Objective To investigate the changes in the position of the fibular sesamoid bone with hallux valgus aggravated under two conditions:the foot bearing anteroposterior radiography(reflecting the static bearing state of the foot)and the sesamoid bone bearing axial radiography(reflecting the foot movement state).Methods Seventy-four feet with clinically suspected hallux valgus were finally enrolled in 49 feet,including 14 in the mild group,23 in the moderate group,and 12 in the severe group.Three indica-tors were measured on anteroposterior and axial radiographs:the position of the fibular sesamoid bone in anteroposterior radiographs(SP)and sesamoid axial position(SAP),and the rotation angle of the fibular sesamoid articular surface(RAf).The vertical distance between the fibular sesamoid bone and the second metatarsal bone was used to represent the position of the fibular sesamoid bone,then the position of the fibular sesamoid in the anteroposterior and axial positions was specifically marked as SPf-2 and SAPf-2.To cor-rect the anatomical differences of each foot,the ratio of the measured distance index to the length of the second metatarsal bone(AB),namely SPf-2/AB,SAPf-2/AB,was included in the statistical analysis.Results SPf-2/AB and SAPf-2/AB had no significant difference between hallux valgus groups(P＞0.05).The mean values of SPf-2/AB and SAPf-2/AB were significantly different(P＜0.05).RAf was positively correlated with hallux valgus angle(HVA)(r=0.725,P＜0.001),increased as HVA increased.Conclusion Both weight-bearing anteroposterior and sesamoid axial radiographs(foot at rest and in motion),the position of the fibular sesamoid bone is not affected by hallux valgus,and the distance from the center of the fibular sesamoid bone to the second metatarsal bone remains unchanged.The position of the fibular sesamoid bone is not the same between the anteroposterior and axial radiographs,so it is necessary to evaluate the position of the fibular sesamoid bone in the two states respectively and combine the two methods.RAf increases with the increase of HVA in axial view,it is considered that although the central position of the fibular sesamoid bone remains the same under foot movement,it does reverse spin movement toward the tibial side with the aggravation of hallux valgus.

The latest research findings on bidirectional regulation of neuro-immunity through traditional neural circuits shed new light on the theoretical basis of the role of vidian neurectomy (VN). This article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of VN, including the history of VN, the principle of neuroimmuno-interaction, the applied anatomy of VN as well as the methods of transnasal endoscopic surgery. Additionally, we introduce the concept of the nose-brain axis, which was proposed based on the advancement in the area of neuro-immune interactions.

