. Methods: Clinical data was retrospectively collected from 1 145 children with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection who were hospitalized in six tertiary grade A hospitals in Kunming from December 10^th, 2022 to January 9^th, 2023. According to clinical severity, these patients were divided into the general and severe SARS-CoV-2 groups, and their clinical and laboratory data were compared. Between-group comparison was performed using t-test, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Spearman correlation test and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to determine the risk factors of severe illness. Results: A total of 1 145 hospitalized patients were included, of whom 677 were male and 468 female. The age of these patients at visit was 1.7 (0.5, 4.1) years. Specifically, there were 758 patients (66.2%) aged ≤3 years at visit and 387 patients (33.8%) aged >3 years. Of these children, 89 cases (7.8%) had underline diseases and the remaining 1 056 cases (92.2%) had no combined diseases. Additionally, of all the patients, 319 cases (27.9%) were vaccinated with one or two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, 748 cases (65.3%) had acute upper respiratory tract infection (AURTI), and six cases died (0.5%). A total of 1 051 cases (91.8%) were grouped into general SARS-CoV-2 group and 94 cases (8.2%) were grouped into severe SARS-CoV-2 group. Compared with the general cases, the severe cases showed a lower rate of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and younger median age, lower lymphocyte count, as well as proportions of CD8⁺T lymphocyte (36 cases (38.3%) vs. 283 cases (26.9%), 0.5 (2.6, 8.0) vs. 1.6 (0.5, 3.9) years, 1.3 (1.0, 2.7) ×10⁹ vs. 2.7 (1.3,4.4)×10⁹/L, 0.17 (0.12, 0.24) vs. 0.21 (0.15, 0.16), respectively, χ²=4.88, Z=-2.21,-5.03,-2.53, all P<0.05). On the other hand, the length of hospital stay, proportion of underline diseases, ALT, AST, creatine kinase isoenzyme, and troponin T were higher in the severe group compared to those in the general group ((11.6±5.9) vs. (5.3±1.8) d, 41 cases (43.6%) vs. 48 cases (4.6%), 67 (26,120) vs. 20 (15, 32) U/L, 51 (33, 123) vs. 44 (34, 58) U/L、56.9 (23.0, 219.3) vs. 3.6 (1.9, 17.9) U/L, 12.0 (4.9, 56.5) vs. 3.0 (3.0, 7.0) ×10^-3 pg/L,respectively, t=-20.43, χ²=183.52, Z=-9.14,-3.12,-6.38,-3.81, all P<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that increased leukocyte count (OR=1.88, 95%CI 1.18-2.97, P<0.01), CRP (OR=1.18, 95%CI 1.06-1.31, P<0.01), ferritin (OR=1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.00, P<0.01), interleukin (IL)-6 (OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.01-1.08, P=0.012), D-dimer (OR=2.56, 95%CI 1.44-4.56, P<0.01) and decreased CD4⁺T lymphocyte (OR=0.84, 95%CI 0.73-0.98, P=0.030) were independently associated with the risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized children with Omicron infection. Conclusions: After the withdrawal of NPI, the pediatric inpatients with Omicron infection in Kunming were predominantly children younger than 3 years of age, and mainly manifested as AURTI with relatively low rate of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality. Elevated leukocyte counts, CRP, ferritin, IL-6, D-dimer, and decreased CD4⁺T lymphocytes are significant risk factors for developing severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Humans ; Child ; Female ; Male ; COVID-19 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Retrospective Studies ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Ferritins ; Interleukin-6

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and compare the clinical and laboratory characteristics of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD), and to evaluate the applicability of the 2016 European League Against Rheumatism/American College of Rheumatology/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization classification criteria for MAS complicating systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) in different auto-immune diseases contexts and to propose new diagnostic predictive indicators. