The organization of the brain follows a topological hierarchy that changes dynamically during development. However, it remains unknown whether and how cognitive training administered over multiple years during development can modify this hierarchical topology. By measuring the brain and behavior of school children who had carried out abacus-based mental calculation (AMC) training for five years (starting from 7 years to 12 years old) in pre-training and post-training, we revealed the reshaping effect of long-term AMC intervention during development on the brain hierarchical topology. We observed the development-induced emergence of the default network, AMC training-promoted shifting, and regional changes in cortical gradients. Moreover, the training-induced gradient changes were located in visual and somatomotor areas in association with the visuospatial/motor-imagery strategy. We found that gradient-based features can predict the math ability within groups. Our findings provide novel insights into the dynamic nature of network recruitment impacted by long-term cognitive training during development.
Child ; Humans ; Cognitive Training ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Brain ; Brain Mapping ; Motor Cortex

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the levels of postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support,and postpartum depression (PPD) experienced by first-time Chinese mothers and to investigatetheir impact on PPD. Methods: This cross-sectional survey involved 150 primigravida women attending postnatal checkupsin Hebi City, Henan Province, China. Demographic data and information on environmental variables(living conditions, family relationships), postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support(expected vs. actual level), and PPD were collected. Results: The average age of the women was 26.25 years (SD, ±3.90), with 78.7% at risk for PPD(score ≥10). Significant correlations were found between PPD and postpartum fatigue (r=.63,p<.001), parenting stress (r=.59, p<.001), and family support (r=.40, p<.001). In model 1, which examinedthe influence of women’s demographic variables on PPD, significant factors included a poorrelationship with parents (β=.24, p=.001), a poor relationship with parents-in-law (β=.18, p=.029),and a poor relationship with the husband (β=.20, p=.013). When the three research variables were incorporatedinto model 2, the factors contributing to a higher level of PPD included a poor relationshipwith parents-in-law (β=.14, p=.033), increased postpartum fatigue (β=.37, p<.001), increasedparenting stress (β=.33, p<.001), and less family support than expected (β=.12, p=.048). Conclusion The most critical factors influencing PPD include postpartum fatigue, parenting stress,poor relationships with parents-in-law, and low family support among Chinese primiparas. To mitigatePPD levels, healthcare professionals should screen mothers for depression in outpatient clinicsand offer education and counseling to both mothers and their families or companions regarding PPD.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the levels of postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support,and postpartum depression (PPD) experienced by first-time Chinese mothers and to investigatetheir impact on PPD. Methods: This cross-sectional survey involved 150 primigravida women attending postnatal checkupsin Hebi City, Henan Province, China. Demographic data and information on environmental variables(living conditions, family relationships), postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support(expected vs. actual level), and PPD were collected. Results: The average age of the women was 26.25 years (SD, ±3.90), with 78.7% at risk for PPD(score ≥10). Significant correlations were found between PPD and postpartum fatigue (r=.63,p<.001), parenting stress (r=.59, p<.001), and family support (r=.40, p<.001). In model 1, which examinedthe influence of women’s demographic variables on PPD, significant factors included a poorrelationship with parents (β=.24, p=.001), a poor relationship with parents-in-law (β=.18, p=.029),and a poor relationship with the husband (β=.20, p=.013). When the three research variables were incorporatedinto model 2, the factors contributing to a higher level of PPD included a poor relationshipwith parents-in-law (β=.14, p=.033), increased postpartum fatigue (β=.37, p<.001), increasedparenting stress (β=.33, p<.001), and less family support than expected (β=.12, p=.048). Conclusion The most critical factors influencing PPD include postpartum fatigue, parenting stress,poor relationships with parents-in-law, and low family support among Chinese primiparas. To mitigatePPD levels, healthcare professionals should screen mothers for depression in outpatient clinicsand offer education and counseling to both mothers and their families or companions regarding PPD.