Dysregulation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) is closely related to tumor development and progression. As promising anticancer targets, HDACs have gained a great deal of research interests and two decades of effort has led to the approval of five HDAC inhibitors (HDACis). However, currently traditional HDACis, although effective in approved indications, exhibit severe off-target toxicities and low sensitivities against solid tumors, which have urged the development of next-generation of HDACi. This review investigates the biological functions of HDACs, the roles of HDACs in oncogenesis, the structural features of different HDAC isoforms, isoform-selective inhibitors, combination therapies, multitarget agents and HDAC PROTACs. We hope these data could inspire readers with new ideas to develop novel HDACi with good isoform selectivity, efficient anticancer effect, attenuated adverse effect and reduced drug resistance.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi in improving astrocyte injury and glycolysis in Alzheimer's disease （AD） mice via regulating the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/protein kinase B （Akt） signaling pathway， thereby improving the cognitive function of AD mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group and the model + Dihuang Yinzi group were administered with Dihuang Yinzi by gavage， and those in the control group and the model group received an equal volume of sterilized normal saline， once a day for 150 days. Morris water maze test was performed to test the ability of navigation and space exploration of mice. The protein expression of p-PI3K， PI3K， p-Akt， Akt， phosphofructokinase-1 （PFK-1）， and aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B2 （ALDH3B2） in mouse brain tissues was measured by Western blot. An immunofluorescence assay was performed to detect astrocyte morphology and the expression level of ALDH3B2. ResultAs compared with the control group， the model group showed prolonged escape latency during the 2^nd to 5^th days of the location-based navigation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， reduced number of times crossing the target area of the platform， shortened residence time in the target quadrant （P<0.05， P<0.01）， prolonged residence time in the opposite quadrant （P<0.05）， increased surface area of the cell body and total length of cell protrusions of astrocytes （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and down-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， ALDH3B2， and PFK-1 （P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group. Compared with the model group， the model + Dihuang Yinzi group showed shortened escape latency of APP/PS1 mice during the 2^nd to 5^th days of the location-based navigation （P<0.05， P<0.01）， increased number of times crossing the platform， prolonged target quadrant residence time （P<0.05， P<0.01）， shortened residence time in the opposite quadrant （P<0.05）， reduced surface area of the cell body and total length of cell protrusions of astrocytes （P<0.05）， and up-regulated protein expression of p-PI3K， p-Akt， ALDH3B2， and PFK-1 （P<0.01）. ConclusionDihuang Yinzi can improve the learning and memory ability of AD mice by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and up-regulating the protein expression of PFK-1 and ALDH3B2 to protect against astrocyte injury in brain tissues and improve glycolysis.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi （DHYZ）in improving astrocyte injury in the brain and regulating energy metabolism and autophagy disorder in Alzheimer's disease （AD） model mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + DHYZ group （2.5 g·kg^-1）， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + DHYZ group （2.5 g·kg^-1）， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control group and the model group were administered with an equal volume of sterilized normal saline by gavage， once a day for 150 days. Novel object recognition test and step-down test were performed to evaluate the learning and memory ability of mice. The expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein （GFAP） in astrocytes was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot. High-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） was used to detect adenosine triphosphate （ATP）， adenosine diphosphate （ADP）， and adenosine monophosphate （AMP） in brain tissues of mice， and the data obtained were used to calculate energy charge （EC） levels. The phosphorylation levels of liver kinase B1 （LKB1）， adenosine 5′-monophosphate （AMP）-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， UNC-51-like kinase 1 （ULK1）， and mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and the expression levels of autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1， microtuble-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ， and p62 in mouse brain were measured by Western blot. ResultCompared with the control group， the model group showed decreased novel object recognition index， shortened retention latency， increased error times in the step-down test， up-regulated protein expression of GFAP， decreased content of ATP， ADP， and EC in brain tissues， elevated AMP ， increased levels of p-AMPK， p-LKB1， and p-mTOR， and protein expression of p62 ， and down-regulated p-ULK1 level and protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ（P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + DHYZ group. Compared with the model group， the model + DHYZ group showed increased novel object recognition index（P<0.05）， prolonged retention latency（P<0.01）， decreased error times（P<0.01） in the step-down test， reduced protein expression of GFAP（P<0.05）， increased content of ATP， ADP， and EC in brain tissues （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased AMP content（P<0.05）， reduced p-AMPK， p-LKB1， and p-mTOR levels and protein expression of p62， and up-regulated p-ULK1 level and protein expression of Beclin-1 and LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ（P<0.01）. ConclusionBy protecting astrocytes， DHYZ can improve energy metabolism and autophagy disorder in AD mice to improve the learning and memory ability of model mice.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Dihuang Yinzi in improving astrocyte injury and protecting synaptic structure and function in the brain of Alzheimer's disease （AD） mice. MethodForty male APP/PS1 transgenic mice aged four months were randomly divided into a model group and a model + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. Forty C57BL/6J mice with the same background and same age were randomly divided into a control group and a control + Dihuang Yinzi （0.25 g·kg^-1） group， with 20 mice in each group. The mice in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group and the model + Dihuang Yinzi group were administered with Dihuang Yinzi by gavage， and those in the control group and the model group received an equal volume of sterilized normal saline， once a day for 150 days. The learning and memory ability of mice was tested by the light-dark box test and Y-maze spontaneous alternation test. The content of glutamate （Glu） and glutamine （Gln） was measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry （LC-MS）. Long-term potentiation （LTP） assay was used to detect synaptic plasticity in brain tissues. The protein expression levels of excitatory amino acid transporter 2 （EAAT2）， postsynaptic density protein95 （PSD95）， and synaptophysin （SYN） in brain tissues were measured by Western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to assess the localization and expression of EAAT2. Colorimetry was performed to detect Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase activity in mouse brain tissues. ResultAs compared with the control group， the model group showed shortened residence latency （P<0.01）， increased number of errors （P<0.01） in the light-dark box test， reduced spontaneous alternation behaviors （P<0.01）， no significant difference in the total number of arm entries in the Y-maze spontaneous alternation test， down-regulated expression of EAAT2， PSD95， and SYN （P<0.01）， blunted activity of Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase （P<0.01）， up-regulated Glu level （P<0.01）， down-regulated Gln level （P<0.01）， and reduced relative population spike （PS） amplitude and the slope of excitatory postsynaptic potential （EPSP） （P<0.05， P<0.01）， while the above experimental indexes were not significantly different in the control + Dihuang Yinzi group. Compared with the model group， the model + Dihuang Yinzi group displayed prolonged residence latency （P<0.05）， decreased number of errors （P<0.01） in the light-dark box test， increased spontaneous alternation behaviors （P<0.01）， no significant difference in the total number of arm entries in the Y-maze spontaneous alternation test， up-regulated expression of EAAT2， PSD95， and SYN （P<0.01）， potentiated activity of Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase （P<0.01）， reduced Glu level （P<0.01）， up-regulated Gln level （P<0.01）， and increased PS amplitude and EPSP slope （P<0.01）. ConclusionDihuang Yinzi can improve cognitive dysfunction in AD mice by protecting astrocytes， increasing Glu uptake to reduce its abnormal accumulation， and protecting synaptic structure and function.