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical and laboratory data of 24 SLE patients with MAS (SLE-MAS) and 24 AOSD patients with MAS (AOSD-MAS) who were hospitalized at Peking University People's Hospital between 2000 and 2018. Age- and sex-matched SLE (50 patients) and AOSD (50 patients) diagnosed in the same period without MAS episodes were selected as controls. The cutoff values for laboratory indicators predicting SLE-MAS and AOSD-MAS were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Furthermore, the laboratory diagnostic predictive values for AOSD-MAS were used to improve the classification criteria for systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated MAS (sJIA-MAS), and the applicability of the revised criteria for AOSD-MAS was explored. RESULTS: Approximately 60% of SLE-MAS and 40% of AOSD-MAS occurred within three months after the diagnosis of the underlying diseases. The most frequent clinical feature was fever. In addition to the indicators mentioned in the diagnosis criteria for hemophagocytic syndrome revised by the International Society for Stem Cell Research, the MAS patients also exhibited significantly elevated levels of aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase, along with a significant decrease in albumin. Hemophagocytosis was observed in only about half of the MAS patients. ROC curve analysis demonstrated that the optimal discriminative values for diagnosing MAS was achieved when SLE patients had ferritin level≥1 010 μg/L and lactate dehydroge-nase levels≥359 U/L, while AOSD patients had fibrinogen levels≤225.5 mg/dL and triglyceride levels≥2.0 mmol/L. Applying the 2016 sJIA-MAS classification criteria to AOSD-MAS yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 62%. By replacing the less specific markers ferritin and fibrinogen in the 2016 sJIA-MAS classification criteria with new cutoff values, the revised criteria for classifying AOSD-MAS had a notable increased specificity of 86%. CONCLUSION Secondary MAS commonly occurs in the early stages following the diagnosis of SLE and AOSD. There are notable variations in laboratory indicators among different underlying diseases, which may lead to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis when using uniform classification criteria for MAS. The 2016 sJIA-MAS classification criteria exhibit high sensitivity but low specificity in diagnosing AOSD-MAS. Modification of the criteria can enhance its specificity.
Adult ; Humans ; Child ; Macrophage Activation Syndrome/complications* ; Arthritis, Juvenile/diagnosis* ; Still's Disease, Adult-Onset/diagnosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis* ; Fibrinogen ; Ferritins

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is clinically severe, with a high mortality rate and rare neuropsychiatric symptoms. In the course of diagnosis and treatment, it is necessary to actively determine whether the neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients are caused by neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) or macrophage activation syndrome. This paper retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 2 cases of SLE associated MAS with neuropsychiatric lesions, Case 1: A 30-year-old female had obvious alopecia in 2019, accompanied by emaciation, fatigue and dry mouth. In March 2021, she felt weak legs and fell down, followed by fever and chills without obvious causes. After completing relevant examinations, she was diagnosed with SLE and given symptomatic treatments such as hormones and anti-infection, but the patient still had fever. The relevant examinations showed moderate anemia, elevated ferritin, elevated triglycerides, decreased NK cell activity, and a perforin positivity rate of 4.27%, which led to the diagnosis of "pre-hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS)". In May 2021, the patient showed mental trance and babble, and was diagnosed with "SLE-associated MAS"after completing relevant examinations. After treatment with methylprednisolone, anti-infection and psychotropic drugs, the patient's temperature was normal and mental symptoms improved. Case 2: A 30-year-old female patient developed butterfly erythema on both sides of the nose on her face and several erythema on her neck in June 2019, accompanied by alopecia, oral ulcers, and fever. She was diagnosed with "SLE" after completing relevant examinations, and her condition was relieved after treatment with methylprednisolone and human immunoglobulin. In October 2019, the patient showed apathy, no lethargy, and fever again, accompanied by dizziness and vomiting. The relevant examination indicated moderate anemia, decreased NK cell activity, elevated triglycerides, and elevated ferritin. The patient was considered to be diagnosed with "SLE, NPSLE, and SLE-associated MAS". After treatment with hormones, human immunoglobulin, anti-infection, rituximab (Mabthera), the patient's condition improved and was discharged from the hospital. After