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the levels of postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support,and postpartum depression (PPD) experienced by first-time Chinese mothers and to investigatetheir impact on PPD. Methods: This cross-sectional survey involved 150 primigravida women attending postnatal checkupsin Hebi City, Henan Province, China. Demographic data and information on environmental variables(living conditions, family relationships), postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support(expected vs. actual level), and PPD were collected. Results: The average age of the women was 26.25 years (SD, ±3.90), with 78.7% at risk for PPD(score ≥10). Significant correlations were found between PPD and postpartum fatigue (r=.63,p<.001), parenting stress (r=.59, p<.001), and family support (r=.40, p<.001). In model 1, which examinedthe influence of women’s demographic variables on PPD, significant factors included a poorrelationship with parents (β=.24, p=.001), a poor relationship with parents-in-law (β=.18, p=.029),and a poor relationship with the husband (β=.20, p=.013). When the three research variables were incorporatedinto model 2, the factors contributing to a higher level of PPD included a poor relationshipwith parents-in-law (β=.14, p=.033), increased postpartum fatigue (β=.37, p<.001), increasedparenting stress (β=.33, p<.001), and less family support than expected (β=.12, p=.048). Conclusion The most critical factors influencing PPD include postpartum fatigue, parenting stress,poor relationships with parents-in-law, and low family support among Chinese primiparas. To mitigatePPD levels, healthcare professionals should screen mothers for depression in outpatient clinicsand offer education and counseling to both mothers and their families or companions regarding PPD.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the levels of postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support,and postpartum depression (PPD) experienced by first-time Chinese mothers and to investigatetheir impact on PPD. Methods: This cross-sectional survey involved 150 primigravida women attending postnatal checkupsin Hebi City, Henan Province, China. Demographic data and information on environmental variables(living conditions, family relationships), postpartum fatigue, parenting stress, family support(expected vs. actual level), and PPD were collected. Results: The average age of the women was 26.25 years (SD, ±3.90), with 78.7% at risk for PPD(score ≥10). Significant correlations were found between PPD and postpartum fatigue (r=.63,p<.001), parenting stress (r=.59, p<.001), and family support (r=.40, p<.001). In model 1, which examinedthe influence of women’s demographic variables on PPD, significant factors included a poorrelationship with parents (β=.24, p=.001), a poor relationship with parents-in-law (β=.18, p=.029),and a poor relationship with the husband (β=.20, p=.013). When the three research variables were incorporatedinto model 2, the factors contributing to a higher level of PPD included a poor relationshipwith parents-in-law (β=.14, p=.033), increased postpartum fatigue (β=.37, p<.001), increasedparenting stress (β=.33, p<.001), and less family support than expected (β=.12, p=.048). Conclusion The most critical factors influencing PPD include postpartum fatigue, parenting stress,poor relationships with parents-in-law, and low family support among Chinese primiparas. To mitigatePPD levels, healthcare professionals should screen mothers for depression in outpatient clinicsand offer education and counseling to both mothers and their families or companions regarding PPD.

Purpose: This study aimed to translate the Perinatal Infant Care Social Support (PICSS) instrument into Chinese and to verify the reliability and validity of the translated version. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PICSS (C-PICSS). A cohort of 150 first-time mothers in China participated, attending hospital follow-up care at 6 weeks postpartum. Data were collected after obtaining informed consent from the mothers. Results: The majority of mothers were aged between 20 and 29 years, with a mean age of 26.25 (±3.90) years. An item analysis of the 19 items in the C-PICSS showed that all items had an item-total score correlation above 0.2. This resulted in a Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value of 0.92 and a significant Bartlett’s test of sphericity (χ2=1,778.65, p<.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between infant care social support and general social support (r=.62, p<.001), and a negative relationship between infant care social support and postpartum depression (r=–. 38, p<.001). Higher scores for infant care social support were associated with reporting positive relationships with their husbands (t=3.72, p<.001) and high levels of spousal involvement (t=4.09, p<.001). In terms of structural support, spouses were identified as the primary source. Conclusion The research results indicate that C-PICSS is reliable and valid as an indicator of social support for infant care among Chinese mothers.