Objective:To explore the effect of mind mapping based on evidence-based theme in health education of patients undergoing thoracentesis and drainage.Methods:From September 2020 to December 2021, 78 patients with pleural effusion and thoracentesis drainage diagnosed by infection in Beijing Chaoyang Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University were selected by convenience sampling as the research object. The patients from September 2020 to March 2021 were set as the control group, and the patients from May to December 2021 were set as the observation group, with 39 cases each. The control group was given traditional health education, while the observation group received evidence-based health education with mind mapping. The health education knowledge examination score, self-care ability, adverse event rate and nursing satisfaction were compared between the two groups.Results:The scores of health education knowledge examination in the observation group were higher than those in the control group before , 24 hours after catheterization and before decannulation, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.01) . The total score and each dimension score of self-care ability in the observation group were higher than those in the control group, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.01) . The incidence of adverse events in the observation group was lower than that in the control group, and the score of Nursing Satisfaction Questionnaire was higher than that in the control group, with statistical differences ( P<0.05) . Conclusions:The mind mapping on the basis of evidence-based themes can effectively improve patients' health education knowledge and self-care ability, reduce the incidence of adverse events, and increase nursing satisfaction.

Objective:To evaluate the effect of inhaled medication compliance intervention in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) based on integrated theory of health behavior change.Methods:A total of 117 elderly COPD patients who visited Respiratory Department of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from July to December 2021 were selected by the convenient sampling method. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the experimental group and the control group. 7 cases fell off during follow-up, and a total of 110 cases were finally included in the study, of which 55 cases were in the experimental group and 55 cases in the control group. The control group adopted the conventional health education method, while the experimental group adopted the intervention plan of inhalation medication compliance of elderly COPD patients based on the integrated theory of health behavior change. The accuracy of inhalation device use, inhalant medication compliance, forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV 1) and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Assessment Test (CAT) scores were compared between the two groups before intervention and 3 months after intervention. Results:After 3 months of intervention, the inhalation device use accuracy, inhalation medication compliance in experimental group were higher than those in the control group, the score of CAT in experimental group was lower than that in the control group, the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in FEV 1 between two groups ( P>0.05) . Conclusions:The intervention plan for inhalation medication compliance in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease based on the integrated theory of health behavior changes can improve their inhalation medication compliance and improve their quality of life.

Inflammation-associated proteinase functions are key determinants of inflammatory stromal tissues deconstruction. As a specialized inflammatory pathological process, dental internal resorption (IR) includes both soft and hard tissues deconstruction within the dentin-pulp complex, which has been one of the main reasons for inflammatory tooth loss. Mechanisms of inflammatory matrix degradation and tissue resorption in IR are largely unclear. In this study, we used a combination of Cre-loxP reporter, flow cytometry, cell transplantation, and enzyme activities assay to mechanistically investigate the role of regenerative cells, odontoblasts (ODs), in inflammatory mineral resorption and matrices degradation. We report that inflamed ODs have strong capabilities of matrix degradation and tissue resorption. Traditionally, ODs are regarded as hard-tissue regenerative cells; however, our data unexpectedly present ODs as a crucial population that participates in IR-associated tissue deconstruction. Specifically, we uncovered that nuclear factor-kappa b (NF-κB) signaling orchestrated Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)-induced matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps) and Cathepsin K (Ctsk) functions in ODs to enhance matrix degradation and tissue resorption. Furthermore, TNF-α increases Rankl/Opg ratio in ODs via NF-κB signaling by impairing Opg expression but increasing Rankl level, which utterly makes ODs cell line 17IIA11 (A11) become Trap⁺ and Ctsk⁺ multinucleated cells to perform resorptive actions. Blocking of NF-κB signaling significantly rescues matrix degradation and resorptive functions of inflamed ODs via repressing vital inflammatory proteinases Mmps and Ctsk. Utterly, via utilizing NF-κB specific small molecule inhibitors we satisfactorily attenuated inflammatory ODs-associated human dental IR in vivo. Our data reveal the underlying mechanisms of inflammatory matrix degradation and resorption via proteinase activities in IR-related pathological conditions.
Humans ; Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism* ; Minerals/metabolism* ; NF-kappa B/metabolism* ; Odontoblasts/metabolism* ; Osteoclasts/metabolism* ; RANK Ligand/metabolism* ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism*

SARS-CoV-2 infection causes complicated clinical manifestations with variable multi-organ injuries, however, the underlying mechanism, in particular immune responses in different organs, remains elusive. In this study, comprehensive transcriptomic alterations of 14 tissues from rhesus macaque infected with SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed. Compared to normal controls, SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in dysregulation of genes involving diverse functions in various examined tissues/organs, with drastic transcriptomic changes in cerebral cortex and right ventricle. Intriguingly, cerebral cortex exhibited a hyperinflammatory state evidenced by significant upregulation of inflammation response-related genes. Meanwhile, expressions of coagulation, angiogenesis and fibrosis factors were also up-regulated in cerebral cortex. Based on our findings, neuropilin 1 (NRP1), a receptor of SARS-CoV-2, was significantly elevated in cerebral cortex post infection, accompanied by active immune response releasing inflammatory factors and signal transmission among tissues, which enhanced infection of the central nervous system (CNS) in a positive feedback way, leading to viral encephalitis. Overall, our study depicts a multi-tissue/organ transcriptomic landscapes of rhesus macaque with early infection of SARS-CoV-2, and provides important insights into the mechanistic basis for COVID-19-associated clinical complications.
Animals ; COVID-19/genetics* ; Macaca mulatta ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics* ; Transcriptome