discharge, the patient regularly took methylprednisolone tablets (Medrol), and her psychiatric symptoms were still intermittent. In November 2019, she developed symptoms of fever, mania, and delirium, and later turned to an apathetic state, and was given methylprednisolone intravenous drip and olanzapine tablets (Zyprexa) orally. After the mental symptoms improved, she was treated with rituximab (Mabthera). Later, due to repeated infections, she was replaced with Belizumab (Benlysta), and she was recovered from her psychiatric anomalies in March 2021. Through the analysis of clinical symptoms, imaging examination, laboratory examination, treatment course and effect, it is speculated that the neuropsychiatric symptoms of case 1 are more likely to be caused by MAS, and that of case 2 is more likely to be caused by SLE. At present, there is no direct laboratory basis for the identification of the two neuropsychiatric symptoms. The etiology of neuropsychiatric symptoms can be determined by clinical manifestations, imaging manifestations, cerebrospinal fluid detection, and the patient's response to treatment. Early diagnosis is of great significance for guiding clinical treatment, monitoring the condition and judging the prognosis. The good prognosis of the two cases in this paper is closely related to the early diagnosis, treatment and intervention of the disease.
Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Rituximab/therapeutic use* ; Macrophage Activation Syndrome/etiology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/drug therapy* ; Methylprednisolone/therapeutic use* ; Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System ; Fever/drug therapy* ; Erythema/drug therapy* ; Hormones/therapeutic use* ; Anemia ; Alopecia/drug therapy* ; Triglycerides/therapeutic use* ; Ferritins/therapeutic use*

OBJECTIVE: To observe the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) in the treatment of children with refractory/recurrent B acute lymphocytic leukemia (B-ALL). METHODS: Thirty-two patients with r/r B-ALL were treated by CAR-T, the recurrence and death respectively were the end point events to evaluate the efficacy and safety of CAR-T. RESULTS: The median age of the patients was 7.5 (2-17.5) years old; 40 times CAR-T were received in all patients and the median number of CAR-T was 0.9×107/kg; efficacy evaluation showed that 2 cases died before the first evaluation. Thirty patients showed that 3, 6, and 9-moth RFS was (96.3±3.6)%, (81.4±8.6)% and (65.3±12.5)%, respectively, while 3, 6, and 9-month OS was all 100%, and 12, 24-month OS was (94.7±5.1)% and (76±12.8)%. BM blasts≥36% before reinfusion and ferritin peak≥2 500 ng/ml within two weeks of CAR-T cell reinfusion were associated with recurrence. Adverse reactions mainly included cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and CART-cell-related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES), CRS appeared in 26 patients within a week of CAR-T cell reinfusion. CRES reaction was detected in 12 patients. Eighteen patients received intravenous drip of tocilizumab, among them, 12 combined with glucocorticoid. CRS and CRES reactions were relieved within one week after treatment. Hormone dosage was related to the duration of remission in patients, and the cumulative dose of methylprednisolone≥8 mg/kg showed a poor prognosis. CONCLUSION CAR-T is a safe and effective treatment for r/r B-ALL, most CRS and CRES reactions are reversible. BM blasts ≥36% before reinfusion and cumulative dose of methylprednisolone ≥8 mg/kg after reinfusion both affect the therapeutic effect. Ferritin≥2 500 ng/ml within two weeks after reinfusion is related to disease recurrence and is an independent prognostic risk factor.
Adolescent ; Antigens, CD19 ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Chronic Disease ; Ferritins ; Humans ; Immunotherapy, Adoptive ; Methylprednisolone ; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/therapy* ; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ; Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism* ; Recurrence ; T-Lymphocytes

Long-term repeated regular blood donation may result in the loss and deficiency of iron. Epidemiological studies have indicated that blood donation frequency, demographical characteristics, and genetic factors are associated with iron deficiency. Our review summarizes the progress in research of etiology of iron deficiency in blood donors and intervention measures to provide evidence for the health management of non-remunerated blood donors in China.
Blood Donors ; Ferritins ; Humans ; Iron ; Iron Deficiencies ; Risk Factors

Objective: To analyze the influencing factors of iron metabolism assessment in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Methods: MRI and/or DECT were used to detect liver and cardiac iron content in 181 patients with MDS, among whom, 41 received regular iron chelation therapy during two examinations. The adjusted ferritin (ASF) , erythropoietin (EPO) , cardiac function, liver transaminase, hepatitis antibody, and peripheral blood T cell polarization were detected and the results of myelofibrosis, splenomegaly, and cyclosporine were collected and comparative analyzed in patients. Results: We observed a positive correlation between liver iron concentration and ASF both in the MRI group and DECT groups (r=0.512 and 0.606, respectively, P<0.001) , only a weak correlation between the heart iron concentration and ASF in the MRI group (r=0.303, P<0.001) , and no significant correlation between cardiac iron concentration and ASF in the DECT group (r=0.231, P=0.053) . Moreover, transfusion dependence in liver and cardiac [MRI group was significantly associated with the concentration of iron in: LIC: (28.370±10.706) mg/g vs (7.593±3.508) mg/g, t=24.30, P<0.001; MIC: 1.81 vs 0.95, z=2.625, P<0.05; DECT group: liver VIC: (4.269±1.258) g/L vs (1.078±0.383) g/L, t=23.14, P<0.001: cardiac VIC: 1.69 vs 0.68, z=3.142, P<0.05]. The concentration of EPO in the severe iron overload group was significantly higher than that in the mild to moderate iron overload group and normal group (P<0.001) . Compared to the low-risk MDS group, the liver iron concentration in patients with MDS with cyclic sideroblasts (MDS-RS) was significantly elevated [DECT group: 3.80 (1.97, 5.51) g/L vs 1.66 (0.67, 2.94) g/L, P=0.004; MRI group: 13.7 (8.1,29.1) mg/g vs 11.6 (7.1,21.1) mg/g, P=0.032]. Factors including age, bone marrow fibrosis, splenomegaly, T cell polarization, use of cyclosporine A, liver aminotransferase, and hepatitis antibody positive had no obvious effect on iron metabolism. Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between liver iron concentration and ASF in patients with MDS, whereas there was no significant correlation between cardiac iron concentration and ASF. Iron metabolism was affected by transfusion dependence, EPO concentration, and RS.
Ferritins ; Humans ; Iron ; Iron Overload ; Liver/metabolism* ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes/therapy* ; Primary Myelofibrosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Splenomegaly

Enzyme separation, purification, immobilization, and catalytic performance improvement have been the research hotspots and frontiers as well as the challenges in the field of biocatalysis. Thus, the development of novel methods for enzyme purification, immobilization, and improvement of their catalytic performance and storage are of great significance. Herein, ferritin was fused with the lichenase gene to achieve the purpose. The results showed that the fused gene was highly expressed in the cells of host strains, and that the resulted fusion proteins could self-aggregate into carrier-free active immobilized enzymes in vivo. Through low-speed centrifugation, the purity of the enzymes was up to > 90%, and the activity recovery was 61.1%. The activity of the enzymes after storage for 608 h was higher than the initial activity. After being used for 10 cycles, it still maintained 50.0% of the original activity. The insoluble active lichenase aggregates could spontaneously dissolve back into the buffer and formed the soluble polymeric lichenases with the diameter of about 12 nm. The specific activity of them was 12.09 times that of the free lichenase, while the catalytic efficiency was 7.11 times and the half-life at 50 ℃ was improved 11.09 folds. The results prove that the ferritin can be a versatile tag to trigger target enzyme self-aggregation and oligomerization in vivo, which can simplify the preparation of the target enzymes, improve their catalysis performance, and facilitate their storage.
Biocatalysis ; Enzymes, Immobilized/metabolism* ; Ferritins/metabolism* ; Glycoside Hydrolases/metabolism*